Presentation-IIR04-Tutorial-A Systematic Approach For Wcdma Design

A systematic approach for UMTS RAN
Dimensioning
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
R&D Department, LCC Intl., Inc.

nicolae_cotanis@lcc.com
Topics to address
Introduction
UMTS specific design inputs
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design
A systematic approach for UMTS RAN Dimensioning
Static network simulation (design)

Design optimization
Network optimization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

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Proprietary & Confidential
Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

3
UMTS: promises and challenges
Single traffic bearer CDMA technology is history

UMTS promises
> Countless services with assorted bandwidth, QoS and
traffic models
> Increased capacity from MUD, smart antennas, ST
diversity, etc
> Asynchronous operation
> Better multipath resolution for improving micro cell design
RN design challenges
> A large set of bearers with selectable transmit formats
(OVSF.etc)
> Traffic specification (one of the center pieces)
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
> Design and optimization based on MC network simulation

> New models for the new technologies
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UMTS design strengths
Design strength Design Input

Identify services
> Management of design inputs Traffic engineering

Traffic models
Traffic environments
> Diversification of the UMTS bearers

for a given service (based on Map services to
UMTS bearers
mobility and propagation A

environment) Traffic layer
Create & distribute

terminals
> Good understanding of the arrays
and statistics from simulation RAN design
RF configuration for
> 2G CDMA design experience Node-Bs

Locate Node-Bs
> UMTS test-bed involvement System parameters

B
Simulation
Run MAPC
Check design
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
performance based
on arrays and
statistics
A Business-plan and traffic review
B RAN design review
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UMTS design overview
Comprehend concepts before embarking for the
design
Design Input List of services including UMTS bearers Terminals (single
- Mobility service per terminal)
Operating point Hardware
- Propagation CH (Eb/No) optimization performance Many terminals per
- Coverage type service according to
- Carrier mobility, propagation
CH, etc
Traffic layer Market Traffic environments Traffic layer

- Number of terminals
- Morphology weighting
RAN pre- Traffic - RF parameters per cell Cell radius Deploy sites
design environ- - Loading
ments.
Link Budget per
service type
Network
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Static simulation Generate arrays and Design optimization

simulation reports
- Number of snapshots
and
optimization
- RF parameter optimization
- Include new sites, etc
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Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

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Handling traffic
Terminal = a mobile unit that exercises one of the UMTS

bearers for supporting a given service and abides to a set
of hardware limitations (e.g. max TX power, Ec/Io, number
of fingers, etc)
Terminals are distributed for different services within the
market (traffic layer)

New concepts
• Traffic classes
• Traffic modeling
• Orthogonality factors
• Service operating point
• Power control errors
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
• Traffic layer
RN design requires traffic models per subscriber
September 20, 2004
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Traffic classes
PS services are characterized by
> Bit rates, Average/Percentile delays, Subscriber traffic model,
etc
Based on traffic model and delay, services are classified in four classes
> Conversational (C), Streaming (S)
> Interactive (I), Background (B)
Not all QoS - functions implemented initially:

• Real time (CS) connection for C and S classes
• Non real time scheduled (PS) for I and B classes
Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Fundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is not
characteristics between information relation between pattern expecting the data
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
entities of the stream information entities of Preserve payload within a certain time
Conversational pattern the stream content (data Preserve payload
(stringent and low delay) integrity) content (data
integrity)
Example of the Voice, video telephony, Streaming media Web browsing, Background
application video games (audio and/or video) network games download of e-mails
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Traffic modeling / problem statement
Traffic models must include

• The data flow description during a session (including the request-
response pattern of the end user),
• The asymmetry
• The bandwidth (kilobits per second) requirement.
Traffic models for 2G networks were simple

(see www.lcc.com for Erlang-B calculator)
• Poisson arrivals and exponential service time
• mE per subscriber instead of bandwidth
• No data flow description (only voice activity)
• No asymmetry
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

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B-traffic, M/M/n models
M/M/n model for B-type traffic classes (e-mail, FTP, etc)
Service class described by per user
> CH-rate R
> Average packet size E{l} (exponential)
> Packet arrival rate λo (Poisson)
> Average delay objective E{T}

The minimum required number of channels N for the
objective E{T} is given by
R
N≥ + n ⋅ ρo
E{T } ⋅ E{l} ⋅ (1 + η )
> η is the transmission efficiency due to ARQ,
> n is the number of B-type traffic terminals
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
> ρo = λo/µo is the subscriber link efficiency
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I-traffic, simulations
The multimedia traffic model is the basic model for I-traffic

