DE LIMBA ROMÂNĂ ŞI LIMBA ENGLEZĂ

CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE

Lucrarea “Noţiuni de teorie şi teste de limba română şi limba engleză” apare într-un moment
când nevoia de sintetizare a datelor şi informaţiilor necesare pentru a fi însuşite de către cei
cărora se adresează lucrarea de faţă, se simte cel mai mult. Autoarele, pe baza unei laborioase
activităţi didactice desfăşurate la catedră au reuşit să selecteze şi să ordoneze logic cele mai
reprezentative noţiuni din limba română şi limba engleză. Lucrarea se adresează în egală măsură
atât elevilor din învăţământul de diferite niveluri, cât şi studenţilor din învăţământul superior. În
abordarea lucrării, autoarele au pornit de la ideea că: “învăţătura este frumuseţea cea mai
aleasă a omului, este comoara celui învăţat pe care moştenitorii nu o pot împărţi, hoţii nu o pot
fura, iar dacă din ea dăruieşte şi altora, nu scade niciodată; învăţătura este averea ascunsă şi
tăinuită care procură plăceri, dă glorie şi bucurie; este prietenul celui ce se află printre străini ori
printre duşmani; ea este divinitatea supremă”. Nici prin ani, nici prin părul alb, nici prin averi, nici
prin rude nu poţi fi mare; înţelepţii străbuni au stabilit legea: cine-i învăţat acela-i mai mare în
ochii tuturor. Împăraţii, regii şi şefii de state sunt respectaţi în ţara lor; învăţatul este respectat
pretutindeni.

CUPRINS ARTICOLUL SUBSTANTIVUL ADJECTIVUL PRONUMELE NUMERALUL VERBUL

GENERALITĂŢI MODURI PERSONALE MODURI NEPERSONALE DIATEZA PASIVĂ VORBIREA
INDIRECTĂ TESTE REZULTATELE TESTELOR

CAPITOLUL I

GRAMATICA LIMBII ENGLEZE (ENGLISH GRAMMAR)

I.ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE) Clasificare (Classification of Article):

1.

1.

Articolul hotărât

(The definite article)

2.

Articolul nehotărât (The indefinite article)

3.

Articolul zero

(Zero article)

ARTICOLUL HOTĂRÂT (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE) THE -se pronunţă [ ðə ] a)

înaintea consoanelor: the teacher

b) înaintea semiconsoanelor (u,y,w): the university the weak the year -se pronunţă [ ði ] a)

înaintea vocalelor: the eye

b) înaintea lui h mut: the hour c)

când accentuăm ceva în mod special: This is the man.

Folosirea articolului hotărât 1.

înaintea unui substantiv deja menţionat sau cunoscut de vorbitor: The cat near the window is my
pet.

2.

înaintea adjectivelor la gradul superlativ: She is the tallest girl in the class.

3.

înaintea substantivelor nume proprii la plural ce denumesc familii: The Whites are our
neighbours.

4.

înaintea substantivelor urmate de apoziţie: Mr. Smith, the teacher, is an Englishman.

5.
înaintea substantivelor la singular folosite in sens general:

The horse is a useful animal. 6.

înaintea substantivelor considerate unice: The earth moves round the sun.

7.

înaintea substantivelor care denumesc munţii la plural sau lanţuri muntoase;grupuri de insule;

întinderi de ape,deşerturi;canale,golfuri;capuri. The Alps, the Bahamas, the Atlantic Ocean, the
Sahara, the English Canal, the Persian Golf, the Cape of Good Hope. 8.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc instituţii: -hoteluri şi restaurante:the Hilton, the Chinese

Restaurant -muzee,biblioteci,bănci: the British Museum, the Central University Library,the
Midland Bank. -teatre,cinematografe:the National Theatre, the Capitol Cinema

9.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc ziare:the Times, the Guardian, the Observer

10. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc nume de vase,trenuri,avioane:the Titanic, the Orient

Express. 11. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc ţări (dacă sunt la plural sau reprezintă o
uniune): the Unitated States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland. 12. înaintea numeralelor ordinale:Henry the Eighth 13. înaintea substantivelor provenite
din adjective ce denumesc clase,naţionalităţi sau o idee abstractă: The rich should help the poor.
The Romanians live in România. 14. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc punctele cardinale: The
sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 15. înaintea lui same,only: We live in the same
building. You are the only woman for this job. 16. înaintea numelor de instrumente muzicale în
sens general: She plays the piano. 17. ca echivalent al pronumelui this sau that: I am busy at the
moment. I could not remember it at the time. 18. înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc o specie:
The trout lives in cold mountain rivers 19. înaintea substantivelor care arată o parte a corpului
omenesc: The head was on his shoulders. 20. înaintea substantivelor însoţite de prepoziţii:

at the beginning by the way for the time being in the end on the whole to the right to break the
ice 2.
ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT (THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE) Articolul nehotărât are două forme: a şi an.
Articolul nehotărât este folosit numai înaintea substantivelor la singular.

a -se pronunţă [ə] când este neaccentuat. -se pronunţă [ei] când este accentuat. a man, a
woman, a child -se pune înaintea substantivelor care încep cu o consoană sau o semivocală
(u,y,w) şi one: a table, a useful thing, a year, a window a one-legged table an -se pronunţă [ən]
sau [æn] -se pune înaintea substantivelor care încep cu o vocală sau h mut: an apple, an hour
Folosirea articolului nehotărât 1. înaintea unui substantiv despre care nu ştim nimic: There is a
car near the house. 2. înaintea numeralului one: There is a book on the table. 3.

înaintea substantivelor are denumesc o profesie, meserie, naţionalitate: Mary is a doctor. Peter
is an Englishman.

4.

înaintea substantivelor la singular folosite în sens general: A hen gives us eggs.

5.

înaintea substantivelor care denumesc religia sau clasa: Tom is a Christian. He is a lord.

6.

înaintea substantivelor proprii care denumesc o persoană necunoscută sau un membru al unei
familii: The call was from a Mr. Brown.

7.

în faţa lui little şi few pentru a evidenţia plusul de cantitate: I have a few English books. He has a
little money.

8.

pentru a arăta o singură parte dintr-o clasă: I have a car.

9.

după half, many, such, rather, as, quite, what, without: He is such a handsome man. What a day!
He is quite a man!
10. în expresii : as a matter of fact all of a sudden at a time 3.

ARTICOLUL ZERO (ZERO ARTICLE) Articolul zero marchează absenţa articolului.

Folosirea articolului zero 1.

înaintea substantivelor proprii ce denumesc persoane: Susan,Peter,Sister Mary

2.

înaintea substantivelor proprii ce denumesc continente, ţări, oraşe, formate dintr-un

singur cuvânt: Romania is in Europe. London is a very beautiful town. 3.

înaintea substantivelor proprii care denumesc clădiri, străzi, poduri: Buckingham Palace is the
official residence of the Sovereign. Some of the best shops in London are in Oxford Street. Tower
Bridge is one of London's best landmarks.

4.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc lacuri şi munţi: Last week we was at Lake Erie. Mount
Everest is a best-known peak.

5.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc anotimpurile, lunile anului, zilele săptămânii,

sărbătorile: Spring is green. I was at the seaside on August. I'll come home at Easter. Come back
on Sunday.

6.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc mesele zilei: I have breakfast rather early.

7.

înaintea substantivelor la plural folosite în sens general: Babies like milk.

8.
înaintea substantivelor nenumărabile folosite în sens general: Oil is lighter than water.

9.

înaintea substantivelor abstracte nedefinite: Life is wonderful.

10.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc limbile: I speak French.

11.

înaintea substantivelor ce denumesc obiecte de studiu, jocuri sau sporturi: I like history. John
plays football.

12.

înaintea unor substantive ca:bed, church, hospital,prison, school(când se referă la

scopul pentru care au fost făcute): It's time to go to bed. I go to school. He is in prison. I go to
church on Sunday. 13.

înaintea substantivelor man şi woman folosite în general: Woman is a beautiful flower. Man is
unable to understand life.

14.

înaintea unor expresii: to be in trouble day by day at night hand by hand

II.SUBSTANTIVUL ( THE NOUN) A.Clasificare: (Classification.of Nouns ) I 1.SUBSTANTIVE PROPRII

(PROPER NOUNS) Andrew, Romania, Bucharest, Monday, July.

2.SUBSTANTIVE COMUNE (COMMON NOUNS) a)

substantive abstracte (Abstract Nouns): happiness, music, weather, autumn, time ,luck, beauty,
freedom, fun.

b) substantive concrete. (Concrete Nouns) : glass, concrete, cotton, silk, leather; girl, table, tree,
rain; c) substantive numărabile. (Countable Nouns) : -au formă şi de singular şi de plural ; pot fi
folosite cu many, few, several; cat - cats, pen - pens. d) substantive nenumărabile (Uncontable
Nouns) : -se folosesc cu verbul la singular. -au formă numai de singular; -pot fi folosite cu
munch , little; coal, coffe, food, ice, iron, rice, sand, steel, cruelty,honesty, patience, anger,
happiness, hope, joy, pride, relief, respect, help, travel, sleep, work, freedom , baggage, business,
equipment, furniture, housework, homework, advice, music, noise, peace, news, youth,
knowledge, measles, fun, courage, despair, sugar, economics, beauty, information, scissors, tea,
machinery, merchandise, money, nonsense, progress, research, spaghetti, strength, aeronautics,
astronautics, electronics, mathematics, psysics,politics,aerobics, athletics, gymnastics, billiards,
cards, checkers, darts,diabets, mumps. e)substantive colective. (Collective Nouns): army, team,
fleet, flock, audience, committee, community, council, crew, enemy, gang, government, group,
herd, jury, navy, press, public, staff. II 1. SUBSTANTIVE SIMPLE (SIMPLE NOUNS) cat, boy,
weather, idea, cloud, soldier. 2 . SUBSTANTIVE FORMATE PRIN DERIVARE (DERIVED NOUNS)

driver, childhood, writer, actress, pianist, imposibility.

3 . SUBSTANTIVE FORMATE PRIN COMPUNERE (COMPOUND NOUNS) pencilbox, icecream,

classroom, a merry-go-round, bypass

B. Genul substantivelor (Gender of Nouns) a)

masculin: man, boy, father, brother, son, uncle, wolf, lion

b) feminin: woman, girl, mother, sister, daunghter, aunt, she-wolf, lioness. c)

neutru: pen, bag, table, idea, cloud

d) comun: friend, cousin, doctor, engineer. Formarea substantivului feminin din masculin: 1) prin
cuvinte diferite: boy - girl son – daughter father - mother king - queen nephew - niece uncle –
aunt 2) prin adăugarea unui sufix: bride - bridegroom actor - actress 3) cu ajutorul pronumelui:
wolf –

she-wolf

4) folosind un cuvânt ajutător: doctor – lady-doctor C. Cazul substantivelor (Case of Nouns) 1.

