EEE 101 (Lecture 1 To Lecture 6)

3/17/2015
Electrical Circuits I
Lecture 1
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Dept. of EEE, BUET
Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two

fundamental theories upon which all branches of electrical
engineering are built
Branches of electrical engineering - electronics, power, electric

machines, control, communications, instrumentation, etc
The basic electric circuit theory course is the most important

course for an electrical engineering student, and always an
excellent starting point for a beginning student in electrical
engineering education
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
1
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An electric circuit is an
interconnection of electrical
elements.
Each component of the circuit is
known as an element
Charge and Current
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which

matter consists, measured in coulombs (C)
The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither

be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic
sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.
This motion of charges creates

electric current.
It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of

positive charges. That is, opposite to the flow of negative charges
This convention was introduced by

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790),
the American scientist and inventor.
Although we now know that current
in metallic conductors is due to
negatively charged electrons, we will
follow the universally accepted
convention that current is the net
flow of positive charges..
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Electric current is the time rate of change of

charge, measured in amperes (A).
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
Andre-Marie Ampere (1775–1836), a French

mathematician and physicist defined the electric
current and developed a way to measure it in the
1820s. The unit of electric current, the ampere,
was named after him.
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of

electric charge.
In alternating current (AC), the flow of electric

charge periodically reverses direction.
Voltage or potential difference

Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
=1 newton-meter/coulomb
Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745–1827), an

Italian physicist, invented the electric battery and
the capacitor. The unit of voltage or potential
difference, the volt, was named in his honor.
Current and voltage are the two basic

variables in electric circuits.
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Power and Energy

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
The power in the Eq. is a time-varying quantity and is called the

instantaneous power
The law of conservation of energy must be

obeyed in any electric circuit. For this reason, the
algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant
of time, must be zero
Sign Convention
Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in
determining the sign of power.
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters
through the positive terminal of an element and p=vi. If the current
enters through the negative terminal, p=-vi.
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Power and Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
Circuit Elements
An element is the basic building block of a circuit.
There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive

elements and active elements. An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive element is not.
Circuit Elements
Active elements
There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent

sources.
An ideal independent
source is an active
element that provides a
specified voltage or
current that is
completely independent
of other circuit elements.
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Circuit Elements
The control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or
current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can
be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types
of dependent sources, namely:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
Circuit Elements
There are linear elements and nonlinear elements.
linear elements satisfy the principle of superposition and principle

of homogeneity
principle of superposition if I1 is the current for V1
I2 is the current for V2
I1 + I2 is the current for V1 + V2
principle of homogeneity if I1 is the current for V1

kI1 is the current for kV1
There are unilateral and bilateral elements
In bilateral element, the voltage current relationship is same for

current flowing in either direction.
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Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of

the circuit in the Figure
P1 =-5x9 =-45 watts, Supplied power
P2 =2x9 =18 watts, Absorbed power
P3=0.6x5x4=12watts,Absorbed power
P4= 5x3=15 watts, Absorbed power
Problem Solving steps
1. Carefully define the problem.

2. Present everything you know about the problem.
3. Establish a set of alternative solutions and determine the
one that promises the greatest likelihood of success.
4. Attempt a problem solution.
5. Evaluate the solution and check for accuracy.
6. Has the problem been solved satisfactorily? If so, present
the solution; if not, then return to step 3 and continue
through the process again.
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2. Basic Laws
Engineers must be able to design and conduct experiments, as
well as analyze and interpret data. ABET EC 2000 criteria (3.b),
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a
conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the
two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance,
Georg Ohm
The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow

of electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).
This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower

potential in order for v=iR . If current flows from a lower potential
to a higher potential, v=-iR .
VA − VB
I=
R
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching

zero. An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity.
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric

current; it is measured in mhos or siemens (S).
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• The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of

either current or voltage.
• Since R and G are positive quantities, the power dissipated in a
resistor is always positive. Thus, a resistor always absorbs
power from the circuit. This confirms the idea that a resistor is a
passive element, incapable of generating energy.
2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