Currently is not used by design tools for QoS evaluation
• Probability of UL/DL active users, no. of terminals, etc
I-traffic parameters
• )Usually, 3G tool has a single traffic
Sessions’ rate
• Pages per session model for all the PS type services.
• Packets per page

• Reading time (RT)
• Packet size
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

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I-traffic simulation diagram
Session
Page
Reading
time
Traffic Packet Statistical # CHs /

generation switching Analysis service
• Traffic load/sub
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• User traffic profile

/ service
• QoS
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I-traffic study case
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Orthogonality factor
3G: Path loss models + Propagation environments (channels)
Propagation channel := power delay profile (paths)
Propagation CH relevance
• DL orthogonality factor (α)
> α=1 := perfectly orthogonal. No DL inter-codes interference
> α<1 := DL inter-code (users) interference higher Eb/No required
• Eb/No changes
) A thorough 3G RAN Outdoor to indoor and pedestrian test environment tapped-delay-line parameters
design must consider Tap
Doppler
Cahnnel A Cahannel B spectrum
propagation environments Average power Average power
Relative delay (ns) (dB) Relative delay (ns) (dB)
) ITU - R M.1034 channel -3% 3% -3% 3%
impulse response models 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Classic

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
2 110 106.7 113.3 -9.7 200 194.0 206.0 -0.9 Classic

3 190 184.3 195.7 -19.2 800 776.0 824.0 -4.9 Classic
4 410 397.7 422.3 -22.8 1200 1164.0 1236.0 -8.0 Classic
5 2300 2231.0 2369.0 -7.8 Classic
6 3700 3589.0 3811.0 -23.9 Classic
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Service operating point
3G services may be transported over the air interface in
many different ways (bearers)
Transmit format (TF)
• TF controls the bearer’s operating point (Eb/No @ BER or BLER)
• The best bearer has the lowest operating point
Service mapping looks for the best bearer (Physical CH)
to be used in each area of the market, or Eb/No for a

given bearer ab e bea e co gu at o
RAN design requires operating points Bearer configuration

Service
Frame size
Downlink
144 kb/s
10 ms
• They are not specified in the standards Info bits / frame

Bit per radio block *
1440
120
Tail/CRC bits per radio block 8/0
• May be obtained from vendors or by LLS Turbo code
Decoding algorithm
Rate 1/3, 8 states
Max-Log MAP
Number of iterations 8
Unequal repetition Not used
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
DTX 320 bits

Outer interleaving (10 ms) 72×64 bits
DPCCH (pilot/TPC/TFCI) 16/8/8
DPCCH-DPDCH power 0 dB
Spreading factor (DPDCH) 8
Spreading factor (DPCCH) 8
* A radio block is a group of bit to which a CRC
word is appended.
Creating terminals
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Operating point variability
Less variability for voice bearers
at low and medium speed
High variability for low mobility

and high data rate services
Bearer Environment Downlink Uplink

-
8kb/s kb/s Speech, BER = 10 3km/hr, vehicular 8.2 dB, 6.2 dB
500 km/hr, vehicular 15.6 dB 13.6 dB 7
-6
Eb/No (dB) @ BER=1E-6

64 kb/s LCD, BER = 10 120 km/hr, vehicular 5.3 dB 2.8 dB
-6 6.5
144 kb/s LCD, BER = 10 120 km/hr, vehicular 5.8 dB 2.55 dB
384 kb/s LCD, BER = 10
-6
Outdoor to indoor 3.5 dB 0.3 dB
6
64 kb/s UDD, BLER of 10% 120 km/hr, vehicular 5.2 dB Mainly uplink 5.5
144 kb/s UDD, BLER of 10% 120 km/hr 5.1 dB Mainly uplink 5
384 kb/s UDD, BLER of 10% Outdoor to indoor, 3km/hr 3.4 dB Mainly uplink 4.5
4 VH-A
VH-B
Cell capacity 3.5
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
PD-A
1 3
9 M=15 @ 4.2 dB M =
γ ⋅ (α + F )
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Mobile speed (km/h)

9 M=8 @ 6.8 dB
Creating terminals
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Creating terminals
The subscriber concept is replaced by the terminal concept
UMTS bearers after mapping services to transport channels
> Propagation CH (power delay profile)
> Mobility
• Bearers’ operation point changes with propagation CH and
mobility
• Hint: one service per terminal