Nominativ.( The Nominative Case)- cazul subiectului: The boy is singing a nice song. 2. Dativ. (The
Dative Case)-cazul complementului indirect:

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Mother told a beautiful story to her daughter. 3. Acuzativ. (The Accusative Case)-cazul
complementului direct: Tom bought a doll for my daughter. 4. Genitiv. (The Genitive Case)- cazul
atributului: a)

genitivul sintetic : - `s se adaugă la substantivele la singular sau la pluralele neregulate: boy`s ball,
man`s work, men`s works. - ( ` )se adaugă la pluralele regulate sau la substantivele proprii

terminate în `s: boys` balls, Whites` car. Genitivul sintetic se foloseşte cu: Substantive ce
denumesc persoane sau fiinţe: The bird`s wings

the student`s papers

Susan`s bag

the horses` food

The boy`s toy

my parents` house

Mother`s blouse

teachers` books

The cat`s tail

children`s toys Substantive ce denumesc unităţi de timp, spaţiu, măsură: A life`s work A mile`s
distance Two weeks` work A pound`s worth of apples Yesterday`s newspaper Substantive ce pot
fi personificate: Romania`s history The sea`s voice. Substantive ce denumesc o organizaţie: The
government`s decision The army`s retreat Substantive ce denumesc elemente geografice sau
locuri: England`s weather The Danube`s waters The world`s population The city`s parks
Substantive din expresii legate de natură:

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The ocean`s roar The sun`s heat The moon`s light Substantive din expresii legate de distanţă: At
arm`s length A ten yards` distance Substantive din expresii legate de dimensiune şi valoare: A
pound`s weight Three dollars` worth Substantive ce urmează după sake: For peace`s sake For
order`s sake For pity`s sake b) genitivul analitic : Construcţia cu of se foloseşte: Cu substantivele
la genul neutru: The leg of the table The colour of the car The window of the room The back yard
of the house În expresii mai lungi: The child of the woman you have talked.

D.
Numărul substantivelor (Number of Nouns):

1. SUBSTANTIVE VARIABILE (VARIABLE NOUNS): Regula generală de formare a pluralului

substantivelor în limba engleză este de a adăuga un -s la sfârşitul substantivului: Boy

– boys

Idea

– ideas

Horse – horses Cat

- cats

Excepţii: a) Atunci când substantivul se termină în x, s, z, ch şi sh acesta primeşte terminaţia – es

la plural:

12

box -

boxes

brush - brushes

fox

foxes

finish - finishes

bus

buses

buzz - buzzes
glasses

quiz - quizzes

glass -

church - churches watch - watches dish

- dishes

b) Atunci când substantivul se termină în o precedat de o consoană, acesta primeşte terminaţia

--es la plural: tomato – tomatoes

domino - dominoes

potato - potatoes

echo

hero

Negro - Negroes

- heroes dar:

- echoes radio – radios piano - pianos photo – photos.

c) Atunci când substantivul se termină în y precedat de o consoană, acesta primeşte terminaţia –

ies la plural: lady – ladies

country - countries

story

baby – babies

party

victory - victories

city – cities
factory - factories

- parties

- stories

fly - flies dar:

toy – toys

day - days

boy – boys

key - keys

d) Atunci când substantivul se termină în –f(e) acesta primeşte la plural terminaţia –ves. Knife -
knives

wolf - wolves

calf

- calves

Wife - wives

loaf - loaves

half

- halves

Life - lives

thief - thieves

scarves - scarves

Leaf - leaves

shelf - shelves
wolf

Dar

roof - roofs

13

- wolves

e) Unele substantive schimbă la plural o vocală sau două: Man

- men

Woman - women Louse - lice Goose

- geese

Foot

- feet

Tooth

- teeth

Mouse - mice f)

Unele substantive primesc la plural terminaţia -en sau –ren:

Child - children Ox - oxen g) Unele substantive nu îşi schimbă forma la plural: Carp

- carp

aircraf

- aircraf

Deer

- deer
crossroads - crossroads

Sheep - sheep

dice

- dice

Pike

- pike

fish

- fish

Trout

- trout

fruit

- fruit

Series - series

hovercraf - hovercraf

Species – species

spacecraf - spacecraf

h) Unele substantive provenite dintr-o limbă străină îşi păstrează forma de plural ca în limba de
provenienţă. Stimulus - stimuli Larva - larvae Alga - algae Phenomenon - phenomena i)

Substantivele compuse primesc la plural un –s la cuvântul mai important:

Mother-in-law

mothers-in-law
Sunflower

sunflowers

Rain-coat

rain-coats

2. SUBSTANTIVE INVARIABILE (INVARIABLE NOUNS)

14

a)

care au numai formă de singular:

meat, luggage, furniture, bread, money;

music, information, knowledge, homework, luck;

news, mathematics, economics, measles;

b) care au numai formă de plural şi au verbul la plural: -

trousers, pyjamas, jeans, shorts, knickers, slacks, tights, pants, spectacles;

glasses, scissors, tongs, shears, scales, pliers, pincers, nutcrackers, compasses, binoculars;

the rich, the poor, goods;

-
police, people;

the Carpathians, the Alps, the Highlands

III. ADJECTIVUL ( THE ADJECTIVE)

Observaţie: - In limba engleză -adjectivul stă de obicei în faţa substantivului. Ex.: beautiful
woman handsome man Excepţii: Lieutenant- Colonel court- martial C flat three feet long
-adjectivul stă după verbele BE, BECOME, SEEM, STAY: The weather will stay dry. She seems
happy. -adjectivul este invariabil - Dacă avem mai multe adjective în faţa unui substantiv, ordinea
acestora este următoarea: QUALITY SIZE SHAPE AGE COLOUR ORIGIN/STYLE MATERIAL NOUN
Exemplu: a big old expensive book A nice small red box A splendid young white Arab horse

15

The beautiful little girl Two fantastic tall middle-aged Canadian actors Clasificare (Classification of
Adjectives): I.1. ADJECTIVE DETERMINATIVE (DETERMINATIVE ADJECTIVES): a)

Adjective demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives):

de apropiere: this, these;

de depărtare: that, those; This cat is nicer than the other one. b) Adjective posesive (Possessive
Adjectives):

my, your, his, her;

our, your, their Tom is my son and Susan is his daughter. c)

Adjective interogative (Interrogative Adjectives):

which? what? whose? how much? how many? What man asked you such a question? How much
sugar do you want? d) Adjective relative (Relative Adjectives): -

which, whose, what. The girl whose bag is red was near the window. e)

Adjective nehotărâte ( Indefinite Adjective):

other, several, one, certain, another, such, much, many, (a) little, (a) few, enough, each, every, all,
any, no, both, either, neither. Neither idea was good. They are both my friends. I have a few
French books.

I.

2. ADJECTIVE CALIFICATIVE (QUALIFIER ADJECTIVES): Observaţie. Numai adjectivele calificative

au grade de comparaţie.

16

a) Adjective scurte. (Short Adjectives): -

monosilabice şi bisilabice

big, tall, small, thin, thick, happy, clean, dark; Comparaţia adjectivelor scurte: -

gradul pozitiv: tall

gradul comparativ: - de inferioritate: not so/ as tall as - de egalitate: as tall as - de superioritate:

taller than

gradul superlativ:

relativ: the tallest

-

absolut: very tall

c)

Adjective lungi.(Long Adjectives).

Exemplu: beautiful, handsome, interesting, difficult; Comparaţia adjectivelor lungi -

gradul pozitiv: interesting

gradul comparativ: - de inferioritate: not so/as interesting as - de egalitate: as interesting as - de

superioritate: more interesting than

gradul superlativ: - relativ: the most interesting

absolut: very interesting

Observaţie. Unele adjevtive lungi pot primi –er,-est sau more, the most: Able, clever, gentle,
common, narrow, handsome, noble, simple, pleasant, simple, unkind, polite. d) Adjective
neregulate (Irregular Adjectives): good,well, bad, ill, little, few, much, many, old, far, near, fore,
late. Comparaţia adjectivelor neregulate. POZITIV Good

COMPARATIV

SUPERLATIV

better

the best

17

Well Bad
worse

the worst

more

the most

Ill Much Many Little

less-lesser

the least

Few

less-fewer

the fewest

Far

farther

the farthest/the farthermost the furthest/the farthhermost

Near

nearer

the nearest/the next

Fore

former

the foremost/the first

Late

later
the latest/the last

II.1. ADJECTIVE SIMPLE (SIMPLE ADJECTIVES) young, tall, cold, warm, thin, short, fat, thick, clean,
happy 2. ADJECTIVE FORMATE PRIN DERIVARE (DERIVED ADJECTIVES) sunny, useless, unhappy,
handsome, hopeless 3. ADJECTIVE FORMATE PRIN COMPUNERE (COMPOUND ADJECTIVES) long-
distance, fair-haired, dark-haired, snow-white, one-eyed, well-meaning Good-looking, long-
lasting, open-minded, well-dressed IV.PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN) IV A.Clasificare
(Classification of Pronouns): 1.

PRONUMELE PERSONAL (PERSONAL PRONOUNS) 1.

Nominativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

2.

Dativ: (to) me, you, him, her, us, you, them

3.

Acuzativ: me, you, him, her, us, you, them

18

She is with me. They are happy. 2.

PRONUMELE POSESIV (POSSESSIV PRONOUNS) (este pronumele personal în genitiv) -mine,

yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs The house is mine. This is a bag.It is hers.

3.

PRONUMELE REFLEXIV SAU DE ÎNTĂRIRE (REFLEXIVE OR INPHATIC PRONOUNS) -myself, yourself,

himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Behave yourself! Tom prooved himself
to be a very good student.

4.

PRONUMELE DEMONSTRATIVE (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS) a)

de apropiere: this, these

b) de depărtare: that, those That is my daughter. This are my pupils.

5.

PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS) -who?, whose?, (to) whom?, whom?,

what?, which? Ex.: Who told my name? What day is today?

6.

PRONUMELE RELATIVE (RELATIVE PRONOUNS)

19

-who, whose, whom, to whom, which, that, but The film which I saw was nice. I can`t understand
whose those things are. 7.

PRONUMELE NEHOTĂRÂT (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS) -each, every, either, weither, any, some, no,
none, nothing, both, all, much, many Everybody should be happy. She told me something about
her.

V. NUMERALUL (THE NUMERAL) V

Clasificarea (Classification of Numeral):

1.

NUMERALUL CARDINAL (CARDINAL NUMERAL) 1-one

11-eleven

2-two

12-twelve

3-three

13-thirteen

4-four

14-fourteen

5-five
15-fifeen

6-six

16-sixteen

7-seven

17-seventeen

8-eight

18-eighteen

9-nine

19-nineteen

10-ten

20-twenty

30-thirty

21-twenty-one

40-forty

32-thirty-two

50-fify

43-forty-three

60-sixty

54-fify-four

70-seventy

65-sixty-five
80-eighty

76-seventy-six

90-ninety

87-eighty-seven

20

100 (a) one hundred 174 one hundred and seventy-four 800 eight hundred 1,000 (a) one
thousand 6,247 six thousand two hundred and forty-seven 1,000,000 (a) one million Utilizarea
numeralului cardinal : a)

pentru a exprima un număr: 1,457 (a) one thousand four hundred and fify-seven

b) pentru a exprima anii: 1457 fourteen fify-seven 1012 ten twelve c)

pentru a indica un număr de telefon: 059123356 0 five nine one two double three four five six

d) pentru a exprima timpul cronologic: 1:00 It’s one o’clock 2:10 It’s ten past two 11:15 It’s
quarter past eleven 4:30 It’s half past four 6:55 It’s five to seven 4:40 It’s twenty to five 7:45 It’s
quarter to eight Observatie.: În engleza americană se folsesc şi afer şi before în loc de past şi to.
9:10 It’s ten afer nine 7:45 It’s quarter before eight e)

în exprimarea vârstei: I am seventeen (years old).

