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Table of Contents

1. Title ..........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 1

List of Table ......................................................................................................................... 3

List of Figure........................................................................................................................ 3

3. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4

4. Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 4

5. Theory ................................................................................................................................... 5

6. Experimental Procedures ................................................................................................. 9

6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup ........................................................................ 9

6.2 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 12

7. Result ................................................................................................................................... 13

7.1 Data recorded ................................................................................................ 14

8. Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 18

9. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 24

10. References ........................................................................................................................... 29

11. Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 30

 Thermalfluid Lab – MEC 554 / LSRC / SCA Rev. 01-2017

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical

Course : Thermalfluids Lab
Course Code : MEC 554
Lecturer/Tutor Name :Aneurin Nanggar Anak Nyandang
Group : EMD5M12

Lab Report

Experiment’s Tittle

Variation In Refrigeration Coefficient Of Performance

At Various Operating Conditions

Bil Student Name Student ID Signature

MOHAMAD ASYRAF BIN ARAS
1. 2016218376
MUHAMMAD ALIEF AKMAR BIN
2. KHUZAILAN 2017806322

MUHAMAD AIZUWAN BIN AZIZ

3. 2017806424
MOHAMAD HAZIM BIN MOHAMAD
4. 2017806574
SHAHID

Lab Session : 24/9/2018 Approved by:

(Date)

Submission of Report : 1/10/018 Received by:

(Date)

1
2. ABSTRACT

The potential increase in COP is the greatest in applications where the heat sink
and heat source temperatures are approximately equal and of relatively large magnitude.
The minimum requirements to achieve these performance improvements are the selection
of a mixture that yields the desired temperature change in both heat exchangers, a
counter-flow heat exchanger that takes advantage of the temperature glide of the
refrigerant and minimized degradation of the heat transfer process. The magnitude of the
phase change temperature glide is related to the differences in the normal boiling points
of the mixture constituents.

2
LIST OF TABLE
NO NAME PAGE
1 DATA SUMMARY TABLE 14
2 RESULT SUMMARY TABLE 15

LIST OF FIGURE

NO NAME PAGE

1 REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE 6

2 CARNOT CYCLE GRAPH 7

3 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM DIAGRAM 7

4 COMPUTER CONTROLLED REFRIGERATION AND AIR 9

CONDITIONING UNIT [TWO CONDENSER (WATER AND AIR)
AND TWO EVAPORATOR] / THAR22C

5 THE LOCATION OF VALVE (AVS3, AVS4, AVS5, AVS 6) 9

6 COMPUTER SYSTEM 10

7 TH SERIES COMPUTER CONTROLLED 10

8 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER CONTROLLED 11

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING UNIT [TWO
CONDENSER (WATER AND AIR) AND TWO EVAPORATOR]

3
 3. INTRODUCTION

Heat is a form of energy. It move in such a behavior from a high temperature to a lower
temperature. Heat can flow without the help of any devices, as it is a law of nature. But the
reverse process cannot occur by itself. The transfer of heat from a low temperature region to
a high temperature one requires special devices called refrigerators. Refrigerators are cyclic
devices and the working fluid used in the refrigeration is called refrigerants. One of the
devices that help to transfer heat from lower temperature to high temperature was known as
heat pump. Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same device but differ in terms
of objectives. The refrigerator’s main objective is to maintain a low temperature at certain
places by removing heat from its. Discharging this heat to higher temperature medium is
merely necessary part of the operation, not the purpose. The objective of a heat pump is to
maintain a heated space at a high temperature. This is accomplished by absorbing heat from
a low temperature source, such as well water or cold outside air in winter, and supplying this
heat to a warmer medium such as a house. Refrigeration is used widely in various applications
from industrial to domestic situations, mainly for the storage and transport of perishable
foodstuffs and chemical substances. It has the prime function to remove heat from a low
temperature region, and it can also be applied as a heat pump for supplying heat to a region
of high temperature.

4. OBJECTIVE

To investigate the variation of Coefficient of Performance (COPR) of a vapor compression

refrigeration system at different cooling load.