Hardware constrains (power class, body loss etc) map bearers into
terminals (according to the UMTS bearer used and power class, etc)
S e r v ic e X
M o b ility
P r o p a g a tio n C H
U M T S B e a re r
O p t im u m = m in E b / N o
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
H a rd w a re
c o n s tr a in ts
T e r m in a l
Terminals
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Terminals/Users/Active users
For each service
• Subscribers (terminals)
Traffic engineering
Subscribers
• Users (subscribers in session) per service
• Active users (UL active = TX, DL active := RX) Traffic load, QoS
CS services: P(A/U)=ν
Inside Simulator
Users
PS services: P(A/U)=Tcom/Tsession
Session profile
Active-
users
P(A)=P(U) × P(A/U)
Traffic engineering derives the size of the users’

set
• Per subscriber service load
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
• GoS or delays
Users are distributed within the market (using
clutter weighting or not)
Traffic layer
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Traffic environments
Not all the services would enjoy the same coverage within the market
• New coverage approaches: blanket versus island coverage
> 2g systems are targeting blanket voice coverage
The same service may be deployed with different QoS in different areas of
the market (e.g. 144 kbps for web in business areas and only 64 kbps in
residential areas)
Very likely markets would be divided into disjoint traffic environments
Traffic environment := a specific area within the market with a distinct

composition of targeted services
• Usually polygons are used for locating
traffic environments or hot spots within
the market Residential
Commercial
district
Each traffic environment will require specific
RF configuration for Node-Bs High density
Business
district
• Node-Bs diversify further within the traffic layer residential
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
according to the path loss model, propagation

channel, loading, hB , etc
Traffic layer
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Traffic layer
Provides the essential information for spreading
terminals.
• Traffic environments (TfE)
> business district, commercial district, city core, residential, transport
network,etc
• Clutter weighting factors Residential
• Number of terminals per TfE / route Commercial
district
Polygons are used for delimiting TfE Business

or hot spots High density
residential
district
Vectors are used for terminal distribution

along routes
TfE may be further divided according to
the propagation CH. type
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Traffic layer
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GSM-UMTS site sharing
UMTS high data rate services may require between two

and three times as many base stations as do GSM.
Pros : environmentally friendly, quick and effective way to deploy
3G-technology , cost cuts up to 40%.
Cons : could amount to a single 3G-network, undermining competition
and technological innovation.

• e.g. transceivers cannot be shared without sharing forecasting data
Forms of infrastructure sharing
• Sharing of Node-B and RNC
• SharingScenario
of even the core network technology, RAN design including mobile switching
centers,Headframe
IP routers, and location
sharing (UMTS antennas) registries
Site location and UMTS antenna height are
given
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Antennas sharing (dual-/tri-band antennas) As before plus UMTS antenna height,

orientation and down tilt are given
Node-B equipment sharing As before plus number of channel elements
and service types to be coordinated with
sharing partners
Network configuration
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Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
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Key system parameters
Key System Parameters
• Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) power
• Synchronization Channel (SCH) powers
> Used by cell search (initial / target)
• Cell loading factor
• SHO thresholds and gains
W-CDMA cells are identified by DL scrambling codes

W-CDMA cell search
• Code and time synchronization with the scrambling code of the best
server
• Based on P-SCH, S-SCH* and CPICH
Powers for SCH and CPICH
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
• Tradeoff: cell capacity ↔ cell acquisition time
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SCH/CPICH loading factors
Cell search performance controlled by the power used

(loading factors)
χ P − SCH = PP − SCH PSCH
χ SCH = (PSCH ) (PSCH + PCPiCH + I hc )
χ CPICH = PCPICH (PSCH + PCPICH + I hc )
IN unit
Geometry factor * P_nodeB 43 dBm of P_nodeB 19.95 W
G = (PSCH + PCPICH + I hc ) I oc x_CPICH 10 % of P_nodeB
x_SCH 10 % of P_nodeB
For G=-3dB
x_PSCH 60 % of SCH
5% < χCPICH < 10% x_CCCH 10 % of P_nodeB
χSCH ≈ 10% OUT
P_CPICH 33 dBm 2.00 W
60% < χP-SCH < 70% P_SCH 33 dBm 2.00 W
χCCH < 10% P_PSCH 30.8 dBm 1.20 W
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
P_SSCH 29 dBm 0.80 W

P_CCCH 33 dBm 2.00 W
P_traffic 41.5 dBm 13.97 W
* Y-P Eric Wang, T. Ottoson “Cell Search Algorithms and Optimization in W-CDMA,” VTC-00, Spring 2000
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CPICH Power
Average acquisition time versus χCPICH

• G= − 3 dB,
• χP-SCH=50%,
• χSCH=10%
104
Average acquisition time

Initial
1462.5 Target
5% < χCPICH < 10% 103
(ms)
155.79
108.13 96.27 96.5
102
44.61 33.29
10 32.18 31.9 31.74
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
0 5 10 15
CPICH Loading