2.NUMERALUL ORDINAL (ORDINAL NUMERAL) 1st -the first

9th -ninth

2nd -the second

10th -tenth

3rd –the third

11th -eleventh

21

4th –the fourth

12th -twelfh

5th –the fifh

20th -twentieth

6th –the sixth

30th -thirtieth

7th –the seventh 8th –the eighth 642nd –six hundred and forty-second Utilizarea numeralului
ordinal: a)

în exprimarea datei: August 27th, the 27th of August I was born on the 1st of December 1966.

În engleza americană: December the 1st 1966 b) pentru a indica ordinea persoanelor, lucrurilor,
acţiunilor în timp şi spaţiu The Second World War Henry IV (the Forth) Susan plays only in the
third act. VI. V E R B U L ( THE VERB) A. CATEGORIILE GRAMATICALE ( The Grammatical
Categories) I. PERSOANA ( THE PERSON ) sg.

pl.

we

II

You

You

III

He, she, it

They

II. NUMĂRUL ( THE NUMBER) Obs. La persoana a III-a sg. verbul primeşte la timpul prezent
simplu,modul indicativ,terminaţia –s sau – es. Andrew plays football. He does his homework. III.
DIATEZA ( VOICE )

22

1.

Diateza activă .( the Active Voice)- subiectul face acţiunea. Andrew came home yesterday.

2.

Diateza pasivă. ( the Passive Voice) -subiectul suferă acţiunea săvârşită de verb. The letter is
written by Andrew.

3.

Diateza reflexivă – nu este marcată formal în limba engleză ( subiectul face acţiunea şi el o şi
suferă). I wash myself every day.

IV. ASPECTUL ( THE ASPECT) 1.

Aspectul simplu ne arată că acţiunea se repetă sau se face în mod general. Andrew goes to
school every day. t

2.

Aspectul continuu ne arată că acţiunea se desfăşoară în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt într-o

perioadă de timp bine definită. Andrew is going to school now. Verbe care nu se folosesc la
aspectul continuu:

verbe care arată sentimente: to love, to hate, to like, to dislike, to detest, to please, to refuse, to
prefer, to want, to hope, to wish to satisfy, to regret.

Verbe care arată activităţi mentale: to think, to suppose, to belive, to agree, to know, to mean, to
forget, to intend, to notice, to remember, to imagine, to expect, to surprise, to need, to
understand.

-
Verbe care arată percepţii senzoriale:to see, to feel, to taste, to hear, to smell, to sound, to look,
to look like, to appear.

Verbe care arată o acţiune de moment: to begin, to end, to start, to stop.

Verbe modale: can, must, may ,shall, will, ought to, need, dare.

Alte verbe ca: to appear, to be, to belong, to chance, to consist, to contain, to comprise, to cost,
to connect, to contribute, to date, to depend, to deserve, to exist, to fail, to have, to hold, to
include, to matter, to mean, to possess, to resemble, to suffice, to weigh.

V.TIMPUL (THE TENSE) 1.

Când acţiunea este bine definită în timp avem: a)

prezent

b) trecut c) 2.

viitor

Când acţiunea s-a desfăşurat într-un moment anterior unui timp fix şi nu este definită în timp:

23

a)

prezent perfect

b) trecut perfect c)

viitor perfect

VI. MODUL (THE MOOD) 1.

Moduri personale:

a)

Modul indicativ.( The Indicative Mood).

b) Modul subjonctiv. ( The Subjunctive). c)

Modul condiţional. ( The Conditional).

d) Modul imperativ. ( The Imperative). 2.

Moduri impersonale:

a)

Modul infinitiv. ( The Infinitive).

b) Modul participiu. ( The Participle). c)

Modul gerundiv. ( The Gerund).

B. VERBE TRANZITIVE SI VERBE INTRANZITIVE. (Transitive and Intransitive Verbs) Verbul tranzitiv
este verbul după care urmează în mod obligatoriu un complement direct. Andrew read
Shakespeare’s poems. Verbul intranzitiv nu primeşte complement direct şi nici nu are diateză
pasivă. Andrew is reading for his exams.

C. VERBE AUXILIARE (AUXILIARY VERBS) a)

ajută la formarea unor construcţii verbale compuse: I am singing a song.

b) nu au înţeles de sine stătător: Does he finish his work? c)

se pun la modul, timpul, numărul şi persoana cerute de context: I have my dress washed.

Verbele auxiliare sunt: TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO, TO LET, SHALL, WILL, SHOULD, WOULD. D. VERBE
MODALE (MODAL VERBS)

24

a)
sunt verbe speciale:

b) au echivalenţi modali, deoarece nu au toate timpurile şi modurile: c)

nu primesc desinenţa –s sau –es la persoana a III-a singular a modului indicativ.

d) formele interogativă şi negativă ale timpurilor prezent şi trecut nu sunt formate cu ajutorul
verbului auxiliar TO DO. e)

Nu au formă de infinitiv şi verbul care urmează după un verb modal se pune la infinitivul scurt.
( nu au particula TO nici înaintea lor şi nici după; excepţie făcând verbul OUGHT TO).

Verbele modale şi echivalenţii lor sunt: Verb

past tense/conditional

Can

equivalent

could

Must

to be able to

May

to have to

might

to be allowed to to be permitted to to be possible to

Shall

should

-
Will

would

Ought to

Need

needed

Dare

dared

Can you speak English? Father could solve the exercise. She is able to do that. You must go now.
May I open the window? She might go there. Thomas might have had an accident. They will do
that. Shall I help her? The teacher should have corrected the English tests by now. She would see
him tomorrow. I ought to visit my parents more ofen. How dare you do that?

25

Need I come now? E. FORMELE VERBULUI.( VERB FORMS) 1. VERBE REGULATE ( REGULAR
VERBS) - formează trecutul şi participiul trecut prin adăugarea sufixului –ed la infinitiv. - prin
adăugarea sufixului – ed unele verbe suferă modificări: to try – tried to bake – baked to travel –
travelled 2.VERBE NEREGULATE (IRREGULAR VERBS) a)

care nu suferă nici o modificare în scriere: to beset

to hurt

to set
to bet

to knit

to shed

to bid

to let

to shut

to broadcast

to overcast

o slit

to burst

to overset

to split

to cast

to overspread

to spread

to cost

to put

to sweat

to cut

to read

to thrust
to forecast

to recast

to upset

to hit

to reset

b) care suferă o singură modificare în scriere: – la past tense şi past participle sunt la fel: abide-
abode

blend-blent

clothe-clad

backbite-backbit

bless-blest

creep-crept

backslide-backslid

breed-bred

dare-dared

behold- beheld

bring-brought

deal-dealt

bend-bent

build-built

dig-dug

bereave-beref
burn-burnt

dream-dreamt

beseech-besought

buy-bought

dwell-dwelt

bethink-bethought

catch-caugth

feed-fed

26

bind-bound

cleave-clove

feel-felt

bleed-bled

cling-clung

fight-fought

find-found

hamstring-hamstring

lay-laid

flee-fled

hang-hung

lead-led
fling-flung

have-had

lean-leant

foretell-foretold

hear-heard

leap-leapt

gainsay-gainsaid

heave-heaved

learn-learnt

get-got

hold-held

leave-lef

gild-gilt

inlay-inlaid

lend-lent

gird-girt

keep-kept

light-lit

grind-ground

kneel-knelt

lose-lost
make-made

overlay-overlaid

mean-meant

overleap-overleapt

seek-sought

meet-met

overshoot-overshot

sell-sold

misdeal-misdealt

oversleep-overslept

send-sent

mislead-misled

pay-paid

shine-shone

misunderstand-misunderstood

rebuild-rebuilt

shoe-shod

outshine-outshone

relay-relaid

shoot-shot

overfeed-overfed
rend-rent

sit-sat

overhang-overhung

repay-repaid

sleep-slept

overhear-overheard

retell-retold

slide-slid

say-said

sling-slung

stave-stove

think-thought

smell-smelt

stick-stuck

tread-trod

speed-sped

sting-stung

unbend-unbent

spell-spelt

strike-struck

undersell-undersold
spend-spent

string-strung

waylay-waylaid

spell-spilt

sunburn-sunburnt

wed-wedded

spin-spun

sweep-swept

weep-wept

spit-spat

swing-swung

win-won

spoil-spoilt

teach-taught

wind-wound

stand-stood

tell-told

withhold-withheld

withstand-withstood wring-wrung

27

c) verbe care suferă două modificări în scriere: - au forme diferite la infinitive, past tense şi past
participle arise-arose-arisen

chide-chid

be-was-been

choose-chose-chosen

bear-bore-born

come-came-come

become-became-become

do-did-done

befall-befell-befallen

draw-drew-drawn

beget-begot-begotten

drink-drank-drunk

begin-began-begun

drive-drove-driven

bespeak-bespoke-bespoken

eat-ate-eaten

bestride-bestrode-bestrid

fall-fell-fallen

betake-betook-betaken

fly-flew-flown

bid-bade-bidden
forbear-forbore-forborne

bide-bode-bided

forbid-forbade-forbidden

bite-bit-bitten

forego-forewent-foregone

blow-blew-blown

foreknow-foreknew-foreknown

break-broke-broken

foresee-foresaw-foreseen

forgive-forgave-forgiven

lade-laded-laden

forsake-forsook-forsaken

lie-lay-lain

forswear-forswore-forsworn

misgive-misgave-misgiven

freeze-froze-frozen

mistake-mistook-mistaken

give-gave-given

mow-mowed-mown

go-went-gone

ourbit-outbade-outbid
grave-graved-graven

outdo-outdid-outdone

grow-grew-grown

outgo-outwent-outgone

hide-hid-hidden

outgrow-outgrew-outgrown

know-knew-known

outride-outrode-outridden

outrun-outran-outrun

overrun-overran-overrun

outwear-outwore-outworn

oversee-oversaw-overseen

overbear-overbore-overborne

overtake-overtook-overtaken

overcome-overcame-overcome

overthrow-overthrew-overthrown

overdo-overdid-overdone

partake-partook-partaken

overdraw-overdrew-overdrawn rid-ridden-rid overeat-overate-overeaten

ride-rode-ridden

overgrow-overgrew-overgrown
ring-rang-rung

28

overlie-overlay-overlain

rise-rose-risen

override-overrode-overridden

rive-rived-riven

run-ran-run

sink-sank-sunk

saw-sawed-sawn

slay-slew-slain

see-saw-seen

smite-smote-smitten

sew-sewed-sewn

sow-sowed-sown

shake-shook-shaken

speak-spoke-spoken

shear-sheared-shorn

spring-sprang-sprung

show-showed-shown

steal-stole-stolen

shrink-shrank-shrunk
stink-stank-stunk

shrive-shrove-shriven

strew-strewed-strewn

sing-sang-sung

stride-strode-stridden

strive-strove-striven

undertake-undertook-undertaken

swear-swore-sworn

underwrite-underwrote-underwritten

swell-swelled-swollen

underdo-underdid-underdone

swim-swam-swum

wake-woke-waked

take-took-taken

wear-wore-worn

rear-tore-torn

weave-wove-woven

thrive-throve-thriven

withdraw-withdrew-withdrawn

throw-threw-thrown

write-wrote-written
tread-trod-trodden undergo-underwent-undergone

A. MODURI PERSONALE

I.TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE -arată o acţiune prezentă,
generală sau o stare permanentă, o idee de viitor (EVERYDAY) The building stands over 200 feet
high.