A branch represents a single
element such as a voltage source
or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches
A loop is any closed path in a
circuit.
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Lecture 2

Dept. of EEE, BUET 1
2. Basic Laws
Engineers must be able to design and conduct experiments, as
well as analyze and interpret data. ABET EC 2000 criteria (3.b),
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a
conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the
two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance,
Georg Ohm
The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow

of electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).
2
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This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower

potential in order for v=iR . If current flows from a lower potential
to a higher potential, v=-iR .
VA − VB
I=
R
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching

zero. An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity.
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric

current; it is measured in mhos or siemens (S).
3
• The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of

either current or voltage.
• Since R and G are positive quantities, the power dissipated in a
resistor is always positive. Thus, a resistor always absorbs
power from the circuit. This confirms the idea that a resistor is a
passive element, incapable of generating energy.

A branch represents a single
element such as a voltage source
or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches
A loop is any closed path in a
circuit. 4
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A loop is said to be independent if it contains at least one branch
which is not a part of any other independent loop.
Independent loops or paths result in
independent sets of equations.
A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will

satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology
Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a
single node and consequently carry the same current.
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the
same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across
them.
5
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s laws were first introduced in 1847 by the
German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–
1887)
These laws are formally known as Kirchhoff’s
current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law
(KVL). Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of conservation of charge,

which requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a system
cannot change.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) Note
that KCL also applies to a closed
boundary.
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Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic
sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.
Sum of voltage drops=Sum of voltage rises
Two sources (or circuits in general) are said to be

equivalent if they have the same i-v relationship at a
pair of terminals.
7

vab + vbc + vcd + vda = 0
Example 2.7 Find current and

voltage in the circuit shown in the
Figure
i0 v0 v0
9 = i0 + + i0 =
4 8 2
i0 = 6A and v0 = 12V
Prob 2.9 Find i1, i2, and i3 in the

Figure
i1 = 7A, i2= -1A and i3 = 5A
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Example 2.7 Find current and

voltage in the circuit shown in
the Figure
9
Practice Problem 2.8 Find the

a b d
currents and voltages in the
circuit shown in the Figure
vab + vbc + vca = 0

c
v1 + v2 − 10 = 0 vbd + vdc + vcb = 0 i1 − i2 − i3 = 0
v3 − 6 − v2 = 0 5 − 4i2 − i2 − (1.5 + 2i2 ) = 0
2i1 + 8i2 = 10
4i3 − 6 − 8i2 = 0
10 − 8i2 3.5 = 7i2 i2 = 0.5A
i1 = 4i3 = 6 + 8i2
2
6 + 8i2
i1 = 5 − 4i2
i3 =
4
3 + 4i2
i3 =
Prob. 2.10 to 2.22 2
10
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2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in

series is the sum of the individual resistances.
principle of voltage division,

voltage divider circuit
11
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the

product of their resistances divided by their sum.
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principle of current division,
current divider circuit
Example 2.9
Problem 2.9
10 Ω
13
11.2 Ω
Example 2.10
19 Ω
Problem 2.10
Prob 2.23 to 2.37
14
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Lecture 3

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations
Y network T network
Delta to Wye Conversion
∆ network π network
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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations
Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the

two adjacent ∆ branches, divided by the sum of the three ∆
resistors.
Wye to Delta Conversion
3
Wye to Delta Conversion
Each resistor in the ∆ network is the

sum of all possible products of Y
resistors taken two at a time,
divided by the opposite Y resistor.
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Obtain the equivalent resistance for

the circuit in Figure and use it to
find current i.
Example 2.15
5
Obtain the equivalent resistance for

the circuit in Figure and use it to
find current i.
Practice Problem 2.15 40Ω , 6 A
12.21Ω , 1.64 A
Problem 2.72
Problem 2.57
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3 Methods of Analysis
3.2 Nodal Analysis
In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node voltages.
Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the nodal
analysis of the circuit involves taking the following three steps.
• Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages to the remaining
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
• Apply KCL to each of the nonreference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the branch currents in terms of node voltages.
• Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown
node voltages.
7
Cramer's rule
In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the
solution of a system of linear equations with as many equations as
unknowns,
It is named after Gabriel Cramer (1704–1752), who published the
rule for an arbitrary number of unknowns in 1750
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3.2 Nodal Analysis