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SCH Power
Average acquisition time versus χP-SCH

• G= − 3 dB,
• χSCH=10%,
• χCPICH=10% 110
Initial
Average acquisition time (ms)

100 Target
96.27
90
χSCH ≈ 10% 80 82.23
74.74
60% < χP-SCH < 70% 70 69.63

67.18 68.41
60
50
40
30
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
31.9 31.6 31.5 31.6 31.8 32.3

20
0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
P-SCH Loading

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Cell Loading Factor
Noise rise (∆I) and loading factor (χ) are related

I oc + I hc 1
∆I dB = 10 ⋅ log = 10 ⋅ log
PN 1− χ
Per propagation or traffic environment limits for loading
factors
• Link budget ⇒ cell radius calculation

• Static network simulation ⇒ terminals disconnection
Loading factor Noise rise
Traffic environment
χ (%) MAI (dB)
Hints Rural and highways 30-40 1.55-2.23
Urban and dens- 75 6
• < 75% urban
• > 30% ; moderate cell breathing

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
• χDL> χUL

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Number of Rake fingers
The number of Rake fingers Ù efficiency of utilizing
the incoming RF power (one finger per multipath
component)
• Requirement changes with the environment
• Fixed for a given terminal
• The larger the number of Rake fingers in the terminal the better the
signal/noise
Measurements
• Typical urban (?): 4-6 fingers retrieve 80% of the Tx power for 95%
of the time. The rest of the Tx power (20%) becomes interference
• Dense urban (?): 10-15 fingers
No agreement on the required number of fingers and
finger assignment technique
• Single Rake finger assignment
• Grouped assignment
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
The number of fingers in the receiver must equal the size of the active set (dimensioning tool). In the absence of
manufacturer data, the active set size should range between 4 to 6.
In the case of grouped assignment, the active set must equal the number of groups and not the number of
individual fingers
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SHO thresholds and margins
UMTS RAN designs require
• UL: S and So handoff margins (no thresholds) and gains
• DL: S/So handoff margins,gains and terminal AS size
UMTS uses relative SHO thresholds
• No need to tweak the parameters for different regions
• Relative thresholds control SHO overhead
Design tools use SHO margins instead of thresholds
• The minimum difference between the CPICH signal of the best

serving sector and the pilot signal of all other sectors that are
considered for soft-handover communication
• SHO margin from SHO gain graphs.
Functions of ITU pedestrian A ITU vehicular A
Single radio link
> multipath profile (∆PL) Eb/No (dB)
11.3 8.5
Macro diversity
> terminal mobility and availability Eb/No (dB)
7.3 / 8.6 6.3 / 7.7
Soft handover gain
of power control (dB)
4.0 / 2.7 2.2 / 0.8
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
> BS/terminal antenna configuration

Required Eb/No for FER=1%.
> receiver algorithm CS 8 kbps bearer with full constant power
∆PL= 0 and 3 dB respectively
UMTS handovers
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Link budget
LB pre-dimensioning estimates the initial network
configuration
) In the UMTS RAN design process; the link
Based on many assumptions budget is used to estimate the calculation area
for each site/cell and not the actual cell radius.
• Uniform inter-cell interference (f), Thus, LB inaccuracies resulting from so many
• Soft handover overhead and gain assumptions are tolerable.
• Constant Node-B antenna gain

• Uniform traffic distribution and uniform service mapping

• Same results for every run, etc.
Link budgets are used for calculating the service radius for
each cell type and supported terminal
Based on the per services coverage objective (blanket or
island -where available-) cell type radii are determined
Typical Cell Ranges Outdoor, In-car @ 95% Indoor @ 80%
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Coverage
Bearer Urban Sub-urban Urban Sub-urban Terminal
radius (km)
12.2 kb/s Speech 1.98 km 3.34 km 1.02 km 2.55 km 12.2 kbps speech 1.98
64 kb/s 1.61 km 2.71 km 0.93 km 1.56 km 64 kbps 1.61
144 kb/s 1.42 km 2.39 km 0.62 km 1.04 km 144 kbps 1.42
384 kb/s 1.24 km 2.10 km 0.53 km 0.90 km Cell 1.42
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Link Budget Model
Transmitter end
PTx,k LBODY EIRPTx,k