29

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + V (-es persoana a III sg.) (-s

I go to school everyday. He goes to school everyday. -interogativ:

DO (vb. auxiliar) / DOES (pers, III nr. Sg.) + S + V?

Do I go to school everyday? Does he go to school everyday? -negativ:

S + DO / DOES + NOT + V I don’t go to school everyday. He doesn’t go to school everyday.

II.THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE - arată o acţiune care se desfăşoară acum, în momentul
vorbirii.(NOW) SE FORMEAZA: -afirmativ:

S +TO BE(la prezent)+V-ING

I am going to school now. She is singing now -interogativ:

AM/IS/ARE+S+V-ING?

Am I going to school now? Is she singing now? -negativ:

S+AM/IS/ARE+NOT+V-ING I am not going to school now. She is not singing now.

III. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE -

arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat într-un moment bine definit din trecut şi s-a incheiat.

(YESTERDAY). SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + V –ed / II

Cu forma a-II-a pt. Verbele neregulate. Cu terminatia –ed pentru verbele regulate I went to
school yesterday. He went to school yesterday.

30

I arrived home last week. He arrived home last week. -interogativ:

DID + S + V ?

Did I go to school yesterday ? Did he go to school yesterday? Did I arrived home last week? Did
she arrived home last week? -negativ:

S + DID + NOT + V

I didn’t go to school yesyterday. She didn’t go to school yesterday. I didn’t arrived home last
week. She didn’t arrived home last week. OBS: Timpul; momentul de desfăşurare a acţiunii poate
fi precizat printr-un adverb de timp. Ex: yesterday, a day/ week/ month/ year ago, last week/
summer etc. IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt într-o perioada de timp bine
determinată din trecut (sau în acelaşi timp cu unul sau mai multe acţiuni tot din trecut). OBS: se
traduce prin imperfect. SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + TO BE(la trecut) +V-ing I was talking about you all morning yesterday. You were shopping all
afernoon last week.

-interogativ:

WAS / WERE + S + V-ing? Was I talking about you all morning yesterday ? Were you shopping all
afernoon last week?

-negativ:

S +WAS / WERE + NOT + V-ing. I wasn’t talking about you all morning. You weren’t shopping all
afernoon last week.

V. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE -arată o acţiune care se va desfăşura într-un moment din viitor.
(TOMORROW)

31

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHALL (I sg,pl) / WILL(II,III,sg,pl.) + V

He will graduate in July. I shall go to the seaside in August. -interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + V?

Shall I open the window? Will you pass me the butter? -negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V I shall not go to the seaside in August.

He will not go to the seaside in August.

VI.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care va fi în curs de desfăşurare într-un moment bine definit din viitor .

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + BE + V-ing.

I shall be going to the seaside this time in August. He will be going to the seaside this time in
August. -interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + BE + V-ing.

Shall I be going to the seaside this time in August? Will he be going to the seaside this time in
August? -negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V-ing.

We shall not be flying to London this time next year. He will not be flying to London this time
next year. VII.THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
-

arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat într-un trecut apropiat, este nedefinită în timp şi are legătură
cu prezentul( sau se desfăşoară şi în prezent)

se traduce prin perfectul compus dar şi prin prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + V-ed/III

32

-interogativ:

HAVE / HAS + S + V-ed/III

-negativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V-ed/III They have just arrived.

Where have they been? They haven`t arrive yet. -

datorita faptului că acţiunea exprimată de acest timp este nedefinită,el poate fi însoţit şi de

cele mai

multe ori este, de unul din urmatoarele adverbe sau locuţiuni adverbiale: -

care se pun în faţa verbului:

-JUST – tocmai, abia -EVER - vreodată -NEVER –niciodată -OFTEN - adesea -SELDOM – rareori
-ALWAYS – întodeauna -SOOMETIMES – cândva, uneori -ALREADY – deja -RARELY – rareori
-FREQUENTLY – frecvent -GENERALY – în general

- care se pun la sfârşitul propoziţiei: -TODAY – astăzi -THIS WEEK / MONTH / SUMMER -LATELY
-RECENTLY

recent, de curând, în ultima vreme

- OF LATE -

yet – încă (în propoziţii negative) The play has just begun. We have not finished yet. Have you
finished your paper? SINCE , FOR – cer timpul PREZENT PERFECT în propoziţiile din faţa lor (deci
nu în cele introduse de

ele) atunci când acţiunea exprimată de verbul din propoziţia respectivă continuă până în prezent.
SINCE – de, din, de la, de când;(arată momentul începerii acţiunii.)

33

FOR – (arată durata acţiunii) Susan hasn’t visited Oradea since she was a little girl. Thomas has
worked in this office since he gratuated. 3 VIII.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care a început de curând şi se desfăşoară în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt până în
prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN +V- ing

-interogativ:

HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + V-ing?

-negativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN + V-ing. We have been playing tennis for an hour now We haven`t
been playing tennis for an hour. Have we been playing tennis for an hour?

IX. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

arată o acţiune trecută anterioară altei acţiuni tot din trecut.

-
se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfect.

Acest timp poate fi folosit împreună cu aceleaşi adverbe (locuţiuni adverbiale) ca şi timpul
present perfect .

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S+ HAD + V-ed / III

-interogativ:

HAD + S + V-ed / III?

-negativ:

S + HAD + NOT + V-ed / III

The teacher had not finished the lesson when the bell rang. Had the teacher finished the lesson
when the bell rang? The teacher had not finished the lesson when the bell rang.

34

X. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care a început într-un moment din trecut şi s-a desfăşurat în mod continuu şi
neîntrerupt până într-un alt moment din trecut.

Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul sau imperfect. SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

HAD + BEEN + V-ing.

-interogativ:

HAD + S + BEEN + V-ing?

-negativ:

S + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V-ing

Andrew had been waiting for an hour when the teacher arrived. Had Andrew been waiting for an
hour till the teacher arrived. Andrew had not been waiting forn an hour when the teacher
arrived.

XI. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

arată o acţiune viitoare desfăşurată înaintea altei acţiuni tot din viitor.

Se traduce prin viitor anterior şi prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-ed / III

-interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + HAVE + V-ed / III?

-negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + HAVE + V-ed / III

I shall have finished cleaning the house by the time they arrive home. Shall I have finished
cleaning the house by the time they arrive home I shall not have finished cleaning the house by
the time they arrive home. XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

35

-arată o acţiune care va fi în curs de desfăşurare înaintea unui moment din viitor. -Se traduce prin
viitor sau prezent. SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S+SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing.

-interogativ:
SHALL / WILL + S + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing?

-negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing.

They will have been working till then. Will they have been working till then? They will not have
been working till then. XIII. FUTURE IN THE PAST SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHOULD / WOULD + V

-interogativ:

SHOULD / WOULD + S + V

-negativ:

S + SHOULD / WOULD + NOT + V

XIV. FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S +SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III.

-interogativ:

SHOULD / WOULD + S + HAVE + V –ed / III?

-negativ:

S + SHOULD / WOULD + NOT + HAVE + V-ed / III.

Future in the past I should go to the theatre. He would finish the paper. Ann told me that she
would go shopping. Future perfect in the past The mechanic was sure that he would have
finished fixing the car by the time they came.

36

CONCORDANŢA TIMPURILOR Concordanta timpurilor este un set de reguli care reglementeză

relaţia dintre predicatul din propoziţia subordonată şi predicatul din propoziţia subordonată.
Principală
Secundară

a)

Prezent

—————→

Orice timp

b)

Viitor

—————→

Viitor sau Prezent

c)

Trecut

—————→

una dintre formele de Trecut ( future in the past) (past perfect) (past tense)

a)

Când verbul din propozişia principală este la un timp prezent în propoziţia secundară putem
folosi orice timp: I am sure that he will call me. Susan is writing a book about what she saw
during her travel through Europe.

b) Când verbul din propoziţia principală este la timpul viitor, verbul din secundară poate fi la un
timp viitor sau la un timp prezent. Ann will give us everything we need when she comes
ATENTIE!

În propoziţiile subordonate circumstanţiale de timp ca şi în cele condiţionale, nu

se foloseşte nici un fel de timp viitor format cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare: shall, will, should,
would. - Aceste propoziţii pot fi introduse prin when, before, afer, while, till, until, as soon as, by
the time (that), as long as, if. - Dacă propoziţia subordonată este introdusă prin if sau when, dar
este propoziţie completivă directă, se poate folosi timpul viitor. I am sure she doesn't know when
Mary will go there. Father wonders if John will go there. c)

Când în propoziţia principală predicatul este la un timp trecut în propoziţiile secundare

predicatele trebuie să fie tot la un timp trecut (PAST TENSE, PAST PERFECT TENSE, FUTURE IN
THE PAST). Tom waited in the library as teacher was writting .

37

My parents were sure they had never gone there before that day. Susan promised him she would
be there at 8 o`clock. EXCEPŢII: 1) Când în propoziţia subordonată este prezentat un adevăr
general valabil: She knew very well that the Earth is round. 2) În propoziţiile atributive timpul
este cel cerut de context: The girl who is near the window was my girlfriend. 3) Fraza
condiţională are propriile ei reguli de concordanţă 4) În prezentul istoric timpul trecut poate fi
folosit pentru a da culoare stilului;

II. MODUL SUBJONCTIV SE FORMEAZĂ: 1.

forma veche este identică cu indicativ prezent fără TO

-aceeaşi pentru toate persoanele atât la plural cât şi la singular: Long live the king ! German be
hanged ! 2.

SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT are forma de PAST TENSE excepţie verbul TO BE este WERE la toate
persoanele. I wish you understood me. If I were you I wouldn’t do that .

3.

SUBJONCTIVUL PERFECT

- Are forma de PAST PERFECT - acesta exprimă o acţiune anterioară celei exprimate de verbul din
propoziţia principală sau o situaţie ireală imposibilă. -

Se traduce prin: conjunctiv perfect sau condiţional perfect. If Tom had been there he would have
finished the work.