Example 3.1 Calculate the node
voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.
v1 − v2 v1 − 0
+ −5 = 0
4 2
v2 − v1 v2 − 0
+ + 5 − 10 = 0
4 6
Cramer’s rule
9
Practice Problem 3.1 Calculate

the node voltages in the circuit
shown in Fig.
v1 − v2 v1 − 0
+ −3= 0
6 2
v2 − v1 v2 − 0
+ + 12 = 0
6 7
Example 3.2 v1 − v2 v1 − v3
+ −3 = 0
2 4
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 v2 − v3
+ + =0
2 4 8
v3 − v1 v3 − v2
+ + 2ix = 0
4 8
v −v
ix = 1 2
2
10
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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

1 2
v1 = 60 V , v2 = −24V
V0 − v1 V0 − 0 V0 − v2
+ + =0
12 12 6
Problem 3.11 A supernode is formed by
enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source
connected between two
nonreference nodes and any
elements connected in parallel
with it.
v1 = 10V , v2 − v3 = 5 V
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 v3 − 0 v3 − v1
+ + + =0
2 8 6 4
11

1 2 3 Find v and i in the circuit of Fig
v1 = 14 V , v3 − v2 = 6 V
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 v3 − 0 v3 − 0
+ + + =0
4 3 2 6
Practice Problem 3.3 400 mV, 2.8 A
Example 3.4 v1 − v2 = 20 V , v3 − v4 = 3 v x
v1 − v4 = vx
v1 − v4 v1 − 0 v2 − v3
+ + − 10 = 0
3 2 6
v3 − v2 v3 − 0 v4 − 0 v4 − v1
+ + + =0
6 4 1 3
12
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Lecture 4

3.2 Nodal Analysis

Example 3.1 Calculate the node voltages in
the circuit shown in Fig.
v1 − v2 v1 − 0
+ −5 = 0
4 2
v2 − v1 v2 − 0
+ + 5 − 10 = 0
4 6
Cramer’s rule
2
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Practice Problem 3.1 Calculate the

node voltages in the circuit shown
in Fig.
v1 − v2 v1 − 0
+ −3= 0
6 2
v2 − v1 v2 − 0
+ + 12 = 0
6 7
Example 3.2 v1 − v2 v1 − v3
+ −3 = 0
2 4
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 v2 − v3
+ + =0
2 4 8
v3 − v1 v3 − v2
+ + 2ix = 0
4 8
v −v
ix = 1 2
2
3
Problem 3.4 Calculate

1 2
current i1 to i4
v1 − 0 v1 − 0
+ −6−3 = 0
20 10
v2 − 0 v2 − 0 v1 − 0 v1 − v3
+ +3− 2 = 0 + +4=0
40 40 8 1
Prob 3.10: Find I0
v2 − 0
− 4 + 2I0 = 0
2
1 2 3 v3 − v1 v3 − 0
+ − 2I 0 = 0
1 4
v1 − 0
= I0
8
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1 2
v1 = 60 V , v2 = −24V
V0 − v1 V0 − 0 V0 − v2
+ + =0
12 12 6
Problem 3.11 A supernode is formed by
enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source
connected between two
nonreference nodes and any
elements connected in parallel
with it.
v1 = 10V , v2 − v3 = 5 V
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 v3 − 0 v3 − v1
+ + + =0
2 8 6 4
5