4
 5. THEORY

The Carnot cycle process consist of two reversible isothermal and two isentropic
processes and it is totally reversible. It has the maximum thermal efficiency for given
temperature limits and it serves as a standard against which actual power cycles can be
compared. When it is come to two specified temperature levels, the reversed Carnot cycle is
the most efficient refrigeration cycle operation. But however, this cycle cannot be
approximated in the actual devices and is not a realistic model for refrigeration cycles due to
difficulty in maintaining isothermal condition during the heat absorption and heat rejection
processes.

A refrigeration cycle works to lower and maintain the temperature of a controlled

space by heat transfer from a low to a high temperature region.

High Temperature Reservoir, TH

QH

.
E Wnet

QL

Low Temperature Reservoir, TL

Refrigeration duty is another term for the cooling effect of the refrigeration system,
which is the rate of heat being removed from the low temperature region with specified
evaporation and condensation temperatures. The unit for “duty” measurements is in Watts
(for 1 ton of refrigeration = 3517W).

5
5.1 The Vapor Compression Cycle

Ideal refrigeration systems follows the theoretical Reversed Carnot Cycle

process. In practical refrigerators, compression and expansion of a gas and vapor
mixture presents practical problems in the compressor and expander. Therefore, in
practical refrigeration, compression usually takes place in the superheated condition
and a throttling process is substituted for the isentropic expansion.

Figure 1

6
 Figure 2

Figure 3

The cycle:

1 – 2 : Condensation of the high pressure vapour during which heat is transferred to

the high temperature region.
2 – 3 : Adiabatic throttling of the condensed vapour from the condensing to the
evaporating pressure.
3 – 4 : Evaporation of the low pressure liquid during which heat is absorbed from the
low temperature source.
4 – 1 : Isentropic compression of the vapour, from the evaporating to the condensing
pressures.

7
Energy Transfers Analysis

 Compressor

q4-1= h4 – h1 + w Eq(1)
If compressor is adiabatic, q4-1 = 0 and w = h1 – h4
.
Power requirement, P = m (h1 – h4 ), where m is the flow rate of working fluid per unit
time.

 Condenser

q1-2 = h2 – h1 + w Eq(2)
.
w = 0, therefore q1-2 = h2 – h1 and rate of heat rejection Q1-2 = m ( h2 – h1 )

 Expansion valve

q2-3 = h3 – h2 + w Eq(3)
w = 0, therefore q 2-3 = h2 – h3 and process is assumed adiabatic q  0
therefore h2 = h3

 Evaporator

q3–4 = h4 – h3 + w Eq(4)
w = 0 therefore q3–4 = h4 – h3 and rate of heat absorbed Q3–4 = ṁ ( h4 – h3 )

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

q34 h  h3
COPref = = 4 Eq(5)
w h1  h4

8
 6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

6.1 APPARATUS

TH Series Computer Linked Refrigeration Unit (Edibon).

Compressor

Condenser

Valve 5

Figure 4
Evaporator

Valve 6
Valve 3
Valve 4

Figure 5

9
Figure 6

Figure 7

10
Figure 8

11
6. PROCEDURES

6a) Condenser-water and evaporator-air

a. Open AVS-3 and AVS-5 valves as a heat source then the “START” button at the
software was clicked.
b. The water flow rate at the condenser was adjusted up to 5 L/m.
c. Then click “COMPRESSOR”
d. The system is determined to be stabilized by referring the graph at the software.
Then the data was ready to be recorded when the system stabilized by clicking
“START SAVING” button.
e. Sampling rate was set at rate of 120 second per sample.
f. The data was recorded for 20 minutes as 10 samples were recorded (10 samples
@ 1200 seconds). Then the record data was stopped by clicking “STOP
SAVING”.

6b) Condenser-air and evaporator-air

a. Open AVS-3 and AVS-6 valves as heat source the the “START” button at the
software was clicked.
b. The air flow at the condenser was set at maximum flow (100%)
c. The “COMPRESSOR” button was clicked to run the compressor.
d. The system is determined to be stabilized by referring the graph at the software.
Then the data was ready to be recorded when the system stabilized by clicking
“START SAVING” button.
e. Sampling rate was set at rate of 120 second per sample.
f. The data was recorded for 20 minutes as 10 samples were recorded (10 samples
@ 1200 seconds). Then the record data was stopped by clicking “STOP
SAVING”.