38

4. SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC SE FORMEAZĂ: A. SHOULD / WOULD + V MAY / MIGHT

+V

WOULD
+V

COULD

+V

B. -când se foloseşte ideea de anterior + HAVE SHALL / SHOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III MAY /
MIGHT

+ HAVE + V –ed / III

WOULD

+ HAVE + V –ed / III

COULD

+ HAVE + V –ed / III ↓

*Se foloseşte după verbele: -TO DEMAND -TO INSIST -TO ORDER -TO REQUEST -TO PROPOSE -TO
DECIDE

+ THAT

-TO ADVICE -TO EXPECT -TO RECOMAND -TO SUGEST -TO HURRY Ex.We advice that everybody
shall be graduated the highschool. We expect that you should have finished the book. *în
construcţiile: IT + TO BE + ADJECTIV + VERB Ex.: It is necessary

It is faire

It is advisable

It is natural

It is better

It is strange

It is vital

It is odd
It is important

It is amazing

It is right

It is ridiculos

It is desirable

It is impossible

It is wonderful

It is essential

39

It is essential for me that he should come in time. *după cuvintele: -desire

-request

-idea

-agreement

-intention

-domand

-proposal

-arangement

-wish

-in case

-sugestion

-however
-as if III.MODUL CONDIŢIONAL -exprimă o acţiune dorită sau o condiţie. 1.

condiţionalul prezent: SE FORMEAZĂ: SHOULD / WOULD + V

2.

condiţionalul perfect: SE FORMEAZĂ: SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + V-ed / III - se traduce prin
modul condiţional prezent sau perfect. Conditional prezent: I would eat a cake . I should write
my homework . Conditional perfect: He would have written you soon. He should have written
you as soon as possible.

FRAZA CONDIŢIONALĂ (Adverbial Clauses of Condition) 1.

Propoziţia principală arată o acţiune condiţionată sau dorită

2.

Propoziţia subordonată arată condiţia cu care se realizează acţiunea din propoziţia principală.

40

OBSERVATIE.Nu există o regulă care să arate ordinea celor două propoziţii dar între predicatele
lor există concordanţă: a).

Verbul la modul condiţional apare numai în propoziţia principală când condiţia

exprimată de propoziţia subordonată este IREALĂ. If he were here he would helped you. b).

În propoziţia subordonată nu apare verb la modul condiţional. I’ll go with you if I can.

c).

d).

Propoziţia subordonată care conţine condiţia poate fi introdusă prin: 1.

IF

2.

IF CASE
3.

ON CONDITION

4.

SUPOSSE

5.

UNLESS etc. Condiţia exprimată de propoziţia subordonată poate fi de trei feluri şi în funcţie de
acest

lucru apare şi concordanţa predicatelor din cele două propoziţii: A. CONDIŢIE REALĂ (POSIBILĂ). -

timpul din propoziţia principală este prezent sau viitor

Obs.: în propoziţia secundară nu se foloseşte viitorul. If you help me, I can go with you. John
comes home now, he will have enough time to call you. If I am a king you will be my queen B.
CONDIŢIE IREALĂ (POSIBILĂ) Obs. Condiţia nu se realizează în prezent dar e posibil să se realizeze
în viitor. -

în propoziţia SECUNDARĂ verbul este la SUBJONCTIV PREZENT.

în propoziţia PRINCIPALĂ verbul este CONDITIONAL PREZENT. If I were a king you would been my
queen. If John were here he would solved the problem. C. CONDIŢIE IREALĂ (IMPOSIBILĂ)

Arată o condiţie nerealizată şi nerealizabilă;

Verbul în propoziţia SECUNDARĂ este la SUBJONCTIV PERFECT

41

-
Verbul în propoziţia PRINCIPALĂ este la CONDIŢIONAL PERFECT If only Andrew had been here he
would have been helped you. If I had been a king you would have been my queen.

IV. MODUL IMPERATIV Exprimă un ordin, un îndemn, o chemare, etc. SE FORMEAZĂ: LET

COMPLEMENT

în ACUZATIV +

pentru peroanele I şi III sg. şi plural. Let me go! Let the boy play! pentru a doua : Vocativul: Read
louder, please! Obs.: Forma negativă se formează cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar DO: Don’t do that!
Don’t let me wait for you!

B. MODURI NEPERSONALE

I. MODUL INFINITIV -

Este modul care denumeşte acţiunea sau starea exprimată de verb. TO + VERB = INFINITIV LUNG
VERB

= INFINITIV SCURT

1. Infinitivul prezent: I try to get to the school in time . 2. Infinitvul perfect: Alice pretended to
have been watching TV when I rang her up 3. Infinitivul scurt:

42

Obs.: Infinitivul scurt se foloseşte după: a). Verbe modale; My mother can make a very good
cake. b). Verbul TO HAVE şi TO MAKE. He makes me cry. c). După verbele: TO SEE, TO HEAR, TO
FELL, TO WACH, TO OBSERVE, TO LET, TO HELP, Când sunt la diateza activă: Did you hear her sing
last evening? d). După construcţiile: HAD BETTER HAD RATHER WOULD RATHER WOULD SOONER
RATHER THAN BETTER THAN SOONER THAN MORE THAN CAN BUT NOTHING BUT I had better go
now. I cannot but go away. II. MODUL PARTICIPIU -

participiul are trei forme:

1. Participiul prezent V + ing = diateza activă BEING + V –ed/III = diateza pasivă 2. Participiul
perfect
43

arată o acţiune anterioară celei exprimate de predicatul propoziţiei.

HAVING + V – ed/III = diateza activă HAVING + BEEN + V – ed/III = diateza pasivă 3. Participiul
trecut -

este folosit ca adjectiv, intră în compunerea timpurilor perfecte şi a diatezei pasive.

V (regulat): V – ed V (neregulat): forma a III – a EXEMPLE: Participiu prezent We are playing now
While shopping I met my English teacher. The film is even more interesting than I thought.
Participiu perfect Having forgotten his keys at home, Jonh lef the classroom in a hurry. Having
sent the letter, Mary lef the office in a hurry. Participiu trecut The aged man could not ride the
horse. The pupil was called at the blackboard. III. MODUL GERUNDIV Gerund nedefinit -

are aceeaşi formă ca şi participiul prezent

este format din tema verbului+ing

DIATEZA ACTIVA -Gerund nedefinit: telling DIATEZA PASIVA -Gerund nedefinit: being told Gerund
perfect -

are aceeaşi formă ca şi participiul perfect.

DIATEZA ACTIVA: -Gerund perfect: having told DIATEZA PASIVA -Gerund perfect: having been told
Obs.1: Gerundul poate fi tradus în limba română prin: -gerunziu

44

-substantiv -timp personal -infinitiv sau subjonctiv -adjectiv Obs.2: De cele mai multe ori
gerundul urmează. -după o prepoziţie: TO, AT, FOR, IN -după anumite verbe: TO ADMIT TO
AVOID TO CONSIDER TO LIKE TO DENY TO EXCUSE TO ENJOY TO DOUBT TO FINISH TO FORGET TO
HATE etc -după cuvinte şi expresii ca: TO BE BUSY TO BE USELESS TO FEEL LIKE THAT IS THERE IS
etc -după TO HAVE şi TO BE -după substantive ca: CHANCE OF EXPERIENCE IN INTEREST IN RIGHT
OF USE OF etc - după adjective predicative ca: CAPABLE OF ALERT IN CONSCIOUS OF

DIATEZA PASIVĂ (Passive voice)

45

Modurile şi timpurile diatezei pasive 1.

ASPECTUL SIMPLU A). MODUL INDICATIV (INDICATIVE MOOD)

Simple Present Tense: I am asked a difficult question. I am blest for this. She is accept there She
is caught by the police Simple Past Tense: I was asked a difficult question I was blest for this He
was accepted there H e was caught by the police Simple Future Tense: I shall be asked a difficult
question I shall be blest for this She will be accepted there She will be caught by the police.
Present Perfect Tense: I have been asked a difficult question. I have blest for this. He has been
accepted there. He has been caught by the police. Past Perfect Tense: I had been asked a difficult
quuestion. I had been blest for this. She had been accepted there. He had caught by the police.
Future Perfect in the Past I shall have asked a difficult question. I shall have been blest for this .
He will have been accepted there. He will have been caught by the police. Future in the Past: I
sholud be asked a difficult wuestion,. I should be blest for this. He would be accepted there.

46

He would be caught by the police. B).

MODUL SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD): Present Subjunctive: I be asked a difficult question.

I be blest for this. Past Subjunctive: I were asked a difficult question. I were blest for this. C).
MODUL CONDIŢIONAL (CONDITIONAL MOOD). Present Conditional: I should be asked a difficult
question. I should be blest for this. Past Conditional I should have been asked a difficult question
I should have been blest for this 2.

ASPECTUL CONTINUU A).

MODUL INDICATIV (INDICATIVE MOOD)

Simple Present Tense: I am being asked a difficult question. I am being blest for this. Simple Past
Tense: I was being asked a difficult question. I was being blest for this. B). MODUL SUBJONCTIV
(SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD): Past Subjunctive: I were being asked a difficult question. I were being
blest for this.

VORBIREA INDIRECTĂ (Indirect Speech) I. PROPOZIŢIILE ENUNŢIATIVE (Declarative Sentences) 1.

Dacă verbul din propoziţia principală este la trecut se va respecta corespondenţa timpurilor

47
He said “I`ll be there in time” He said that he would be there in time. 2.

TO SAY din principală se înlocuieşte cu TO TELL (se păstrează numai când nu e însoţit de un CD) “I
don’t go there” he said to me He told me that he wouldn’t go there

3.

THIS devine THAT THESE devine THOSE TODAY devine THAT DAY YESTERDAY devine THE DAY
BEFORE TOMORROW devine THE NEXT DAY AGO devine BEFORE NEXT WEEK, MONTH devine
THE NEXT WEEK……. HERE devine THERE

He said “Mary is here” He said that Mary was there II. PROPOZIŢIILE INTEROGATIVE
(Interrogative Sentences) 1.

Dacă verbul din propoziţia principală este la trecut se va respecta corespondenţa timpurilor

He asked him “Do you know her?” He asked him whether/if he knew her 2.

Propoziţia interogativă indirectă e introdusă prin IF sau WHETHER He asked him “Will you go
there or not?” He asked him whether he would go there or not.

3.

Se respectă regula 3 de la propoziţiile enunţiative

III. PROPOZIŢIILE IMPERATIVE (Imperative Sentences) 1.

Aceste propoziţii se redau în vorbirea indirectă cu ajutorul infinitivelor -

Un ordin

Un sfat “Come here” the colonel ordered his soldier The colonel ordered his soldier to come
there.

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“Don’t fail again” she said to him She told him not to fail again. 2.

Adjectivele, pronumele şi adverbele determinative se înlocuiesc după înţeles: Tom suggested

“Tell her to be here at seven” Tom suggested that he should be there at seven.

