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DOO-SUNG LEE
Department of Mathematics
College of Education, Konkuk University
120 Neungdong-Ro, Kwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
e-mail address: dslee@konkuk.ac.kr
the interface, while Elhefnawy[3] studied the ef- first order theory and the linear dispersion re-
fect of a periodic radial magnetic field on the lation are obtained in Sec.3. In Sec .4 we have
Kelvin-Helmholtz stability of the cylindrical in- derived second order solutions. In Sec.5 a first
terface between two magnetic fluids when there order nonlinear differential equation is obtained,
is mass and heat transfer across the interface. and the situations of the stability and instability
The analysis of these studies was confined within are summarized. In Sec.6 we investigate linear
the frame work of linear theory. They both found viscous potential flow. In Sec.7 some numerical
that the dispersion relations are independent of examples are presented.
the rate of interfacial mass and heat transfer. 2. Formulation of the problem and basic
Hsieh[4] found that from the linearized analysis, equations0
when the vapor region is hotter than the liquid
region, as is usually so, the effect of mass and We shall use a cylindrical system of coordi-
heat transfer tends to inhibit the growth of the nates (r, θ, z) so that in the equilibrium state
instability. Thus for the problem of film boil- z−axis is the axis of asymmetry of the system.
ing, the instability would be reduced yet would The central solid core has a radius a. In the
persist according to linear analysis. equilibrium state the fluid phase ”1”, of den-
sity ρ(1) , occupies the region a < r < R, and,
It is clear that such a uniform model based the fluid phase ”2”, of density ρ(2) , occupies the
on the linear theory is inadequate to answer the region R < r < b. The inner and outer fluids
question of whether and how the effect of heat are streaming along the z axis with uniform ve-
and mass transfer would stabilize the system, but locities U1 and U2 , respectively. The temper-
the nonlinear analysis is needed to answer the atures at r = a, r = R, and r = b are taken
question. as T1 , T0 , and T2 respectively. The bounding
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the surfaces r = a, and r = b are taken as rigid.
Kelvin-Helmholtz asymmetric nonlinear stability The interface, after a disturbance, is given by
of cylindrical interface between the vapor and the equation
liquid phases of a fluid when there is a mass and
heat transfer across the interface. F (r, z, t) = r − R − η(θ, z, t) = 0, (2.1)
The nonlinear problem of Rayleigh-Taylor in- where η is the perturbation in radius of the inter-
stability of a system in a cylindrical geometry is, face from its equilibrium value R, and for which
however, studied by the present author in (Lee[5- the outward normal vector is written as
6]). ½ µ ¶ µ ¶2 ¾−1/2
∇F 1 ∂η 2 ∂η
n= = 1+ +
The multiple time scale method is used to ob- |∇F | r ∂θ ∂z
tain a first order nonlinear differential equation, µ ¶
from which conditions for the stability and in- 1 ∂η ∂η
× er − eθ − ez , (2.2)
stability are determined. r ∂θ ∂z