12
7. DATA AND RESULTS

7.1 DATA RECORDED

By using data obtained from the experiments, show sample calculations of the
parameters below and complete the results summary table.

(a) Refrigerant mass flow rate (kg/s),

(b) Evaporator cooling load , Qevap

(c) Coefficient of performance, COPref

(d) Average COPref

13
Data Summary table

Condenser

Evaporator
heat load
Working

Time (s)
cooling
Exp #

load
ST-2 ST-3 ST-4 SP-2 SP-1 SC-1 SW-1
fluid
(oC) (oC) (oC) (bar) (bar) (L/h) (W)

0 33.518 13.014 13.105 1.712 7.625 38.795 446.213

Cond - Water

120
30.922 -0.007 -1.661 0.874 6.999 16.956 414.000
240
30.835 -8.069 0.645 0.370 6.744 14.592 398.711
Fan power at evap. = 0%

360
33.761 -6.207 -9.690 0.598 70253 14.668 409.894
SC-2 = 5 L/m

480
33.755 -7.082 -11.521 0.507 7.291 13.382 405.351
600
a 32.795 -8.986 -13.330 0.353 7.127 12.697 395.761
720
32.883 -9.677 -14.278 0.321 7.055 12.597 391.703
840
33.034 -9.992 -14.760 0.307 7.026 12.387 390.258
Evap - Air

960
33.017 -10.236 -15.292 0.285 7.005 12.330 390.780
1080
33.127 -10.080 -14.909 0.323 7.031 12.103 393.775
1200
33.124 -10.407 -15.141 0.288 7.012 12.074 391.373
0
32.874 4.926 4.520 1.176 7.389 14.097 427.664
Cond - Air

120
33.298 0.937 4.150 0.991 7.104 18.605 417.406
240
32.006 -10.874 2.781 0.061 6.426 10.909 387.050
Fan power at condenser = 100%

360
Fan power at evap. = 0%

29.665 -15.364 7.696 0.046 6.236 10.495 381.917

480 -
27.898 14.637 12.526 0.046 6.216 10.768 382.788
b 600
27.564 -13.625 16.053 0.046 6.130 10.797 386.811
720 -
27.696 12.947 18.064 0.070 6.199 10.953 390.113
840
29.043 -9.108 19.332 0.167 6.252 11.817 393.612
Evap - Air

960
31.661 -7.689 18.949 0.369 6.536 16.111 400.124
1080
33.416 1.418 -0.642 1.225 7.429 15.615 433.612
1200
30.538 -23.231 3.446 0.046 5.745 0 363.202

Table 1

14
Results Summary table

Experiment COP =

Time (s)
Qevap (kW)
Vref v2 (table) mref (kg/s) Qevap/
h3 (kJ/kg) h4 (kJ/kg) = mref (h4 -
(m3/s) (m3/kg) = Vref/v2 (SW-
h 3)
1/1000)

120 4.710x10-6 8.449x10-4 5.410x10-3 51.851 249.478 1.069 2.582

240 4.054x10-6 8.445x10-4 4.800x10-3 41.180 250.824 1.006 2.523
360
4.075x10-6 8.529x10-4 4.778x10-3 43.566 244.698 0.961 2.345
480 3.718x10-6 8.529x10-4 4.359x10-3 42.406 243.590 0.877 2.164
600 8.501x10-4 4.149x10-3
3.527x10-6 39.888 242.495 0.841 2.125
720 8.504x10-4 4.115x10-3
A 3.499x10-6 38.976 241.920 0.835 2.132
840 3.441x10-6 8.508x10-4 4.044x10-3 38.561 241.626 0.821 2.104
960 8.507x10-4 4.026x10-3
3.425x10-6 38.240 241.302 0.818 2.093
1080 3.362x10-6 8.511x10-4 3.950x10-3 38.445 241.536 0.802 2.037
1200 8.511x10-4 3.941x10-3
3.354x10-6 38.015 241.394 0.802 2.049

