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surface retention
depression
storage
Conclusion:
Intensity?
rain
infiltration
What will happen with front
more rain?
rain
infiltration
front
Timing? Intensity?
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Saturated area
pre-storm
end of storm
Effects of urbanization
More opportunities for Horton overland flow.
“Efficient” transmission of storm water to major rivers by
storm sewers – smaller flow resistance than natural drainage.
Combined effects?
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discharge
attenuation.
Attenuation: Damping of
the peak height caused by
time
storage. Dunne and Leopold (1978, Fig. 10-1)
This requires:
(1) Estimates of runoff generation
(2) Channel storage and transmission characteristics
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Flood records
Estimates of runoff are usually based on empirical relation
between rainfall and runoff depending on a number of
parameters (vegetation, soil, slope, etc.).
Empirical relations are derived from historical records of
floods. In Canada, daily stream discharge data are available on
a CD-ROM database called HYDAT, published by the Water
Survey of Canada. → MADGIC section in the library (2LT).
Baseflow separation
For the analysis storm runoff, the baseflow contribution needs
to be subtracted from total stream discharge.
How?
Runoff ratio
Once runoff volume is estimated by baseflow separation, we
can define the runoff depth for each individual storm:
Runoff depth = (total runoff volume) / (basin area)
Rainfall, P (inches)
Dunne and Leopold (1978, Fig. 10-8)
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Rational method
This method is commonly used in urban areas for estimating
the capacity of storm sewer systems. The method should
ideally be used for small basins (< 200 acres).
Assumptions:
- Uniform intensity storm over the entire basin.
- Runoff ratio is fixed over the entire basin.
- Steady state is reached a short time after the onset of runoff.
→ all parts of the basin contributes runoff at a constant rate.
The peak intensity of runoff, Qpk is given by:
Qpk = CIA
where C is a dimensionless “rational” coefficient, I is rainfall
intensity, and A is basin area. Note that consistent units must
be used in the equation.
Example: A thunder storm having an intensity of 50 mm hr-1
falls on a 400-m2 parking lot. What is the expected Qpk?
Time of Concentration
Time required for runoff water to travel from the most distant
part of the basin to the outlet.
In rational method, it is the time required to reach steady state.
Time of concentration (tc hr) is commonly estimated from:
tc = L1.15 / (7700H0.38)
where L (ft) is the length of the basin along the main stream
from the most distant ridge to the outlet, and H (ft) is the
elevation difference between the most distant edge and the
outlet. Note that this equation is only valid when specified
units are used.
11-A1