Final Pride Paper-Schwab

Addison Schwab
Mr. Rhodes
AP Language and Composition
22 February 2018
A Marvelously Musical Career in Music Production
The young girl stares in awe at the television watching intently as one by one, the
musicians she loves hear their names called by the announcer, after the dreadful, intense
anticipation of the long pause, and ascended up to the stage to receive their Grammy awards. As
she watches with admiration, she knows she wants to go into a musical career. She can pick out
the base lines and the drum lines and focus on the nuances of songs that casual listeners often
miss. However, she does not feel confident in her abilities to play music. She finds, though, that
music involves many different types of fields. She can notice the small details in songs and the
elements that add to or take away from a feeling in music. She decides she wants to help others
find those missing pieces and balances needed to make a piece of music great, a skill that many
people lack. Now she, with the help of technology, does not simply have to listen; now she can
become a creator like she always dreamed. Music production continues to change over the years
with the help of developing technology, the rise of self production, and the contributions of
important men and women who shaped and continue to shape the art of music.
Music producers must handle more than most people expect. Music producers take
charge of everything from making sure the client stays comfortable to adjusting the heating and
lighting of the recording area (“Inside the Record Business 14”). In order to successfully create a
piece of music, the producer must gain the artist’s trust, which can take years to build. Without
Schwab 2
trust, the recording process usually takes longer because if a conflict arises, possibly due to
different opinions about a sound, the producer must have the ability to smooth things over, and
make sure that the artist remains calm and focused (14). Good producers possess good
judgement and psychological understanding of their clients, and know when to encourage and
push them and when they need a break (15). The producer also constantly monitors the recording
process, editing and deciding if certain parts of a song do or do not work. This requires a lot of
communication between the producer and the artist which can take a very long amount of time
(14). Sometimes, projects can last for years (Early). Keeping the drive and inspiration needed to
produce a solid piece of music remains a huge challenge for every producer (Early). Time, an
extremely important factor in the production of songs, costs money, so in order to avoid a loss of
interest or creativity in the artist as well as the producer, they try not to edit a piece of music too
much. Constantly replaying a piece to get it just right can make the process frustrating and
tiresome (“Inside the Recording Business” 14). Music producers all over the world can create
different sounds, so artists have the option to choose the right person and location to record.
Geographic differences also affect the sound of a piece. Culture and environment differs
from place to place, resulting in different effects on the music and production. Someone
producing in North Carolina may create a different sound than someone producing in California
(Early). North Carolina usually does not produce many well known pop artists while California
has the reputation of the best place to go to make it in the music industry. However, thriving as a
producer in Los Angeles comes with many challenges because of the enormous competition in
the pop and hip-hop music scene there. Along with the differences in production, audiences of
artists differ as well (Johansson 313). People from urban cities tend to listen to popular music
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more than people in rural areas, which make cities more ideal for most artists to have concerts
(313). Even urban areas have different audiences throughout the country. For example, Jazz
musicians tend to make their names in New Orleans rather than New Jersey, and most people
find country artists in Nashville Tennessee rather than Chicago Illinois because of the different
culture of those area.
In the music production industry, many important figures have contributed so much to
music today as well as society. Sam Phillips, a music producer, started out in the music industry
as a consultant of musicians, offering his help and suggestions to aspiring musicians who needed
guidance (Menad). A good music producer can help musicians pull out the best material while
adding more ideas and suggestions. It also takes producers who believe in the ideas of hopeful
musicians that allow them artists to reach fame. After opening the Memphis Recording Studio
Service in 1950 which allowed him to consult, he decided that he did not trust small independent
production labels, so he started up his own record production company, Sun Records (Menad).
Although the Memphis Recording Studio Service allowed Phillips to encourage artists, he did
not want them falling into bad deals with local labels, especially the musicians he knew could
make it. Sun Records, which enabled Phillips to not only encourage artists, but now produce
them. Sun Records became the first company to produce Elvis Presley, the man who many
consider the King of Rock and Roll (Menad.) Many people do not realize that before an artists
can become famous, they need someone willing to listen to their ideas, who believe in them.
Phillips took a huge chance on Presley that paid off in the end as he went on to inspire millions
with his music. Other than Presley, Sun Record also produced Ike Turner, Carl Perkins, Johnny
Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, and many more famous musicians that most people know today. Some
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consider Phillips “The man who invented Rock ‘n’ Roll” (Menad). Phillips took chances on
artists that at the time many people probably would have turned away out of doubt and a lack of
faith in what they could become. Philips saw the potential in everyone who walked through his
door and helped produce some of the most well known, influential artists of all time.
Since Elvis, the age of rock has grown tremendously with many music producers helping
to promote some of the most well known artists. Many great producers came forth in the
beginning of the age of “Rock and Roll,” like George Martin. George Martin produced one of the
most famous bands of all time, the Beatles, and many considered him “the fifth Beatle,”
(Browne). Another producer, Brian Eno, helped to produce David Bowie, U2, and Talking Heads
(“Rock Music”). Another producer, Quincy Jones has a total of 79 Grammy nominations, the
most nominations to anyone of all time, and 28 Grammy awards, and has contributed so much to
the industry (Smith). Quincy Jones has scored over 50 movies and TV shows and has produced
extremely well known artists like Aretha Franklin, Frank Sinatra, and Michael Jackson, and more
(Smith). All of these amazing artists helped contribute to the history of music throughout the
