Cell Division Lecture

Types of Cell
1. Somatic Cells
- refer to all body cells except the sex cells
- contain diploid (2n) number or chromosomes
- undergo mitosis
2. Sex cells
- refer to the gametes
- contain haploid (n) of chromosomes
- undergo meiosis
Cell cycle
Interphase
- the preparatory stage for mitosis
- the nucleus is clearly visible with one or more distinct nucleoli
- chromosomes appear as irregular-granular form, thus cannot be recognized
- consists of G1, S, and G2
G1 period
- growth of the cell
- RNA and protein synthesis take place
- building of new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
- enzymes necessary for DNA synthesis are synthesized

S period
- most critical period
- DNA synthesis takes place
- RNA synthesis continue
- centriole reproduction begins
G2 period
- completion of DNA synthesis and replication
- continuation of RNA and protein synthesis
- prepares the cell to undergo mitosis
Mitosis
- somatic cell division
- a process that produces two daughter cells with the same quantity and quality of
chromosomes as the parent cell
- also called duplication division
- quickly followed by the division of the cytoplasm

Prophase
- the phase of preparation
- occupies almost 1/3 of mitosis
- chromosomes appear as thin threads and becoming shorter and thicker
- each chromosome is visible as two chromatids held together by the centromere
- chromosomes move toward the equator of the cell
- centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
- nucleolus no longer visible
- nuclear membrane start to disappear
- mitotic apparatus are nearly formed
Metaphase
- double-stranded chromosomes are aligned at the equator
- centromeres of each chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers
- mitotic apparatus completely formed
- nuclear membrane completely disappeared

Anaphase
- the phase of migration
- sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell
- cytokinesis begins (cell plate in plant cell, cleavage furrow in animal cell)
Telophase
- the phase of reconstruction
- daughter chromosomes finally reached the opposite poles of the cell
- chromosomes begin to become longer, thinner and less distinct
- centrioles are replicated
- nucleolus reappears
- new nuclear membranes form
- mitotic apparatus disappears
- cytokinesis completed resulting into two daughter cells with the same quantity and
quality of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis
- sex cell division
- a process that produces four daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes as the
parent cell
- also called reduction division
- involves two successive divisions- Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Prophase I
- occupies the longest duration of meiosis
- where synapsis and crossing over take place

Metaphase I
- homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell
- spindle apparatus is completely formed

Anaphase I
- homologous chromosomes separate and migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell
- the centromeres do not divide

Telophase I
- the chromatids reach the poles of the cell
- new nuclear membranes may form
- new nucleolus may form
- cytokinesis occurs resulting into 2 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes

Prophase II
- the chromatids become thicker and shorter
Metaphase II
- the centromeres of each chromatids are directed to the equator of the cell

Anaphase II
- sister chromatids separate and migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell

Telophase II
- new nuclear membranes may form
- cytokinesis occurs resulting daughter cells with the same haploid number of chromosomes
- the chromosomes uncoil and become thinner and invisible again