GTx Path loss model
LTx
MAPLk Cell radius k
PRx,k calculation
Only when the
transmitter is a
handheld Coverage Receiver Bearer
PRx,k end
χ NF χ NF
EIRP calculation mLN Sk (Eb/No)k
Pk gSS
mTPC Nt ∆Icell
Lpen GRx
gSO LRx
Matched Nw
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Link Budget
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Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

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The SNS concept
W-CDMA RAN design tools based on the static network
simulation (SNS) concept.
• Snapshots of the RAN status at different instances in time
• Monte Carlo (MC) trials per snapshot for spatial distribution of
terminals*
• Multiple access power control (MAPC) algorithms for assigning the
amount of UL/DL power required by each radio link (RL)
> Connect or disconnect active terminals

SNS resolves assumptions
1 1 Estimates F-factor distribution
F= =
1 + I hc 1 + f
I oc
SHO overhead and gain,etc
Uses antenna radiation pattern
Spatially distributes terminals
Output changes according to
terminal distribution
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

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SNS output
Arrays (plots): radio

network attributes
associated to each bin
(e.g., CPICH coverage,
Ec/It, effective service
coverage, best server, CPICH best server

SHO including active set,
etc
Statistics (databases), the

status** of each Node-B or
terminal in the working area
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
SHO gain
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SNS flowchart
Estimating the status of a CDMA radio

network outside the history context Randomly place
terminals and
MAPC := an iterative algorithm that assign services
finds out the best server and the Initial Best Server
active set (AS) for each active terminal (PL based)

and, based on the type of service, For each active terminal do

provisions the minimum UL/DL Initial UL/DL Power
Control
transmit power for supporting the radio
link Best Server
(Ec/It based)
The status of a CDMA radio network is represented by the set

of terminals and services that are connected through the air For each active terminal do
interface. UL/DL Power Control
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Yes No
Convergence ?
Ready
Static Network Simulation

September 20, 2004
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Randomize terminals
Monte Carlo trials for distributing Randomly place

terminals within the working area terminals and
assign services
) One service per terminal
Initial Best Server
• pa := Active (Tx or RX) state probability for (PL based)
service*
• nt := Number of k-type terminals in the For each active terminal do

Initial UL/DL Power
working area Control
• na := Average number of active terminals

Best Server
n A = nt ⋅ p A (Ec/It based)
For each active terminal do

The number of terminals within a pixel follows a Poisson
UL/DL Power Control
distribution with a mean value proportional with the
corresponding pixel area.
Yes No
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Path losses from a given Node-B to terminals within the Convergence ?

same bin may be different due to the randomness
inflicted by the shadowing Ready

September 20, 2004
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Initial Best Server and AS
The best server and the active set for Randomly place
each terminal are initially calculated terminals and
assign services
based on path loss (PL)
Initial Node-B noise Initial Best Server
(PL based)

Initial UL/DL Power
Control
Best Server
(Ec/It based)

UL/DL Power Control
Yes No
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Convergence ?
Ready

September 20, 2004
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MAPC
For each terminal, MAPC finds the best server and
the AS, and assigns the minimum UL/DL transmit Randomly place
power for providing the required service at that terminals and
assign services
instance
Initial UL/DL power control for each active terminal Initial Best Server
(PL based)
⇒ Initial Ec/It
UL/DL Tx power per radio link based on

Initial UL/DL Power
• Terminal sensitivity including average power raise (PRx,k) Control
• SHO gain
MAPC stops when convergence it’s reached or Best Server
(Ec/It based)
when exceeding a maximum number of iterations
Usable snapshot when MAPC converges UL/DL Power Control
Different convergence criteria Yes No

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
• UL/DL criteria combined in a single indicator Convergence ?

• e.g. UL criterion
∆ I = max I t j,k − I t j,k −1 < ε
Ready
Stations j

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The hypothetical terminal
Does not disturb the system
> It does not contribute to the intercell and intracell interference
> It does not consume channel resources
At the end of selected snapshots, the HT visits all the empty pixels
(without terminals) for determining
> Best server
> Mean size of active set

> UL/DL required TX power, etc
> The most probable handover type
> Mean number of soft handover cells
The sector (site) related information required for UL/DL TX power
computation (as the intracell and intercell interference, PA power etc.)
are derived from statistics based on previous SNS snaphots.
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Improper use of the hypothetical terminal may distort the SNS arrays and statistics (see Design Optimization).
The HT examines UL/DL service powers only. For example, the handover status display at a certain pixel may
indicate 3-way soft-handover however, a subscriber, which falls into this pixel, may or may not be in 3 way
handover depending upon channel element availability

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Options
SNS options copy the operation of a UMTS RAN
• Carriers
• CPICH power allocation
• Disconnecting terminals
If optional RF-CH are available
a) randomly assigning MSs within the entire network
b) randomly moving MSs from overloaded cells
c) moving only high transmit power MSs from overloaded cells

CPICH power allocation options
a) fix within the network
b) adjustable for each cell based on UL-interference level
c) cell selectable.
Exceeding Node-B total/RL transmit power
a) randomly disconnect
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
b) disconnect the highest power links

c) disconnect the smallest power links
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41
Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

42
Questions after RAN design completion
Overall (network) performance

• Do the network’s sites and sectors capture the projected
traffic?
• What is the throughput per Node-B?
• How many terminals of each service type are captured by
each sector in the network?