world. Composers who produce scores for movies also impact the musical climate and culture in
society.
Many people do not realize the importance of music in movies for both the artist, the
producer and the actual film. The score of a film not only adds to the storytelling but can also
boost marketing of the finished product. An effective score in a movie sets the tone and helps to
build up the emotion in a scene (“Music, Film”). The score can also create long lasting memories
in the audience. John Williams, a composer, composed the music for Star Wars, Close
Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T., Indiana Jones, and many more well known movies (Music,
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Film). Most people know the music themes to at least one of these movies because the music
became so memorable and a key part of the film (Sullivan). The Titanic, another example of a
movie with music that most people can immediately recognize has captivated audiences for
decades, and the song “My Heart Will Go On” also won a Grammy (Music, Film). Music in
music has come a long way from the early days of music production.
The evolution of music production started in the late 19th century and continues to
progress today. Music production began with the very first device to reproduce sounds, the
phonograph. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson came up with the process of
capturing sounds. Three years later, Thomas Edison introduced the very first phonograph to the
United States, creating the device after hearing the French inventor, Charles Cros, describe the
idea of sound reproduction (Pras et al. 612). Since the invention of the phonograph, the process
of recording music has evolved tremendously. As World War I came to a close, musical
engineers created new electrical recording techniques that increased quality and amplification of
music (Pras et al. 614). Before this, the phonograph could only produce a certain level of quality,
something that music lovers at the time wanted to see improved. In 1931 the invention of Long
Playing discs (LPs) allowed the recording of longer pieces of music. LPs resemble vinyl records
with inscribed grooves that produce music when played in a phonograph device. They allowed
artists to record up to 23 minutes of music on a single record (614). As this kind of technology
increased, capturing sound became the next focus of engineers as time progressed. The discovery
of the effect of microphone placement allowed more options of intensity levels, volumes, and
musical aesthetics for different artists to work with. Producers and musicians could now choose
how they wanted a piece of music to sound through the different placements of the microphone
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(614). Even with all of the new advancements in production, not many people had the ability to
listen to music unless they could afford the expensive equipment.
Toward the end of WWII, magnetic tape recordings emerged and this discovery opened
up a whole new world of technology. Tape enabled recording engineers to mix tracks from
multiple microphones, even after the recording session (Pras et al. 614). They could cut and paste
tape, replacing spots that needed editing (614). In the 1960s and 70s, the invention of the
portable audio cassette caused a recession in the recording industry and decline in record sales
due to the portable media that encouraged private listening (616). Portable devices, however,
became available to anyone at an affordable price, so with this increased exposure, more and
more people developed interests in music (616).
As exposure of music grew, the passion to create more advanced technologies in music
increased as well. The invention of Compact Discs (CDs) increased sales and caused a huge
change in the recording industry (Pras et al. 616). Because of the affordability of new digital
audio equipment, many people became motivated to abandon large production companies.
Before digital technology, artists relied on major record companies for their marketing strategies
and production expertise. While major labels produced great quality and results, artists began to
want more involvement in producing their own sound. The stronghold of major labels began to
dissolve as young independent artists looked for alternative ways to produce music (616).
Independent recording studios became very popular with the rise of new computer based
technologies, created in the 1980s (616). Although professional production companies and
studios produce quality sounds and promote artists, anyone today can achieve nearly the same
results without the professional equipment or producers (Pras et al. 613). In fact, the decline of
Schwab 7
major labels generates more artistic freedom which allows more creativity in music composition
(617). The development of technologies in the 1990s allowed independent artists to create
inexpensive recording studios, creating the ability to produce their own CDs on laptops in the
comfort of their own home (“Rock Music”). An aspiring artist who owns a computer can acquire
the necessary virtual equipment to create music. The software needed to produce quality music
does not only exist in expensive recording studios. Today people can quickly record, edit, and
produce a piece of music, all for free (Walzer).
New technology also allows for the ability to use independent digital software for making
music. For example, GarageBand, a free software for anyone to use, provides easily
understandable production tools and also includes pre-recorded sounds so that a musician
wanting to create music does not require expertise for any instruments (Nardo). Essentially a
person of nearly any age who wants to create music can do so on a computer without having to
play the music himself (Walzer). In the past aspiring music producers or musicians would need
to attend school for years to get an education of the necessary tools and skills that come with
operating soundboards and microphones and he would have to become very familiar with
mixing, composing, arranging, and more, to succeed in a musical career. However, today with
Digital Recording Studios (DAWs) like GarageBand, even young students in high school who
may express interest in the art of music-making can learn the skills of music production and
distribution (Walzer). Today people create music without real instruments through the use of
electronic components.
People use technology to arrange and produce music, but they can also use it to create
musical sounds and rhythms. Electronic music uses electronic devices such as sound
Schwab 8
synthesizers, and generators to manipulate and control sound during its composition (“Electronic
Music”). Synthesizers, developed in the 1950s enabled composers to produce music in many
different ways, creating it in almost any range, tone quality and volume (“Electronic Music”).
The development of inexpensive synthesizers and other devices allowed for a growth in the
popularity of electronic music, and many musicians and bands use them to produce unique
sounds. An American electronic artist “Moby” uses digital technology and synthesizers to