Average COP
2.228
-4 -3
120 5.168x10-6 8.516x10 6.069x10 53.120 252.856 1.212 2.904
240 3.030x10-6 8.478x10-4 3.574x10-3 37.401 252.063 0.767 1.982
360 2.915x10-6 8.412x10-4 3.465x10-3 31.520 254.868 0.774 2.027
480 2.991x10-6 8.363x10-4 3.576x10-3 32.469 257.559 0.805 2.103
600 2.999x10-6 8.354x10-4 3.590x10-3 33.791 259.488 0.810 2.094
B 720 3.043x10-6 8.358x10-4 3.641x10-3 34.679 260.564 0.822 2.107
840 3.283x10-6 8.395x10-4 3.911x10-3 39.727 261.236 0.866 2.200
960 4.475x10-6 8.468x10-4 5.285x10-3 41.602 261.033 1.160 2.899
1080 4.338x10-6 8.519x10-4 5.092x10-3 50.857 250.074 1.014 2.339
1200 0.000 8.436x10-4 0.000 21.322 252.449 0.000 0.000
Average COP
2.066

Table 2

15
Sample Calculation

Sample calculation is based on experiment ‘A’ at times 120s. At certain calculation we

need to use the Saturated refrigerant-13a-Temperature Table to solve and complete the
result.

1. Convert the SC-1 (L/h) to Specific Volume (m3/s)

For SC-1 = 16.956 L/h

𝐿 0.001𝑚3 1ℎ
=16.956 ℎ × × 3600𝑠 = 4.71 × 10−6 m3 /s
1𝐿

Vref = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝐬

2. Take the value of v2 From table A-11

When T=30.992 oC

32−30.922 0.0008478−𝑣
2
= 0.0008478−0.0008368
32−28

𝑽𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 kg/m3

3. Thirdly, calculate the mref (kg/s)

Vref
mref (kg/s) = v2
m3 kg
mref (kg/s) = 4.71 × 10−6 / 8.448 × 10−4 m3
s

mref (kg/s) = 5.410× 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg/s

16
 4. Taking value of h3 from table A-11

At T= - 0.007 oC;

0−(−0.007) 51.86−ℎ3
= 51.86−49.17
0−(−2)

h3 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

5. Taking value of h4 from Table A-11

At T= -1.661 oC;

0−(− 1.661) 250.45−ℎ

= 250.45−249.28)
0−(−2)

h4 = 249.478 kJ/kg

6. Then, Calculating Qevap (kW) = mref (h4 - h3)

Qevap (kW) = mref (h4 - h3)

Qevap (kW) = 5.410 × 10−3 (249.478-51.851)
Qevap (kW) = 1.069 kW

7. Next, Calculating COP;

COP = Qevap/ (SW-1/1000)

Qeva
COP = 1
(SW− )
1000

1.069 kW
= 1
414−
1000

COP = 2.582

8. Lastly, Calculating COP avg;

2.582+2.523+2.345+2.164+2.125+2.132+2.104+2.093+2.037+2.049
COP avg =
10

COP avg = 2.228

17
8. DISCUSSIONS

a. What is the effect on the COPref as the load is increased? Why?

b. What is the effect of cooling medium on the average refrigeration COP? Why?

c. What do you understand by the term load? Give examples of actual loads in refrigeration
practice in a domestic fridge, in a room, and in a factory.

d. Conclusion of the experiment.

18
9. CONCLUSION

24
 10. References

Website

1. Https://www.wiley.com/enus/Heating%2C+Ventilating+and+Air+Conditioning%3A+
Analysisand+Design%2C+6th+Edition-p-9780471470151

2. Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255076822_Heating_ventilating_and_air_c
onditioning_analysis_and_design

3. Https://www.wiley.com/enus/Heating%2C+Ventilating+and+Air+Conditionin%3A+
Analysisand+Design%2C+6th+Edition-p-9780471470151

4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255076822_Heating_ventilating_and_air_co
nditioning_analysis_and_design

5. http://www.che.ksu.edu/docs/imported/SteamTable.pdf

6. http://atapaje.blogspot.com/2008/02/variation-in-refrigeration.html

Books

1. Cengel, Ghajar., Heat and Mass Transfer : Fundamentals and Applications, 4th edition
in SI Units.

2. Cengel, Boles .,Thermodynamics : An Engineering Approach, 7th edition in SI units

29
11. APPENDICES

30