RF performance
• What are the principal reasons for failure to connect?
• What is the percentage of RLs in SHO?
• What is the average downlink transmit power per service type
required?
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Design optimization
September 20, 2004
43
Per service/Per carrier arrays
Per service arrays describe the service

performance
• Basically each bin denotes a probability
• They may refer to many carriers
Per carrier arrays describe the RF performance
• Are very similar with those used for 2G CDMA designs

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Design optimization
September 20, 2004
44
Per service arrays
Coverage probability per service

Best server by coverage probability
Coverage probability by service for the Nth best server
Path balance
SHO arrays Probability of CH limit failure

z
DL/UL EbNo
z
Reason for failure by service ⇒ Low EcIo

z
No primary CH
z
Noise rise limit
z
UL request TX power No carrier
z
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Design optimization
September 20, 2004
45
Service coverage probability
Application: shows the coverage probability for

every pixel in the simulation area (effective service
coverage) Service coverage probability (SCP)
Best server by coverage probability
Input: - CP for the Nth best server
Path Balance
Reason for failure (by service)
Colors: Ranges for p (%)
S,B Probability of channel limit failure
Probability of Downlink Eb/No failure
Description P S , B = N CS , B
Probability of Uplink Eb/No failure
Probability of Low Ec/Io failure
Probability of no carrier failure
N RS , B Probability of Noise Rise Failure
Uplink request Tx power
Soft handover arrays
Comments: Second order service arrays
• based solely on HTs in bins where ATs have not been

spread
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Design optimization
September 20, 2004
46
Per carrier arrays (RF)
Without simulation
• Best server by pilot
• Pilot strength
• Pilot strength for the Nth best server
After simulation
• Pilot Ec/Io
• Ec/Io for the Nth best server
• Mean Io
• Mean received power Pilot strength
• Cell UL load Pilot strength for the Nth best server
Best server by pilot
Pilot Ec/Io
Ec/Io for the Nth best server
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
All servers
Cell UL load
Mean Io
Mean received power
Design optimization / Carriers

September 20, 2004
47
Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

48
UMTS network optimization
Measurements required for UMTS network

optimization
• Delay profile (usually before design)
• Cell search time
• Frame error rate and radio propagation
• MS transmission power
• DHO
• Uplink capacity
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

49
Delay profiles
Wide band channel

measurements
The link quality decreases

when the number of
multipath are larger then

the number of fingers
Optimization: Antenna down tilt or better

sectorization
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

50
Cell search time
MSs always monitor

neighboring CPICH during
communication for the
purpose of DHO control.
MSs have to complete this
process as fast as possible.

The ration between CPICH
power and MAI controls the
cell search time
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

51
Frame error rate and radio propagation
Measurements of
RSSI, SIR, FER and
total available path
number
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

52
MS transmission power
UMTS supports SIR

based fast TPC to
solve the near/far
problem.
MSs transmission
power gives an
indication of the TPC
efficiency on reducing
MAI and increasing
network capacity
Optimization: TPC step size, rate, etc
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

53
DHO
The number of
connection
cells/sectors in the
service area are
measured
Optimization: Thadd and Thdel parameters

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

54
Uplink capacity
Measurements on the
uplink interference
level
The lower the MAI the
higher the uplink
UMTS capacity
Optimization: MUD, smart antennas, etc

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

55
Introduction
• Traffic layer
RAN pre-design

Design optimization
UMTS overlay
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

56
Objectives
UMTS overlay = deploying UMTS on top of an existent

GSM network securing all the benefits of a synergetic
network.
Overlay design = Constrains on UMTS design
Benefits of overlay Issues to address

• Reducing deployment costs • UMTS network evolution,
through co-location/co-sitting • Coverage,
• Controlling the NB interference • Co-location,
(avoiding near-far effects) • Interference and noise,
• Inter-system handover,
• Resource sharing; coverage • Mobility management,
extension, capacity sharing, • Traffic load sharing, etc
service distribution
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Design optimization
September 20, 2004
57
Launch architecture
GERAN
Integrated CN
A
• upgrades and uses the MSC and

BSS
BTS
Gb
routing elements of the legacy BTS
MSC 2G and 3G
GSM/GPRS network VLR

CS-elements
• Careful deployed for preserving the UTRAN Iu-cs GPRS
capacity and performance of the VLR 2G and 3G

PS-elements
GSM/GPRS revenue-earning
RNC SGSN
Iu-ps
network Node B
Node B
MSC 2G CS-
GERAN elements
A VLR
BTS
BSS
Gb
GPRS
VLR 2G PS-
elements
Segregated CN
BTS
SGSN
• uses a new network of switching
and routing elements to support
UTRAN
MSC
3G CS-
elements
UMTS
Iu-cs VLR
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
RNC GPRS
Iu-ps VLR
Node B 3G PS-
elements
Node B
SGSN
September 20, 2004

58
UMTS overlay deployment
Two major phases
• radio coverage
• service availability. Review GSM network coverage
Select candidate sites (Spectrum ‘carving’ if required)
Inspect technical/real estate issues for co-location

Multi-band antennas?
WCDMA site and antenna allocation

Inter-system interference analysis
Link budget analysis per service
GSM-WCDMA traffic load distribution

Review:
site configuration,
WCDMA design traffic,
design objectives
Combined GSM/WCDMA analysis
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
Design performance?
Far from objective
Objective reached
September 20, 2004

59
Coverage analysis
Utilization of existing 2G-sites (co-location) needs checking for
• Holes in the 2G-coverage (for basic services as voice)
• Increased intra-system interference for WCDMA should be avoided..
GSM900/ GSM1800/ WCDMA/ WCDMA/ WCDMA/

Unit
speech speech speech 144 kbps 384 kbps
Mobile Tx power dBm 33 30 21 21 21
Receiver sensitivity 1 dBm -110 -110 -124 -117 -113

Interference margin 2 dB 1 0 2 2 2
Fast fading margin 3 dB 2 2 2 2 2
BS antenna gain 4 dBi 16 18 18 18 18
Body loss 5 dB 3 3 3
MS antenna gain 6 dBi 0 0 0 2 2
Relative path loss gain
dB 11 1
with frequency 7
MAPL dB 164 154 156 154 150
1 GSM sensitivity includes receive antenna diversity. WCDMA 3 The reduced fast fading margin comes from including the macro
sensitivity is calculated based on the equation diversity gain
10 × log (kTBF ) − SF + EbNo , where bandwidth
10 dB dB 4 Three sector configuration are assumed for both GSM and
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
B=3.84 MHz, spreading gain SF=B/(data rate), and F=4dB is WCDMA

the WCDMA base station noise figure. 5 Data terminals have not to stay close to the user’s had
2 An interference margin of 1 dB was used for GSM because of 6 Antenna gain for data terminals is 2 dBi
the small amout of spectrum in GSM 900 that does not allow
7 Represent variations in the path loss attenuation with frequency
large reuse factors. For a loading of χ=37%, the noise raise is
versus the UMTS Region 1 band
10 × log10 (1 − χ ) = 2 dB
September 20, 2004

60
Intersystem interference
WCDMA interference Unit Region 1 Region 2
Up-link
Interference from 2G systems (MS transmit,

base receive)
Down-link
MHz 1920 - 1980 1850 – 1910
(MS receive, MHz 2110 – 2170 1930 - 1990

base transmit)
890 915 935 960

Mobile Tx Mobile Rx
GSM
880 900 920 940 960 980
Frequency (MHz)
1710 1785 1805 1880

Mobile Tx Mobile Rx
PCN
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 (EU)
Frequency (MHz)
1850 1910 1930 1990
PCS Mobile Tx Mobile Rx

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
(US) 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Frequency (MHz)
September 20, 2004

61
2G interference and background noise
Interference mechanisms from adjacent 2G bands
• ACI for up-links
• ACI, intermodulation, and wide band noise in the down-link
WCDMA-2G coordination
Background noise measurements Operator 3 Operator 1 Operator 2
• Identifying co-location issues (as A
imperfect spectrum clearance or 2G 2G WCDMA 2G 2G
leakage from adjacent bandwidth)

• Estimating the sensitivity reduction Operator 3 Operator 1 Operator 2
due to background noise rise from B
heavy motor traffic 2G 2G WCDMA 2G

(~ 1.9 dB in urban environments)
Operator 3 Operator 1 Operator 2
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
2G WCDMA WCDMA 2G
September 20, 2004