combine, mix, and distort recordings of music. These techniques result in creative and
stimulating alternative rock music that many people enjoy. Another musician “Beck,” uses this
technology and mixes influences of many different types of music including folk, rap, soul, and
many more to create different sounding music (“Rock Music”). Many other bands today continue
to develop new ways of using electronics in music to create new sounds. A recently popular band
today called the “Chainsmokers” produces Electronic Dance Music (EDM). The two band
members and aspiring music producers create their music using a digital software program on a
MacBook Pro (Weiner). The Chainsmokers, who started as ordinary people, began with only a
software program and a computer, and in 2017 alone, the group had three singles make the Top
10 charts, earning them over $38 million (Weiner). Anyone can produce music using the
simplest of technologies, widely available and inexpensive.
In 2003 Apple introduced the iTunes Music Store (“Apple Inc.”). This new site allowed
people to buy and download digital music online, choose which songs from an album they liked,
and personalize their music instead of purchasing an entire album with songs they do not even
know (Rossiter). Also the inventions of the iPod, the Zune, and the mp3 player all changed the
way people listened to music (“"The Music Industry's Unbundling Blues”). With devices like
Schwab 9
these, music can travel anywhere with ease, in bulk, and people can listen whenever they want.
In 2010 the Harvard Business Review found that consumers bought more digital music than ever
on iTunes ("The Music Industry's Unbundling Blues”). Usually bundles would appeal to buyers
such as internet and TV deals; however, offering albums at a reduced rate did not increase album
sales. Consumers preferred buying only one song at a time. Researchers found that a one percent
increase in downloading led to a six percent decrease in album sales ("The Music Industry's
Unbundling Blues”). The ability to buy single songs had an immense impact on changing the
business of music.
The music streaming market has forever changed the music industry. When CDs first
became popular, people bought entire albums, even for only one song, but with the rise of
streaming technology, CDs have decreased in popularity (Rossiter). Streaming technologies also
reshaped music packaging, distribution, and how people consume music (“Apple Music vs
Spotify”). Most artists today make singles and release them one at a time, irregularly, instead of
spending a whole year to create a full album of 10 or more songs. They spend a month or two on
a song and release it immediately which has an effect on not just the revenue, but also the quality
of the music itself. The artists do not have use time to allow their sound to develop by producing
one song at a time (Early).
Today the purchase of individual songs and music, in general, has become more and
more uncommon. As technology progressed, new platforms emerged that enabled people to
stream music without directly purchasing the songs. Many people listen to music by subscribing
to streaming platforms rather than buying individual songs or albums. Streaming services like
Apple Music, Spotify, Pandora, Google Music and more have all become very popular (Weiss).
Schwab 10
Since these platforms have become people’s main resource when listening to music, a lot of
competition exists in the music streaming market, especially between Apple Music and Spotify
(Weiss). Spotify only recently became popular, but it has earned a trust with many people and in
fact just hit the 100 million user mark, although only 30 million actually pay for Spotify
premium services (Weiss). The other 70 million use Spotify for free with ads that pop up, similar
to Pandora. Spotify must pay 70 percent of its revenues to record labels which causes the
company to lose money (Weiss). However now that it has secured a significant user base, it will
gain more power, and eventually, record labels will need Spotify more than Spotify needs them
(Weiss). The streaming market has decreased the necessity for record labels and recording
studios decreases. Technology has not only shaped music production, but also the way people
listen to music, buy music, discover music, and more.
With the rise of new technologies, almost anyone has the freedom to listen to music on
the go without any interfering obstacles. However, many people abuse the freedom that comes
with technology. Piracy, or the unauthorized use of intellectual property belonging to another
person or group, affects millions of people today (“Piracy”). Since the 1990s, new technology
made it easier for anyone to illegally download, copy, and distribute intellectual property like
songs, movies, computer programs, games, and more. (“Piracy”). With the invention of the
Internet, fast streaming and easy access to media has become a necessity to most people. Anyone
in the world who has the available resources can commit piracy, which damages the entire music
industry. A study by the Institute of Policy Innovation (IPI) found that piracy cost the United
States economy over $12 billion dollars annually and more than 70,000 lost jobs in the recording
industry. (Sheehan et al. 309). One song involves many people: singers and musicians, sound
Schwab 11
technicians, producers and recording engineers, and even the background musicians (Cantore).
All these people put their time into creating a work of art, and many times they go unrecognized.
Piracy, a real crime that many people commit and get away with, continues to occur every day
causing these hard working people more stress without any compensation.
As the opportunities and challenges facing artists and music executives grow, educational
opportunities also steadily increase for those wanting to enter the music business industry. Many
struggle to choose the right college for a variety of different reasons including cost, sizes,
acceptance rates, and location. Tennessee, New York, and California host some of the top ranked
schools for careers in music. These schools include Belmont University in Nashville, New York
University (NYU), the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of
Southern California in Los Angeles, (USC) (Olson et al). Several of these schools have
benefitted from the financial support of former power brokers including Herb Alpert from
UCLA, Mike Curb, Andre “Dr. Dre” Young, and Jimmy Iovine (Olson et al).
USC’s prestigious Thornton School of Music requires auditions both by video and live,
demonstrating audio recording, and production skills. This private school costs over $48,280
(Colleges). While USC’s enrollment is close to 20,000, only 1,000 students attend the actual
school of music. Nashville’s Belmont University, another amazing music school, has a more
affordable tuition of $30,000 (Colleges). The cost of tuitions in state versus out of state for the
private school remain the same. UCLA, another private college, has the in-state and out of state
tuition cost of $67,831 (Colleges). All of these schools provide some of the highest education for
music related careers, and have produced many successful artists.

Schwab 12
Although attending major schools with advanced programs and resources, may help
someone to become a skilled and successful music producer, other options exist (Early). Many
successful music producers do not have to attend college. With the use of personal equipment,
anyone can become skilled in the art of producing (Walzer). People can also learn to produce
music by studying as an intern to a professional (Early). Most people who graduate from major
music schools immediately start off in an internship anyway (Early). While attending college
may provide many benefits, becoming successful in this career does not require a college degree.
(Early). With new technology and other resources like instructional books, people can train to
become music producers without any formal classes (Early). Although people have had success
breaking into the field on their own, college provides the best option for achieving success in the
music industry. Although women have the same access as men to attend college and pursue a
career, women in field of producing music remain quite low compared to men.
While more and more women hold executive roles in the music production industry
today, historically the music industry did not always open the door for women. In an era of
virtually no female music executives, Miriam Abramson co-founded Atlantic Records in 1947,
blazing the trail for future women in the industry (Goodman). Cathy Favaro-Maimore worked for
Artists and Repertoire (A&R) as a coordinator for music producers in the 1950s. She left the
industry to raise her sons and when she entered the field in the 1970s, the business became much
larger, yet opportunities for women barely changed, and not one woman held a job as a producer
(Goodman). Today, generally while more women producers have come about over the last
several decades, no woman has ever won a Grammy for producer of the year (Newman).
Schwab 13
A variety of reasons exist as to why women do not often hold positions of successful
music producers today. For one, women have a very limited number of role models (Newman).
Some of the early successful women in the industry, Cordell Jackson, Bonnie Guitar and Ellie
Green had many great influences on the field, but few women today have never heard of them
(Newman). Men, actually, have helped paved the way for women who want to become
producers, mentoring them and helping them grow (Newmen). Some people believe that so few
women have made it in the production career because that most musicians, even female artists,
tend to seek out male producers (Newman). Many people believe that female producers have not
become as successful as male producers due to sexism in the field. However, many prominent
female artists today all have male producers. Women musicians also often have feminist
messages, yet choose men to produce their records (Newman). Music production also involves a
lot of engineering, science, math, basic knowledge of technology, and then the creative elements
as well, and the musicality (Newman). Not enough women go into STEM today, because of a
general lack of encouragement. A study found that only 14% of the engineering workforce
included women (Bureau of Labor and Statistics). In addition, female producers do not have high
positions in the field because of the demands of family mixed with such a rigorous schedule that
comes with the job, of sometimes 14 hour days alone in a studio. Women often chose a different
path because the risk of losing the chance to have a family is too great (Newman). Music tells a
story that unites a culture and allows people to connect. Women need to play a role in this story.
Music production has come a long way from the basic reproduction of sound to the
development of digital audio workstations. More women enter the business with hope of finding
Schwab 14
opportunity. The art of music production will continue to evolve as technology changes, as
independent production increases, and as new emerging minds create the impossible.
Schwab 15
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Addison Schwab

AP Language and Composition

A Marvelously Musical Career in Music Production

culture of those area.

listen to music unless they could afford the expensive equipment.

more people developed interests in music (616).

produce a piece of music, all for free (Walzer).

simplest of technologies, widely available and inexpensive.

one song at a time (Early).

listen to music, buy music, discover music, and more.

music related careers, and have produced many successful artists.

Apr/May2002, p. 22. ​EBSCOhost,​

Early, Jacob. “Pride Project Interview.” email interview. 8 Feb, 2018

no. 27, 09 Dec. 2017, p. 106. ​EBSCOhost,

23, no. 1, 01 Jan. 2009, pp. 27-30. 26 Dec 2017. ​EBSCOhost,

2018, p. 17. ​EBSCOhost​,

Mar. 2013, pp. 612-626. 28 Dec 2017. ​EBSCOhost​,

Rapids, IA),​ 16 May 2010. ​EBSCOhost​,

2012, pp. 309-321. ​EBSCOhost​,

19, 12 Jan. 2007, p. B12. ​EBSCOhost​,

“The Economics Daily.” ​Bureau of Labor and Statistics,​

pp. 19-26. 28 Dec 2017.

Eweek​, 21 June 2016, p. 1. ​EBSCOhost​,

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Apr/May2002, p. 22. EBSCOhost,

no. 27, 09 Dec. 2017, p. 106. EBSCOhost,

23, no. 1, 01 Jan. 2009, pp. 27-30. 26 Dec 2017. EBSCOhost,

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