ÎNTREBĂRI DISJUNCTIVE (Tag questions) Reguli: 1. Atunci când în propoziţia “stimul” se află un
VERB AUXILIAR sau MODAL, acesta se repetă în întrebarea disjunctivă la semn invers. Mary is at
home, isn’t she? My parents aren’t at home, are they?

2. Atunci când în propoziţia “stimul” se află un VERB OBIŞNUIT, în întrebarea disjunctivă se

foloseşte verbul auxiliar TO DO la acelaşi timp şi la aceeaşi persoană. Lucy has finished here
paper, hasn’t she? They haven’t went there, have they? 3. Forma negativă a VERBULUI AUXILIAR
sau MODAL din întrebarea disjunctivă este în totdeauna contrară (am) not?, isn’t, didn’t, can’t,
etc. I am here, am I not? 4. Subiectul întrebării disjunctive este întotdeauna pronumele
corespunzător subiectului propoziţiei stimul He will graduate, will he? 5. Atunci când întrebarea
disjunctivă este doar o exclamaţie VERBUL AUXILIAR sau MODAL este folosit la acelaşi semn cu
predicatul propoziţiei stimul. You will tell me the truth, will you? 6. Întrebarea disjunctivă este
despărţită de propoziţia stimul prin VIRGULĂ Susan is here, isn’t she?

49

CAPITOLUL II TESTE DE LIMBA ENGLEZĂ TESTUL NR. 1 1.

2. a).

Then

b).

Than

Andrew… Tom last month. a).

Met

b).

Has met

c).

Meets

d).
Meet

Oil is lighter…water.

50

c).

Thou

d).

From 3.

a).

The

b).

c).

An

d).

– 4.

We have…. dinner at 7 o’clock p.m. every day.

That…should be shot . a). Wolf b). Wolves c). Wolfls d). Wolfes

5.

My cat caugth three…. a). Mouce b). Mouse c). Mice d). Mouses

6.

The farmer has a few…… . a). Goose b). Geese c). Gooses d). Geeses
7.

…are our permanent clients. a). Housewife b). Housewifes c). Housewives d). House-wife

8.

London`s … theatre is at the Barbican Arts Centre. a). Older b). Oldest c). More older

51

d). The most old 9.

Richard….lived in the 15 th century a). The three b). The third c). Third d). Thirth

10. The plural of “ox” is: a). Oxes b). Oxsen c). Oxen d). Oxeses 11. The problem was…difficult
than he told me. a). Less b). Little c). The least d). The lesser 12. They had…money than Tom. a).
Few b). Little c).

The lesser

d). Less 13. I haven`t got…question to ask. a). Some b). No c). Any d). Each 14. Behave…! a).
Yourself b). Herself c). Ourselves d). My self

52

15. …of children came to see the Zoo. a). Hundreds b). Hundred c). Handreds d). Handred 16.
Nelson`s Column isn`t in front of St. Paul`s Cathedral,…? a). Isn`t? b). Is it? c). Aren`t they? d).
Was it? 17. I have too…homework to do. a). Many b). Much c). Enough d). Some 18. I`ve already
taken…. photos. a). twelf b). twelve c). twelfe d). twelves 19. Tom… his head in shame. a). Bowed
b). Bow c). Bawed d). Bown 20. I …like Mary`s dress. a). Don’t b). Doesn’t c). Hasn’t d). Haven’t

53

21. The Roman soldiers who…Britain were part of the best army in the wold. a). Has invade b).
Invaded c). Invade d). Had invade 22. Tell…people not to go here. a). Those b). This c). That d).
Thees 23. My mother always…me do my homework before 8 o’clock p.m. a). Been made b).
Made c). Has made d). Had made 24. He…collecting them for years. a). Hes been b). Had been c).
Haven’t d). Have 25. The fountain with the statue of Eros on top is a favorite…place for young
people. a). Meet b). Meeting c). Met d). Mets 26. John…Richard to the throne. a). Succeeded b).
Had succeeded c). Has succede d). Have been succeed 27. The Great Dome…the second largest
in the world. a). Are
54

b). Was c). Could be d). Is 28. I had a terrible headache as I…for hours. a). Had been typing b).
Have been typing c). Had typed d). Have typed 29. Madame Tussand`s...wax models of famous
historical characters. a). Showed b). Exhibit c). Exhibits d). Showeds 30. Afer a time all those
living in Britain…as Britons. a). Became known b). Become known c). Become knowed d). Was
known 31. Passengers proceed to…..to board the plane. a). Security Check b). Departure c).
Arrival d). The Gate 32. Admiral Nelson`s statue is in….. a). Westminster Abbey b). Piccadilly
Circus c). Trafalgar Square d). St.Paul`s Cathedral 33. Who were executed at the Tower on Henry
VIII`s orders. a). Thomas More b). Michelle Howard

55

c). John Boleyn d). Catherine Bright 34. One of the Tower’s main attractions are. a). The walls b).
The gates c). The warders d). The keys 35. Some of the best shops in London are in: a). Oxford
Street b). Carnaby Sterrt c). Kensington Street d). Victorian Street 36. Beowulf was written down
in: a). Old English b). Old Irish c). Old Scotish d). Old French 37. Val Moir decided to turn her
hobby into a full-time…. a). Hobby b). Job c). Work d). Idea 38. The opposite of “flat” is: a). Brass
b). Fine c). Rough d). Bumpy 39. Fred Crouter is: a). An engineer b). A psychologist c). A reporter

56

d). A worker 40. Where did Holden Caulfiled get off the train: a). At Penn Station b). At Victoria
Station c). At South Station d). At Wilde Station 41. “Holden is back in…..” a). New Jersey b). New
York c). San Francisco d). Los Angeles 42. “Odd” means: a). strange b). heavy c). easy d). sof 43.
Who is Angel Clare? a). Tess` husband b). Tess` lover c). Tess` cousin d). Tess` father 44. Where is
Caesar killed? a). In the Senate house b). In the market place c). In front of the public d). Near his
house 45. What is “The Catcher in the Rye”? a). A poem b). A story c). A short novel d). A
description

57

TESTUL NR.2 1.

They go to…church every Sunday. a). The b). an c). a d). -

2.

Mister Smith,….teacher, is an Englishman. a). The b). – c). a d). an

3.
My…are teachers. a). Sisters-in-law b). Sister-in-laws c). Sisters-in-low d). Sister-in-lows

4.

Tom and John are… . a). Businessman b). Businessmen c). Bussinessmans d). Businnesmens

5.

Mother`s advice…always good. a). Are b). Is c). Were d). Have been

6.

The plural of “child” is: a). Childs b). Childes

58

c). Children d). Childrens 7.

I have…very bad headache. a). – b). a c). some d). each

8.

This was…idea not mine. a). Them b). Him c). His d). Ours

9.

I…helped them to build the house. a). Myselves b). Myself c). No one else d). Me

10. On Sunday we can enjoy… a). Us b). Ourselves c). One another d). Themselves 11. On the
table there is a… box. a). Nice, small, red b). Small, nice, red c). Red, small, nice d). Nice, red,
small 12. The cake that I made was ….. than yours. a). Good b). The best c). Better

59

d). The betters 13. The Woolsack…the importance of wool. a). Symbolises b). Is symbolieng c).
Symbolizes d). Symbolize 14. …books did you take? a). Which b). Whom c). Who d). Witch 15.
There were four…books. a). Hundred b). Handred c). Hundreds d). Handreds 16. The police…
afer the thief. a). Are b). Is c). Have been d). Run 17. Mary’s luggage...very heavy. a). Are b). Is c).
Were d). Has 18. The news…very important for me. a). Is b). Are c). Were d). –

60
19. Nowadays the Tower…one of the world’s great tourist attractions. a). Had become b). Has
became c). Has become d). Have became 20. He…his room yet. a). Has clean b). Hasn’t cleaned
c). Isn’t cleaned d). Doesn’t cleaned 21. Stansted…in the 1980`s. a). Were built b). Was built c).
Have been built d). Has been build 22. Mary…Tom for two years. a). Had known b). Have known
c). Was know d). Were know 23. Those looking for entertainment…miss Piccadilly Circus. a).
Would not b). Should not c). Will d). Shall not 24. Last week I…to an exhibition of paintings in the
Barbican Art Centre. a). Went b). Go c). Goes d). Gone

61

25. Did you…these apples? a). Has like b). Liked c). Likes d). Like 26. Nelson`s Column isn`t in
front of St`Paul`s Cathedral, …..? a). Isn`t it b). Is it c). Aren`t they d). Was it? 27. I have too…
homework to do. a). Many b). Much c). Enough d). Some 28. The information…useful for
everybody. a). Are b). Is c). Were d). Have been 29. The glass covered walkway …a splendid view
of the river. a). Is giving b). Give c). Gives d). Has given 30. John…Richard to the throne. a).
Succeeded b). Had succeded c). Has succeded d). Have been succed 31. When arriving at the
airport, passengers usually take a ……

62

a). Tickket b). Trolley c). Flight d). Boarding pass 32. Some of the great paintings of the world are
in …. a). Barbican Arts Centre b). Madame Tussand`s c). British Museum d). The National Gallery
33. When the Tower became the chief prison of state? a). In the time of Henry VIII b). In the time
of Edward II c). In the time of King John d). In the time of Charles II 34. Most tourist prefer to
admire London from: a). The upper deck of an open bus b). A black-cab taxi c). The Official
London Transport d). Peter Pan’s statue 35. People seldom go to….in London. a). Restaurants b).
Pubs c). Cafes d). Inns 36. Beowulf is: a). An Anglo-Saxon story b). A heroic poem c). An old
English story d). An epic story 37. Some of the most impressive collections were those belonging
to…. a). Girls

63

b). A boy c).

Children

d).

Grown-ups

38. The opposite of “transparent” is: a). Brittle b). Opaque c). Rigid d). Hollow
39. Crouter`s oldest newspaper is a 1669 issue of: a). Britain Chronicle b). London Chronicle c).
Oxford Chronicle d). Nebraska Chronicle 40. Who is “the devil’s disciple” a). Richard Dudgeon b).
Francis Macomber c). Anthony Anderson d). Morris Townsend 41. Who is Holden Caulfield
sister? a). Sally b). Phoebe c). Jane d). Susan 42. “to reckon” means : a). To consider b). To
recognise c). To realise d). To reveal 43. “to brace” means: a). To get firmness

64

b). To be good c). To get wealthy d). To be well 44. “corny” means: a). crazy b). banal c). easy d).
dump

45. Who is the president of the Court-Martial scence: a). Gentlemanly Johnny b). Major Swindon
c). Richard Dudgeon d). Anthony Anderson

TESTUL Nr.3 1.

The rich should help…..poor. a). A b). Some c). – d). The

2.

Mary will dine with…whites. a). – b). the c). a d). an

3.

They told me about the…. a). Tariff b). Tarif c). Tarives

65

d). Tarifs 4.

Please, buy me a…of milk chocolate. a). Item b). Slice c). Bar d). Bit

5.

His baggage…here a few minutes a go. a). Was b). Were c). Is d). Are

6.

Those…are very interesting. a). Photos b). Photoes c). Phothos d). Fothos

7.
The plural of “wife” is: a). Wifes b). Wive c). Wives d). Wifeses

8.

Tom proved..…to be a very good student. a). His self b). Himself c). Itself d). Ourself

9.

He is our…. a). Lieutenant-colonel b). Colonel-lieutenant c). Leutenant colonel d). Colnel-
leutenant

66

10. She never got…answers from him. a). Some b). Any c). An d). No 11. Big Ben is…. famous
clock in London. a). very b). a c). more d). the most 12. My friends are going to spend their
holidays…the mountains. a). In b). At c). On d). To top 13. People…go to pubs in London. a).
Rather b). Seldom c). Usually d). Rarely 14. Most tourists prefer to admire London from…deck of
an open bus. a). The upper b). The uppest c). Upper d). Upperst 15. …World War started in 1914.
a). Two b). One c). The first d). The second

67

16. The information…useful for everybody. a). Are b). Is c). Were d). Have been 17. I knew what
was written in the article because I … it. a). Had been reading b). Had read c). Have read d). Had
reading 18. Richard the Lionheart`s chancellor…the first expansion of the Tower’s defences. a).
Has begin b). Began c). Begun d). Was begun 19. The Union Jack…of three crosses: of England,
Scotland and Ireland. a). Consisted b). Consist c). Consists d). Has consisted 20. All of them…
some money. a). Hes b). Haven`t c). Had d). To have 21. The play was wonderful. I wish you…. a).
Had come b). Came c). Has came d). Have come 22. The glass covered walkway….a splendid view
of the river.

68

a). Is giving b). Give c). Gives d). Has given 23. By tradition there ….. ravens at the Tower from its
very beginnings. a). Has b). Have been c). Has been d). Had been 24. I`ll …..my homework before
six o’clock. a). Have written b). Has written c). Has write d). Had wrote 25. I….the long streets in
central London with stylish houses. a). Liked b). Adored c). Am likenig d). Adore 26. By six o’clock,
they’ll….tea. a). Had had b). Have had c). Have have d). Had have 27. You want me to play the
piano, ….? a). Don`t you b). Didn`t you c). Will you d). Shall you 28. It is high time you…..decide
upon your future. a). Would

69
b). Should c). Shall d). Will 29. Alice is a very good friend of…. a). Mine b). One c). My d). Him 30.
If John ……I could have told him the truth a). Had come b). Has come c). Has came d). Had came
31. “Every passenger shows his passport for Passport Control before going through…..” a).
Departure Lounge b). Check-in-Counter c). Security Check d). The Gate 32. …….Is a fine example
of Gothic architecture. a). St.Paul`s Cathedral b). British Museum c). Westminster Abbey d).
Buckingham Palace 33. Who spent a lot to make the Tower one of the finest medieval castles of
13th century England?. a). Edward I b). Henry III c). William of Normandy d). King John 34. West
End theatres are just few minutes` walk from: a). Kensington Gardens b). Peter Pan`s statue

70

c). Piccadilly Circus d). London Zoo 35. Covent Garden is the home of: a). The Royal Opera b).
Royal Festival c). South Bank d). Museum of the Moving Image 36. The theme of Beowulf is: a).
Killing dragons b). Fighting dragons c). Dragons`death d). Following dragons 37. A boy had
contributed his collection of …. a). Carrier bags b). Rocks and fossils c). Cuddly toys d). Hand-
painted plates 38. The opposite of “hard” is: a). Sof b). Solid c). Flexible d). Rigid 39. Fred
Crouter is collecting: a). Old books b). Old pictures c). Newspapers d). Paintings 40. Who is Jim?
a). Huck`s friends b). A runnaway slave c). Huck`s father

71

d). Huck`s brother 41. What does it mean “argument”? a). Debate b). Solution c). Element d).
Reason 42. Who is Alec D`Urbervilles? a). Tess` brother b). Tess` lover c). Tess` husband d). Tess`
father 43. What does it mean “regular”? a). Normal b). Seldom c). Sometimes d). Always 44.
What does it mean “phone booth”? a). phone box b). phone house c). phone signal d). phone
scene 45. Give synonym to “casual”. a). Chance b). Case c). Close d). In case TESTUL NR.4 1.

Susan is …..honest person a). The b). –

72

c). A d). An 2.

The sun rises in….east. a). The b). A c). – d). an

3.

…..Duke of Wellington is buried at St.Paul`s Cathedral. a). – b). Himself c). The d). A

4.
The plural of “leaf” is: a). Lives b). Leafs c). Leaves d). Leafes

5.

Help….to a chocolate. a). Me b). Us c). Yourself d). Ourself

6.

John came home late…..night. a). – B). At C). At the D). In

7.

In small towns like that, everyone knows….. a). Everybodies b). Everyone c). Everythings

73

d). Nothing 8.

Andrew wants to become….. engineer. a). b). The c). A d). An

9.

Ultimately,…….., Beowulf received his own death. a). Nevertheless b). Anyway c). Finally d).
Hoppesly

10. Some of….shop in London are in Regent Street. a). The better b). The best c). Worse d). The
worst 11. My English in bad, but yours is……. a). Badder b). Worst c). Worse d). Baddest 12. The
jack used to be the name of the flag….was hung from the back of a ship. a). Whom b). Who c).
Which d). What 13. Fewer and…..people belive in happiness. a). Loss b). Few c). Fewer d). Fewest

74

14. The man…..I spoke was very polite. a). To whom b). Whom c). To who d). Which 15. My flat is
on the…..floor. a). Nineth b). Ninth c). Nine d). Nineteen 16. The famous saying “Time is money”
is English,….? a). Is it? b). Was it? c). It was? d). Isn`t it? 17. I was afraid he might get asleep as
he….since early morning. a). Had driven b). Had been driving c). Have driven d). Have been
driven 18. The National Gallery….one of the richest collection of paintings. a). Houses b). Housed
c). House d). Has housed 19. Susan…..anybody there since early this morning. a). Haven`tseen b).
Hasn`t seen c). Hasn`t see d). Hadn`t see

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20. Andrew……breakfast yet. a). Hasn`t finished b). Had finish c). Has finished d). Has finish 21.
I…...never go to the seaside on December. a). Wouldn`t b). Will c). Will been d). Will be 22.
William of Normandy….the building of an earth-and-timber castle. a). Has ordered b). Had
ordered c). Ordered d). Was ordered 23. ….you join us for dinner? a). Shall b). Would c). Will d).
Should 24. She….five husbands. a). Have have b). Has had c). Has have d). Had had 25. “I….how
the English can be so self-controlled when they lose time.” a). Understand b). Can`t understand
c). Could understand d). Wouldn`t understand 26. London’s Carnaby Street attracted…of tourists
every year. a). Thousand

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b). Thousands c). Thausant d). Thausent 27. Tom and Peter…..hands. a). Have shaken b). Has
shaken c). Have shake d). Has shake 28. The Mods most important possessions….their scooters.
a). Was b). Were c). Have been d). Had been 29. If I am a king, you….my queen. a). Are b). Will be
c). Would be d). Should be

30. She becomes fair when her husband finally…. her. a). Obeyed b). Obeys c). Obey d). Obeying
31. At the…passengers receive a boarding pass. a). Departure Lounge b). Arrival c). Check-in-
Counter d). Passport Control 32. London`s oldest theatre is at: a). The Barbican Arts Centre

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b). Piccadilly Circus c). 10 Downing Street d). Trafalgar Square 33. When the royal
accommodation changed from the White Tower to a new building? a). During the reign of
Edward I b). During the reign of Henry III c). During the reign of King John d). During the reign of
Henry VIII 34. In London you have to…for the bus a). Wait b). Qeue c). Queue d). Qiueue 35.
Children will always choose: a). Regent’s Park b). Hyde Park c). St.James`s Park d). Victoria`s Park
36. ….was triumphantly welcomed by his people. a). Wiglaf b). Hrothgar c). Beowulf d). Grendel
37. “My favorite was a collection of…….”: a). Small perfume bottles b). Hand-painted plates c).
Rocks and fossils d). Cuddly toy 38. The opposite of “high” is: a). Low b). Wide

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c). Tiny d). Long 39. ……contains a copy of the U.S. Constitution a). Pennsylvania Packet b).
London Chronicle c). Connecticut Journal d). Nebraska Journal 40. Which of the following is a
sequel to “The adventures of Tom Sawyer”: a). “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” b). “A
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur`s Court. c). “Life on the Mississippi” d). “The Adventures of
Negro Jim” 41. What is “Julius Caesar”? a). a tragedy b). a novel c). a Roman historical play d). a
chronical play 42. What is Stonehenge? a). An abbey b). A prehistoric temple c). A castle d). A
modern temple 43. “Dawn” means: a). down b). dear c). daybreak d). sunset 44. Morris
Townsend refuses to leave N.Y. because: a). He loves Catherine b). He has a job there c). He has
family responsabilities there
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d). He doesn`t need such a job 45. Holden gave the cab driver the wrong address: a). Because he
was tired b). Out of habit c). Because he was drunk d). Because he was in a hurry

TESTUL NR.5 1.

…..lions are wild animals. a). any b). the c). some d). -

2.

It was …important day for him. a). An b). A c). – d). some

3.

It was…. year full of happiness. a). A b). An c). The d). –

4.

“….British Museum shows the works of man from prehistoric times” a). an b). – c). the d). a

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5.

The plural of “foot” is: a). Foots b). Feets c). Feet d). Footes

6.

She bought….a new hat. a). Her b). Herself c). Of herself d). Of himself

7.

She told me that….is ready. a). Everything b). Both c). Somebodies d). Anybodies

8.

Flying today is…. way of travelling. a). The safer b). The safest c). Saffer d). Saffeler

9.
Mary has…. reason to be upset. a). Either b). Each c). Everything d). Every

10. She is …. as I am. a). As happy b). Not happy c). As happier d). Happiest 11. Children will
always choose……. which houses London Zoo.

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a). Oxford`s Park b). Regent`s Park c). Coven`s Park d). Kensington`s Park 12. In London you have
to queue…bus. a). For the b). For c). To the d). At the 13. Life was difficult in ….. days. a). These
b). This c). That d). Those 14. Alice is…than Lusan. a). Beautiful b). More beautiful c). The most
beautiful d). Not as beautiful 15. On Christmas Day…….,William Duke of Normandy, was crowned
king of England. a). Ten sixty – six b). One o sixty-six c). One thousand and sixty-six d). Ten and
sixty-six 16. The bell is also…when passengers ring for me of the cabin crew. a). Heard b). Hearing
c). Ringging d). Been ringing 17. For me it was as if someone…me a pair of magic glasses. a). Give

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b). Had given c). Haven`t given d). Gaves

18. We…. hands and said “good bye”. a). Shake b). Shook c). Has shaking d). Had shouk 19.
Mary….in the living-room as I was dressing. a). Has wait b). Had wait c). Waited d). Has waited
20. Has he….the news? a). Heard b). Hear c). Heared d). Hearing 21. At night the Circus….a mass
of colored changing lights. a). Became b). Become c). Becomes d). Becomed 22. John and Mary…
in the mountains since June. a). Hasn’t b). Hasn’t been c). Haven’t been d). Hadn’t been 23. The
child…. anything in the the morning. a). Didn`t eat

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b). Doesn`t eaten c). Didn`t ate d). Don`t ate. 24. The Wife of Bath….a lot. a). Had travelled b).
Has travelled c). Have travelle d). Has travell 25. Only if you ….you will succeed. a). Will try b).
Has tried c). Try d). Are trying 26. Tom…her twice till now, but she hasn’t answered. a). Has
written b). Have written c). Had write d). Had wrote 27. If you…you will succeed. a). Tried b). Has
try c). Shall try d). Will try 28. “When a man…of London he is tired of life”. a). Tired b). Was tired
c). Is tired d). Had tired 29. If I had been a king you…. my queen. a). Will be b). Would have been

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c). Have been d). Would be 30. John, a carpenter, discovers that his wife, Alison,…….unfaithful to
him for some time. a). Had been b). Has been c). Have been d). Had be 31. When the “Fasten
your seat belts” and “……” signs light up a bell rings. a). “No Starting” b). “No Smoking” c). “No
Moving” d). “No Landing” 32. Those looking for entertainment should not miss: a). Piccadilly
Circus b). St.Paul`s Cathedral c). Tower Bridge d). Great Dome 33. Who completed the first
expansion of the Tower`s defences? a). Richard b). King John c). Henry IV d). Edward I 34. For a
change visit…., London`s most famous outdoor market. a). Petticoat Lane b). Victorian arcades c).
Mayfair`s d). Piccadilly Circus 35. The hot spots of music and dance are located near: a).
Kensington Gardens b). Leicester Square c). James` square

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d). Covent Garden 36. Grendel killed the men of…. a). Hrothgar b). Horhtgar c). Hortgar d).
Hrohgar 37. An unusual collection was one entered by a ……. a). Railway enthusiast b). Geology
enthusiast c). Boy d). Girl 38. The opposite of “wide” is: a). Short b). Light c). Tall d). Narrow 39. “I
wouldn`t part with them for any…. a). Price b). Reason c). Body d). Thing 40. Who is Holden`s
sister: a). Susan b). Jane c). Phoebe d). Alison 41. Who is Catherine suitor? a). Sloper b).
Townsend c). Morraise d). Hayes

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42. How many times was Caesar offered the crown? a). Once b). Twice c). Three times d). Four
times 43. Hardy`s first masterpice is: a). “Far From Madding Crowd” b). “Jude the Obscure” c).
“Victorian archades” d). “The Story of Stonehendge” 44. “pillar” means: a). Column b). Stone c).
Instrument d). Ornament 45. “At hand” means: a). Closen b). At the moment c). Always d). Near
TEST NR.6

1.

Jane wants to become…doctor. a). – b). A c). The d). An

2.

Tom is coming home at…. Christmas. a). The b). – c). a

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d). nexet 3.

The horse is…. useful animal. a). The b). An c). d). A

4.

The plural of “tooth” is: a). Teet b). Teeth c). Tooths d). Toothes

5.
…..got there in time. a). Much b). Neither c). Him d). Her

6.

“When I am playing tennis I can’t think of…else”. a). Anything b). Something c). Nothing d).
Anybody

7.

In soccer the best players are paid huge…of money. a). Sum b). Sama c). Sums d). Sumes

8.

Sometimes I`m completely…. a). Hope b). Hoppelless c). Hopeless d). Hopeful

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9.

He seems to find my project very…. a). Attract b). Attractive c). Attractlessing d). Attractable

10. I don`t know where you find all…. energy. a). That b). Thes c). These d). Those 11. I`ve always
considered him a …. person. a). Rely b). Reliable c). Relions d). Reliant 12. Has she heard from
that friend of…who was there? a). Her b). Then c). She d). Hers 13. I used to see him….a week. a).
Twice b). Too times c). Two times d). Two time 14. “…..had we walked in when we saw the first
exhibit”. a). No sooner than b). Scarcely c). Hardly d). Right then

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15. His father is a wealthy man;…isn`t . a). My b). Mine c). His d). Him 16. Now I …the all the
paintings were really beautiful. a). Found b). Find c). Has find d). Had founding 17. London is
even more beautiful than I…. a). Thought b). Had thought c). Think d). Has been thinking 18. An
ugly woman…to a man. a). Maried b). Have married c). Is married d). Are married 19. I wish
you….the piano every day. a). Would sing b). Will sing at c). Would play d). Will play 20. You…
open the window if you want to. a). May b). Can c). Could d). Have 21. ….I give my exam right
now?

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a). May b). Must c). Will d). Shal 22. People and pigeons….at Trafalgar Square to see fountains. a).
Are gathering b). Gather c). Gathers d). Has gathers 23. Chief Yeoman Warder…the keys to the
monarch’s representative in the Tower. a). Show b). Present c). Presents d). Shows 24. Her
lawyer…you where I am. a). Will tell b). Shall tell c). Would told d). Is telling 25. The film….
starting in ten minutes. a). Can be b). Must be c). Had be d). May 26. I…the Tower yet. a).
Haven`t seen b). Hasn`t seen c). Wasn`t seen d). Weren`t seen 27. If I were a king you….my
queen. a). Would be

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b). Would have been c). Will be d). Should be 28. I`ll be learning the poem when you…. a).
Arrived b). Are arriving c). Arrive d). Has arrive 29. Pity you…. with us! a). Haven`t come b).
Didn`t come c). Doesn`t come d). Don`t came 30. It…. important that I had finished the book in
time. a). Were b). Has been c). Will be d). Was 31. When you hear the announcement for your
flight you proceed to…..? a). Departure Lounge b). The Gate c). Check-in-Counter d). Security
Check 32. Coming out of the National Gallery, tourists can admire: a). Nelson’s Column b). Queen
Victoria’s memorial c). Great Dome d). The Royal Guards 33. Who ordered the building of the
earth-and-timber castle? a). Edward I b). William of Normandy

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c). Richard the Lionheart d). Henry VIII 34. You can find fashionable discos and night clubs near:
a). Mayfair` b). Petticoat Lane c). Leicester Square d). Covent Garden 35. The world famous Royal
Opera is situated in: a). Covent Garden b). Leicester Square c). Kensington Gardens d). National
Theatre 36. Beowulf pronounced….his successor. a). Grendal b). Kalevala c). Wiglaf d). Roland 37.
I have recently visited an exhibition in: a). Stoke-on-Trent b). Stone-on-Tent c). Staik-on-Tent d).
Stroke-on-Trent 38. The opposite of “huge” is: a). Tiny b). Wide c). Long d). Short 39. The pilgrims
met at: a). Tanner Inn b). Taben Inn c). Tabeard Inn

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d). Tabbard Inn 40. Choose the right matches: a). The Decameron-Chaucers b). Beowulf-Boccacio
c). The Canterbury Tales-Chaucer d). The Arabian Nights-Abbey 41. What do the Roman citizens
think of the conspirators when Antony`s speech is over? a). They are patriots b). They are trailors
c). They are innocent d). They are honourable men 42. The antonym of “enemy” is: a). Friend b).
Lover c). Lawyer d). Guest 43. Tess murdered: a). Angel b). Alec c). Clare d). The policeman 44.
“To glisten” means: a). To wisper b). To be glad c). To move d). To shine brightly 45. “proper”
means: a). Well b). Correct c). Possible d). Suitable

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TESTUL NR.7 1.

She was …very famous person. a). The b). – c). a d). an
2.

The horse is …useful animal. a). A b). An c). – d). some

3.

Stansted was built to relieve the congestion of….Heathrow. a). The b). In c). – d). a

4.

The plural of “tomato” is: a). Tomatos b). Tomatoes c). Tomatoses d). Tomato

5.

The exercise is not…difficult. a). Too b). Just c). Nearly d). yet

6.

That engine goes by…. a). Himself b). His self

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c). Itself d). Themselves 7.

…..wants peace and not war. a). Somebody b). Someone c). Everybody d). Anybody

8.

The…fell from the tree. a). Lives b). Leaves c). Leafs d). Lifs

9.

The thieves stole watches and…. a). Radioes b). Radio c). Radios d). Radies

10. The poor woman threw…under the train. a). Himself b). Herself c). Itself d). Themselves 11.
Have you heard….? a). The news b). The questtion c). The knews d). The new 12. Susan went into
the house…him. a). Rather b). Befored c). Over

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d). Afer 13. Those wolves killed the…. a). Sheep b). Sheeps c). Sheepes d). Sheepoes 14. Susan
has learn a dozen of poems…heart. a). At b). To c). By d). From 15. Peter has broken his…knife. a).
Nasty b). Sweet c). Favourite d). Interesting 16. I had difficulties in understanding what the
artist…. a). Mean b). Had meant c). Have mean d). Have meant 17. I…say I admire London more
than like it. a). Should b). Would c). Will d). Shall 18. Our teacher…to listen to gossip. a). Doesn`t
like b). Don`t like c). Hasn`t like d). Didn`t liked

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19. Susan and Andrew….come to see us. a). Might b). Can c). Mights d). Are able to 20. …..good
reviews of that exhibition. a). Had read b). Have red c). Reading d). Had been read 21. If I were
you I …. to that doctor. a). Couldn`t go b). Shouldn`t go c). Wouldn`t go d). Will not go 22.
Nowadays, there are about 40 yeoman Warders, who…within the walls of the Tower. a). Lives b).
Live c). Lived d). Is living 23. “I….hours on end in London`s fabulous museums.” a). Could spend
b). Could spent c). Would spent d). Will spent 24. Where have you…? a). Was b). Were c). Be d).
Been

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25. The airport at Gatwick also…a lot of international flights. a). Hands b). Handels c). Handles d).
Has handels 26. I hate…lies. a). To tell b). To speak c). To ask d). Tell 27. The numerous parks…
shelter from the noise of the city. a). Offers b). Offer c). Make d). Makes 28. The police promised
me that they…the thief. a). Shall found b). Shall finding c). Would find d). Will found 29. If you tell
them now they…enough time to solve the problem. a). Will have b). Shall have c). Would have
d). Should have 30. Susan told us that her husband…just arrived. a). Have b). Had c). Has d). Have
has 31. Clear Customs by taking…….if you have anything to declare.

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a). Red Channel b). Green Channel c). White Channel d). Yellow Channel 32. Queen Victoria’s
memorial is in front of: a). Westminster Abbey b). Buckingham Palace c). Trafalgar Square d).
Barbican Arts Centre 33. Richard’s brother was: a). Henry VIII b). Edward I c). Henry II d). John 34.
We can find street entertainers till late at night near: a). Oxford St. b). Mayfair’s c). Leicester
Square d). Petticoat Lane 35. The black-cab taxi service is available but it is rather….. a).
Expensive b). Modern c). Speedy d). Wide 36. Beowulf managed to kill the dragon with the aid
of……. a). Danish king b). King John c). Wiglaf d). Grendal 37. “The first exhibit displayed above us
was a collection of…..” a). Carrier bags

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