62
Reduction in coverage and capacity
Coverage and capacity reductions investigated through
Monte Carlo simulations
• A denser WCDMA network will be more resistant to 2G interference
• Guard bands of approximately 1MHz should eliminate 2G interference
issues (applicable for non-coordinated 2G systems)
• If the legacy 2G-network is made of micro cells and the WCDMA cells are
large (» 1.5 km) guard bands cannot alleviate capacity reductions.
WCDMA-2G collocation has a double

advantage: it reduces deployment
costs and builds coordination for
minimizing 2G Interference risks
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

63
Conclusions
3G designs rely on preliminary steps

SNS •Configuration
•Key Network
Parameters
WB 3G Design
•Service
LLS mapping
sounding Tool
3G-Traffic •Traffic data
w/ QoS control
Overlay designs require

• Extra preliminary steps
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
• Design tools for investigating GSM-UMTS synergy
September 20, 2004

64
Thank you for attending!
Dr. Nicolas Cotanis
September 20, 2004

65

Presentation-IIR04-Tutorial-A Systematic Approach For Wcdma Design

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A systematic approach for UMTS RAN

Dr. Nicolas Cotanis

R&D Department, LCC Intl., Inc.

 Static network simulation (design)

September 20, 2004

 Static network simulation (design)

September 20, 2004

 Single traffic bearer CDMA technology is history

> Design and optimization based on MC network simulation

September 20, 2004

 Design strength Design Input

> Management of design inputs Traffic engineering

> Diversification of the UMTS bearers

mobility and propagation A

Create & distribute

> 2G CDMA design experience Node-Bs

> UMTS test-bed involvement System parameters

A Business-plan and traffic review

B RAN design review

September 20, 2004

Traffic layer Market Traffic environments Traffic layer

Static simulation Generate arrays and Design optimization

September 20, 2004

 Static network simulation (design)

September 20, 2004

 Terminal = a mobile unit that exercises one of the UMTS

market (traffic layer)

 Not all QoS - functions implemented initially:

Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

September 20, 2004

 Traffic models must include

 Traffic models for 2G networks were simple

September 20, 2004

> Average delay objective E{T}

> ρo = λo/µo is the subscriber link efficiency

September 20, 2004

 The multimedia traffic model is the basic model for I-traffic

• Packets per page

September 20, 2004

Traffic Packet Statistical # CHs /

• User traffic profile

September 20, 2004

September 20, 2004

impulse response models 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Classic

2 110 106.7 113.3 -9.7 200 194.0 206.0 -0.9 Classic

September 20, 2004

to be used in each area of the market, or Eb/No for a

 RAN design requires operating points Bearer configuration

• They are not specified in the standards Info bits / frame

DTX 320 bits

 High variability for low mobility

Bearer Environment Downlink Uplink

Eb/No (dB) @ BER=1E-6

Mobile speed (km/h)

• Hint: one service per terminal

• Users (subscribers in session) per service

 Traffic engineering derives the size of the users’

 Traffic environment := a specific area within the market with a distinct

according to the path loss model, propagation

 Polygons are used for delimiting TfE Business

 Vectors are used for terminal distribution

 UMTS high data rate services may require between two

Static network simulation (design)

Static network simulation (design)

Single traffic bearer CDMA technology is history

Design strength Design Input

Static network simulation (design)

Terminal = a mobile unit that exercises one of the UMTS

Not all QoS - functions implemented initially:

Traffic models must include

Traffic models for 2G networks were simple

The multimedia traffic model is the basic model for I-traffic

RAN design requires operating points Bearer configuration

High variability for low mobility

Traffic engineering derives the size of the users’

Traffic environment := a specific area within the market with a distinct

Polygons are used for delimiting TfE Business

Vectors are used for terminal distribution

UMTS high data rate services may require between two

Static network simulation (design)

W-CDMA cells are identified by DL scrambling codes

Cell search performance controlled by the power used

Average acquisition time versus χCPICH

Average acquisition time versus χP-SCH

60% < χP-SCH < 70% 70 69.63

Noise rise (∆I) and loading factor (χ) are related

Static network simulation (design)

Arrays (plots): radio

Statistics (databases), the

Estimating the status of a CDMA radio

MAPC := an iterative algorithm that assign services

Monte Carlo trials for distributing Randomly place

Different convergence criteria Yes No

Static network simulation (design)

Overall (network) performance

Per service arrays describe the service

Coverage probability per service

SHO arrays Probability of CH limit failure

Reason for failure by service ⇒ Low EcIo

Application: shows the coverage probability for