1 2 3 Find v and i in the circuit of Fig
v1 = 14 V , v3 − v2 = 6 V
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 v3 − 0 v3 − 0
+ + + =0
4 3 2 6
Practice Problem 3.3 400 mV, 2.8 A
Example 3.4 v1 − v2 = 20 V , v3 − v4 = 3 v x
v1 − v4 = vx
v1 − v4 v1 − 0 v2 − v3
+ + − 10 = 0
3 2 6
v3 − v2 v3 − 0 v4 − 0 v4 − v1
+ + + =0
6 4 1 3
6
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Prob 3.14 Find v0 in the circuit of Fig

v1 = 100 V , v4 = −50 V
3 4
v2 − v1 v2 − v3
2
+ + 12.5 = 0
1 2
1
v3 − v2 v3 − 0 v3 − v4
+ + − 12.5 = 0
2 4 8
4 v1 = 80 V , v3 = 4v0 , v5 − v4 = 96 V
Prob 3.30
v2 − v 4
1
3 5
v5 = v0 , i0 =
2 40
v4 − v2 v5 − 0
+ − 2i0 = 0
40 80
v2 − v1 v2 − v4 v2 − v3
+ + − 10 = 0
10 40 20
7
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Lecture 5


v1 = 100 V , v4 = −50 V
3 4
v2 − v1 v2 − v3
2
+ + 12.5 = 0
1 2
1
v3 − v2 v3 − 0 v3 − v4
+ + − 12.5 = 0
2 4 8
4 v1 = 80 V , v3 = 4v0 , v5 − v4 = 96 V
Prob 3.30
v2 − v 4
1
3 5
v5 = v0 , i0 =
2 40
v4 − v2 v5 − 0
+ − 2i0 = 0
40 80
v2 − v1 v2 − v4 v2 − v3
+ + =0
10 40 20
2
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Practice Problem 3.1

v1 − v2 v1 − 0
+ −3= 0
6 2
1 1 1
v1  +  − v2 = 3
6 2 6
v2 − v1 v2 − 0 1 1 1
+ + 12 = 0 v2  +  − v1 = −12
6 7 6 7 6
Example 3.2 1 1 1 1
v1  +  − v2 − v3 = 3
2 4 2 4
 1 1 1 1 1
v2  + +  − v1 − v3 = 0
 2 4 8 2 8
1 1 1 1
v3  +  − v1 − v2 = −2ix
8 4 4 8
v1 − v2
ix =
2 3

v1 = 100 V , v4 = −50 V
3 4
2 1 1  1 1
v2  +  − v1 − v3 = −12.5
1 2  1 2
1
1 1 1 1 1
v3  + +  − v2 − v4 = 12.5
 2 4 8 2 8
4 v1 = 80 V , v3 = 4v0 , v5 − v4 = 96 V
Prob 3.30
v2 − v 4
1
3 5
v5 = v0 , i0 =
2 40
 1 1  1 v5
v4  +  − v2 + = 2i0
 40 80  40 80
1 1 1  1 1 1
v2  + +  − v1 − v3 − v4 =0
 10 20 40  10 20 40
4
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3.4 Mesh Analysis

A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
Example 3.5 For the circuit in Fig.,
find the branch currents and using
mesh analysis.
5i1 + 10(i1 − i2 ) + 10 − 15 = 0
6i2 + 4i2 − 10 + 10(i2 − i1 ) = 0 2i2 − i2 = 1
2i1 + 12(i1 − i2 ) + 4i1 − 45 = 0