In more recent years,Awashi, Asthana and we assume that fluid velocity is irrotational in
Zuddin[7] considered a problem in which a vis- the region so that velocity potentials are φ(1) and
cous potential flow theory is used to study the φ(2) for fluid phases 1 and 2. In each fluid phase
nonlinear Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the in-
∇2 φ(j) = 0. (j = 1, 2) (2.3)
terface between two viscous ,incompressible and
thermally conducting fluids. The solutions for φ(j) (j = 1, 2) have to satisfy
The basic equations with the accompanying the boundary conditions. The relevant bound-
boundary conditions are given in Sec.2. The ary conditions for our configuration are
(i) On the rigid boundaries r = a and r = b:
0
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———————————————————
·· ½ µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ ½ µ ¶ µ ¶2 ¾−1
∂φ 1 ∂φ 2 1 1 ∂φ 2 1 ∂φ 2 1 ∂η 2 ∂η
ρ + + + − 1+ +
∂t 2 ∂r 2 r ∂θ 2 ∂z r ∂θ ∂z
µ ¶µ ¶¾¸¸
∂φ ∂η 1 ∂φ ∂η ∂φ ∂η ∂φ ∂η 1 ∂φ ∂η ∂φ
× + − + + −
∂z ∂z r2 ∂θ ∂θ ∂r ∂t ∂z ∂z r2 ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
½ µ ¶2 ¾
σ 1 ∂η 2
= 1+
(R + η)|∇F | r ∂θ |∇F |2
· 2 ½ µ ¶ ¾ ½ µ ¶2 ¾¸
σ ∂ η 1 ∂η 2 2 ∂η ∂ 2 η ∂η 1 ∂2η ∂η
− 3 2
1+ − 2 + 2 2 1+ . (2.13)
|∇F | ∂z r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂θ∂z ∂z r ∂θ ∂z
————————————————————————————–
When the interface is perturbed from the equi- It is clear from the above inequality that the
librium η = 0 to η = A exp[i(kz + mθ − ωt)], the streaming has a destabilizing effect on the stabil-
dispersion relation for the linearized problem is ity of a cylindrical interface, because Em (2)
is al-
ways negative from the properties of Bessel func-
tions. (ii) when α 6= 0, we find that necessary
D(ω, k, m) = a0 ω 2 + (a1 + ib1 )ω + a2 + ib2 = 0, and sufficient stability conditions for (2.14) are
(2.14) [3]
where b1 > 0, (2.18)
a0 = ρ(1) Em
(1)
− ρ(2) Em
(2)
, and
a1 = (2)
2k{ρ Em (2)
U2 − ρ(1) Em
(1)
U1 }, a0 b22 − a1 b1 b2 + a2 b21 < 0, (2.19)
(1) (2) 0
b1 = α{Em − Em }, since a0 is always positive.
a2 = k 2 {ρ(1) Em
(1) 2
U1 − ρ(2) Em(2) 2
U2 } Putting the values of a0 , a1 , a2 , b1 and b2
σ 2 2 2 from(2.14) into(2.18) and( 2.19) we notice that
− 2 (R k + m − 1),
R the condition (2.18) is trivially satisfied since α
(2)
b2 = αk{Em (1)
U2 − Em U1 }, is always positive, and from properties of Bessel
(2)
functions Em is always negative. From (2.19), it
where for the simplicity of notation, we used can be shown that the condition for the stability
(j)
Em (j)
= Em (k, R), (j = 1, 2) of the system is
(1) (2) (1) 2 (2)
(j) σ 2 2 2 2 ρ ρ Em Em (U2 − U1 )
where Em (k, R), (j = 1, 2) are explained by (R k +m −1)+k
(3.4)-(3.5). (i) When α = 0, (2.14) reduces to R2 (1) (2)
ρ(1) Em − ρ(2) Em
· ¸
a0 ω 2 + a1 ω + a2 = 0. (2.15) (1) (2)
Em Em (ρ(1) − ρ(2) )2
× 1− (1) (2)
> 0. (2.20)
Therefore the system is stable if (Em − Em )2 ρ(1) ρ(2)
The stability condition (2.20) differs from (2.17)
a21 − 4a0 a2 > 0, (2.16)
by the additional last term:
or (1) (2) (1) (2)
σ Em Em (ρ(1) − ρ(2) )2 /[ρ(1) ρ(2) (Em − Em )2 ].
(R2 k 2 + m2 − 1) Thus the condition (2.20) is valid for infinites-
R2
imal α and when α = 0 the last term is absent.
(1) (2)
ρ(1) ρ(2) Em Em (U2 − U1 )2 We now employ multiscale expansion near the
+k 2 (1) (2)
> 0. (2.17)
ρ(1) Em − ρ(2) Em critical wave number. The critical wave number
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is attained when a2 = b2 = 0. The corresponding The first order solutions will reproduce the lin-
critical frequency, ωc is zero for this case. ear wave solutions for the critical case and the
Introducing ² as a small parameter, we as- solutions of (2.3) subject to boundary conditions
sume the following expansion of the variables: yield
3
X η1 = A(t1 , t2 )eiϑ + Ā(t1 , t2 )e−iϑ , (3.1)
η= n 4
² ηn (θ, z, t0 , t1 , t2 ) + O(² ), (2.21) µ ¶
(1) α (1)
n=1 φ1 = + ikU1 A(t1 , t2 )Em (k, r)eiϑ + c.c.,
ρ(1)
3
X µ ¶ (3.2)
φ(j) = ²n φ(j) 4
n (r, θ, z, t0 , t1 , t2 )+O(² ), (j = 1, 2) (2) α (2)
n=0 φ1 = + ikU2 A(t1 , t2 )Em (k, r)eiϑ + c.c.,
(2.22) ρ(2)
(3.3)
where tn = ²n t(n = 0, 1, 2).0 The quantities
where
appearing in the field equations (2.3) and the 0 (ka) − I 0 (ka)K (kr)
boundary conditions (2.6), (2.11), and (2.13) can (1) Im (kr)Km m m
Em (k, r) = 0 0 (ka) − I 0 (ka)K 0 (kR)
,
now be expressed in Maclaurin series expansion Im (kR)Km m m
around r = R. Then, we use (2.21), and (2.22) (3.4)
I (kr)K 0 (kb) − I 0 (kb)K (kr)
and equate the coefficients of equal power series (2) m m m m
Em (k, r) = 0 0 (kb) − I 0 (kb)K 0 (kR)
,
in ² to obtain the linear and the successive non- Im (kR)Km m m
linear partial differential equations of various or- (3.5)
∂ ¯
ders. ϑ = kz + mθ, Im (ka) =0
Im (kr)¯r=a , etc.
∂r
To solve these equations in the neighborhood with Im and Km are the modified Bessel func-
of the linear critical wave number kc , because of tions of the first and second kinds, respectively.
the nonlinear effect, we assume that the critical
4. Second order solutions.
wave number is shifted to
With the use of the first order solutions , we
obtained the equations for the second order prob-
k = kc + ²2 µ.
lem
3. First Order Solutions.
(j)
We take ∇2 φ2 = 0, (j = 1, 2) (4.1)
(j)
φ0 = Uj z. (j = 1, 2) and the boundary conditions at r = R.
——————————————————————————————
½ (j) ¾ · ½ ¾½ µ ¶ ¾ ¸
(j) ∂φ2 ∂η2 (j) α 1 2 m2 (j)
ρ − Uj − αη2 = ρ + iUj − 2 k + 2 Em + αα2
∂r ∂z ρ(j) R R
µ ¶
∂A iϑ 1
×A2 e2iϑ + ρ(j) e + c.c. + 2α + α2 |A|2 , (j = 1, 2) (4.2 − 4.3)
∂t1 R
(2) (1) µ 2 ¶
∂φ2
(2) (1) ∂φ2 ∂ η2 1 ∂ 2 η2 η2
ρ U2 − ρ U1 +σ + 2 + 2
∂z ∂z ∂z 2 R ∂θ2 R
½·· µ ¶2 ½ µ 2 ¶ ¾ ¸¸
1 α m 2 2 2 2
=− ρ + ikU −1 − + k Em + 3αU ki − 2ρU k
2 ρ R2
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¾ ·· µ ¶ ¸¸
σ 2 2 2 2 2iϑ ρ α ∂A iϑ
+ 3 (R k + 2 − 7m ) A e + + ikU Em e + c.c.
R k ρ ∂t1
½·· µ 2 ¶½ µ 2 ¶¾¸¸ ¾
α 2 2 2 m 2 σ
− ρ 2 +k U −1 + Em +k + 3 (R k + m − 2) |A|2 .
2 2 2
(4.4)
ρ R2 R
The non secularity condition for the existence of the uniformly valid solution is0
∂A
= 0. (4.5)
∂t1
Equations (4.1) to (4.4) furnish the second order solutions:
µ ¶
1
η2 = −2 + α2 |A|2 + A2 A2 e2iϑ + Ā2 Ā2 e−2iϑ , (4.6)
R
where µ1 , µ2 are viscosities of fluid ’1’ and ’2’, for the viscous fluid is same as (2.14), however
respectively and we modify (2.13) accordingly.
a0 = ρ(1) Em (1)
− ρ(2) Em
(2)
,
The nonlinear analysis for the viscous fluid is
(2) (2) (1) (1)
too onerous when the perturbation is asymmet- a1 = 2k{ρ Em U2 − ρ Em U1 },
ric , we are content here with the linear analysis. b1 = α{E (1) − E (2) } + 2(µ1 E (1) − µ2 E (2) ),
m m t t
Then linearizing (2.6), (2.11) and (6.1) we have 2 (1) (1) 2 (2) (2) 2
a2 = k {ρ Em U1 − ρ Em U2 }
σ
·· µ ¶ ¶¸¸ − 2 (R2 k 2 + m2 − 1)
∂φ ∂η ∂η1 Rµ ¶
ρ − − U = 0, (6.2) µ1 (1) µ2 (2)
∂r ∂t ∂z −2α (1) Et − (2) Et ,
0
ρ ρ
(2) (1)
µ ¶ b2 = αk{Em U2 − Em U1 }
∂φ(1) ∂η ∂η (1) (2)
ρ(1) − − U = αη, (6.3) −2k(µ1 U1 Et − µ2 U2 Et ),
∂r ∂t ∂z
·· µ ¶ ¸¸ with µ ¶
∂φ ∂φ ∂2φ (i) (i) 2 m2 1
ρ + U + 2µ 2 Et =
Em k + 2 − ,
∂t ∂z ∂r k R
µ 2 ¶ and necessary and sufficient stability conditions
∂ η η 1 ∂2η are
= −σ + + . (6.4)
∂z 2 R2 r2 ∂θ2 b1 > 0, (6.5)
When the interface is perturbed to η = and
A exp[i(kz + mθ − ωt), we recover the first order a0 b22 − a1 b1 b2 + a2 b21 < 0, (6.6)
solutions (3.1)-(3.3), and the dispersion relation since a0 is always positive.
7. Numerical examples
In this section we do numerical works using the expressions presented in previous sections for the
film boiling conditions. The vapor and liquid are identified with phase 1 and phase 2, respectively,
FIGURE 2. The stability diagram for the flow when m=1. The system is stable in the region
between the two upper and lower curves.
Fig.3.Viscous cylindrical flow for m=0.The region above the curve is stable region.
From this figure we can notice that critical wave number increases as the velocity of fluid increases,
the increment rate of the inviscid fluid being sharper at higher fluid velocities. In figure 2 we display
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the region of stability of fluid in the nonlinear analysis as the velocity of one fluid increases while
that of the other fluid remains unchanged. In these figures , u1 remains constant as 1 cm/sec while
u2 varies from 1 cm/sec to 10cm/sec. The region between the two curves is the region of stability,
while in the region above the upper curve, the fluid is unstable.0
In Fig.3 and Fig.4 we present the results for viscous cylindrical linear flow.Here we chose
ρ1 = 0.0001gm/cm3 , ρ2 = 1gm/cm3 , σ = 72.3dyne/cm, b = 2cm, a = 1cm, R = 1.2cm, α =
.1gm/cm3 s, µ1 = 0.00001poise, µ2 = 0.01poise
Fig.4.Viscous cylindrical flow for m=1.The region above the curve is stable region.
8. Conclusions.
The stability of liquids in a cylindrical flow when there is mass and heat transfer across the
interface which depicts the film boiling is studied. Using the method of multiple time scales, a first
order nonlinear differential equation describing the evolution of nonlinear waves is obtained.With
the linear theory the region of stability is the whole plane above a curve like in Fig.3,4, however
with the nonlinear theory it is in the form of a band as shown in Fig.2. Unlike linear theory,
with nonlinear theory, it is evident that the mass and heat transfer plays an important role in the
stability of fluid, in a situation like film boiling.
Appendix
The interfacial conditions are given on r = R as
Order O(²)
·· µ ¶ ¶¸¸
∂φ1 ∂η1 ∂η1 ∂φ0
ρ − − = 0, (A.1)
∂r ∂T0 ∂z ∂z
µ (1) ¶
(1) ∂φ1 ∂η1 ∂η1 ∂φ0
ρ − − = αη1 , (A.2)
∂r ∂T0 ∂z ∂z
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·· µ ¶¸¸ µ 2 ¶
∂φ1 ∂φ1 ∂φ0 ∂ η1 η1 1 ∂ 2 η1
ρ + = −σ + 2+ 2 . (A.3)
∂T0 ∂z ∂z ∂z 2 R r ∂θ2
Order O(²2 )0
·· µ ¶¸¸
∂φ2 ∂ 2 φ1 ∂η2 ∂η1 ∂η1 ∂φ1 1 ∂η1 ∂φ1 ∂η2 ∂φ0
ρ + η1 − − − − 2 − = 0, (A.4)
∂r ∂r2 ∂T0 ∂T1 ∂z ∂z r ∂θ ∂θ ∂z ∂z
µ (1) (1) (1) ¶
(1) ∂φ2 ∂ 2 φ1 ∂η2 ∂η1 ∂η1 ∂φ1 1 ∂η1 ∂φ1 ∂η2 ∂φ0
ρ + η1 − − − − 2 − = α(η2 + α2 η12 ), (A.5)
∂r ∂r2 ∂T0 ∂T1 ∂z ∂z r ∂θ ∂θ ∂z ∂z
·· ½ ·µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ ¸ µ ¶
∂φ2 ∂φ1 ∂ 2 φ1 1 ∂φ1 2 1 ∂φ1 2 ∂φ1 2 ∂φ2 ∂φ0 ∂φ1 ∂η1 ∂φ1
ρ + + η1 + + 2 + + + −
∂T0 ∂T1 ∂T0 ∂r 2 ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂r ∂T0 ∂r
µ µ ¶2 ¶¾¸¸
∂φ0 ∂η1 ∂η1 ∂η1 ∂φ1 ∂η1 ∂φ0 ∂ 2 φ1
+ − +2 − + η1
∂z ∂z ∂t0 ∂z ∂r ∂z ∂z ∂z∂r
½ 2 µ ¶ µ ¶ ¾
∂ η2 1 ∂η1 2 η2 η12 3 1 ∂η1 2 1 ∂ 2 η2 2 ∂ 2 η1
= −σ + + 2− 3− + 2 − 3 η1 2 . (A.6)
∂z 2 2R ∂z R R 2 R3 ∂θ r ∂θ2 r ∂θ
Order O(²3 )
¶µ µ ¶
∂η1 2
1 η1 1 ∂η1 ∂η2 η3 2η1 η2 η13 3 ∂η1 ∂η2 1 ∂ 2 η1 ∂η1 2
− + + 2− + − −
2 R2
∂z R ∂z ∂z R R3 R4 R3 ∂θ ∂θ 2R2 ∂z 2 ∂θ
µ ¶2 ½ µ ¶2 µ ¶ ¾
9 ∂η1 2
1 ∂ η3 2
1 ∂ η1 1 ∂η1 2η2 3η1 2 3 ∂η1 2
+ 4 η1 + 2 + 2 − − + 2 −
2R ∂θ R ∂θ2 R ∂θ2 2 ∂z R R 2R2 ∂θ
¸
2 ∂ 2 η2 2 ∂η1 ∂ 2 η1 ∂η1
− 3 η1 2 − 2 . (A.8)
R ∂θ R ∂θ ∂θ∂z ∂z