6i1 − 4i2 = 15
9i2 + 30 + 3i2 + 12(i2 − i1 ) = 0
4i2 − 2i1 = −5
5
Practice Problem 3.5 Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
3.4 Mesh Analysis

i1 (5 + 10) − i210 = 15 − 10
i2 (6 + 4 + 10 ) − i110 = 10 2i2 − i2 = 1
i1 (2 + 12 + 4) − i212 = 45
6i1 − 4i2 = 15
i2 (9 + 3 + 12) − i112 = −30
4i2 − 2i1 = −5
6
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i1 (10 + 12 ) − i210 − i312 = 24 i1 − i2 = I 0 Example 3.6
i2 (24 + 4 + 10 ) − i110 − i3 4 = 0
i3 (4 + 12 ) − i110 − i2 4 = 4 I 0

i3 = i0
i1 (4 + 2 ) − i2 2 − i3 4 = 16
i2 (8 + 2 ) − 2i1 − 8i3 = 10i0
i3 (6 + 8 + 4 ) − i1 4 − i2 8 = 0
7
i1 (10 + 2) − i2 2 = 6 i3 − i2 = i Prob. 3.41

i2 (4 + 2 + 1) − i1 2 − i31 = −8
i3 (5 + 1) − i21 = 8 − 6
Prob. 3.58
i1 (30 + 10) − i210 = −120

i2 (30 + 10 + 10 ) − i110 − i310 = 0
i3 (10 + 30 ) − i210 = 120 Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 8
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Lecture 6

3.4 Mesh Analysis

Prob. 3.40
i1 (2 + 6 + 4 ) − i2 6 − i3 4 = 56
i2 (6 + 6 + 2 ) − i1 6 − i3 2 = 0
i3 (2 + 4 + 4 ) − i1 4 − i2 2 = 0
Prob. 3.34
Prob. 3.33
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3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Fig. 3.22
i1 (6 + 4 ) − i2 6 = 10
i2 = −5 A
Prob. 3.60
Prob. 3.86
i1 (1 + 4 ) − i3 4 = −56
i2 (8 + 2 ) − i3 8 = 56
i1 (1 + 2 ) − i2 2 = 0.047
i3 = 0.5i0 i0 = −i1 i2 = −400 I I = i1
3
Practice Prob. 3.7 i1 6 + i210 + i2 4 = 20

i2 − i1 = 6 A
i3 8 − i1 2 − i2 4 = 0
i1 − i2 = 4 A
Fig. 3.23
(i1 − i3 )2 + (i2 − i3 )4 + i2 8 = 8
Prob. 3.38 i2 − i1 = 10 i1 4 + i2 4 + (i2 − i3 )2 + (i1 − i4 )2 = 60
i3 (1 + 2 + 4 ) − i2 2 − i4 = −22.5 i4 = −5
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(i2 − i1 ) = 5 A Example 3.7 (i2 − i3 ) = 3I 0

i1 2 + i3 4 + (i3 − i4 )8 + i2 6 = 0
i4 (2 + 8) − i3 4 = −10
i4 = − I 0
i1 (4 + 1 + 2 ) − i2 4 − i3 = −90
i2 − i3 = 45 A
i3 (5 + 1) − i1 − 4(i2 − i1 ) = −180
Prob. 3.52 Prob. 3.44
5

EEE 101 (Lecture 1 To Lecture 6)

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EEE 101 (Lecture 1 To Lecture 6)

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3/17/2015

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two

Branches of electrical engineering - electronics, power, electric

The basic electric circuit theory course is the most important

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Charge and Current

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which

The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

This motion of charges creates

It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of

This convention was introduced by

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Electric current is the time rate of change of

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775–1836), a French

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of

In alternating current (AC), the flow of electric

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Voltage or potential difference

Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745–1827), an

Current and voltage are the two basic

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Power and Energy

The power in the Eq. is a time-varying quantity and is called the

The law of conservation of energy must be

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Power and Energy

There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

linear elements satisfy the principle of superposition and principle

principle of homogeneity if I1 is the current for V1

There are unilateral and bilateral elements

In bilateral element, the voltage current relationship is same for

Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of

P1 =-5x9 =-45 watts, Supplied power

P2 =2x9 =18 watts, Absorbed power

P4= 5x3=15 watts, Absorbed power

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Problem Solving steps

1. Carefully define the problem.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow

This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower

A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

• The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of

2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow

This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower

A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric

• The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of

2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will

2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws