CITA 1

Ahmed y Morita (2018) propose:

“Reinforcing schemes are usually designed to resist tensile stresses in particular

regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural
failure. Modern reinforced concrete can include varied reinforcing materials made
of steel, polymers or alternate composite material alongwith its standard rebar.
RC may also be prestressed to improve the behavior of the final structure under
working loads” (p.12-13)

Ahmed, M. S., & Morita, H. (2018). An analysis of housing structures’ earthquake

vulnerability in two parts of dhaka city. Sustainability, 10(4), 1106

CITA 2
Jie Yan, Jun XIE y Guoshuai Sun (2014) expose:

“The building’s structure is brick-concrete whose cross walls bear the load. Its
floors are cast in place. The strength grade of the beam, ring beam and
constructional column is 20.The thicknesses of the interior wall and exterior wall
are 240mm and 370mm. The brick masonry is built by MU10 machine. Mortar is
M5 mixed mortar.(Section below ±0.000 uses M7.5 cement mortar).The strip
foundation is built by reinforced concrete whose bottom is 1.3m lower than
ground” (p.414)

Jie Yan, Jun XIE, & Guoshuai Sun. (2014). Anti-earthquake evaluation and
reinforcing of brick-concrete structure building of an army in Zhangjiakou. Applied
Mechanics & Materials, 711, 414–417.

CITA 3

Qazi, Sharif, Hameed, Khan y Ye(2013) expose:

“Because of excessive yielding at the ground story columns a shift in control from
load to displacement occurred. However in simulations it is impossible to shift the
control. As fiber model hold some simplifications which may also lead to some
differences in experimental and analytical results. Bond failures between steel and
concrete particularly after steel yielding is more prominent in real frames and
further slip at the base during test is ignored. Difference between analytical and
test results can also be realized by recognizing the basic assumptions behind the
formulation of fiber model “(p.46)

Qazi, A. U., Sharif, M. B., Hameed, A., Khan, N. M., & Ye, L. P. (2013). Analytical
Comparison of the Ordinary and High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Frames
against Earthquakes. Pakistan Journal of Science, 63(3), 44–49.
 CITA 4

Saatcioglu, Palermo Ghobarah, Simpson, Adebar,… Hong, H. (2013) expose:

“Structural damage in many recently built medium to high-rise buildings was

attributed to design and detailing deficiencies. The use of slender shear walls,
sometimes as thin as 150 mm, without any boundary elements and buckling
restraining ties, contributed to widespread damage, especially when these
deficiencies were coupled with soft soil conditions and irregular floor layouts. The
Plaza Mayor Complex in Concepcion demonstrates design deficiencies in walls and
columns “(p.704)

Saatcioglu, M., Palermo, D., Ghobarah, A., Mitchell, D., Simpson, R., Adebar, P., …
Hong, H. (2013). Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the 27
February 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake1. Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, 40(8), 693–710
CITA 5

Nemati,Sharafi,Samali,Aliabadizadeh y Saadati (2018) propose:

“The system fabric pneumatic formwork and PUR foam are the main materials
used for the system. A research study has been done in the Centre for
Infrastructure Engineering (CIE) of Western Sydney University in order to identify
the best pneumatic formwork textile [48]. Results showed the Barrateen is the
best candidate for being used as fabric formwork” (p.154)
Nemati, S., Sharafi, P., Samali, B., Aliabadizadeh, Y., & Saadati, S. (2018). Non-
reinforced foamfilled modules for rapidly assembled post disaster
housing. International Journal of GEOMATE, 14(45), 151-161.

CITA 6

Van Damme (2018) propose:

“The extensive use of reinforced concrete comes from the simple observation that
the Achilles' heal of plain (unreinforced) concrete is its poor tensile strength.
Concrete withstands very well large loads in compression thanks to its very dense
network of granular contacts, but because it is still porous, brittle, and crossed by
a myriad of watercovered interfaces, it doesn't withstand very well tensile efforts”
(p.4)
Van Damme, H. (2018). Concrete material science: Past, present, and future
innovations. Cement and Concrete Research.
 CITA 7

Yu, Chen, Fang y Huan (2018) propose:

“A determined nonlinear analytical approach was proposed, which was capable of
calculating the dynamic response of RC columns under kinds of blast loads
efficiently(…)It was then extended to consider the parameter uncertainty in the
following section” (p.2).

Yu, R., Chen, L., Fang, Q., & Huan, Y. (2018). An improved nonlinear analytical
approach to generate fragility curves of reinforced concrete columns subjected to
blast loads. Advances in structural engineering, 21(3), 396-414

CITA 8

Kolpakov, Savenkov, Mazur y Rudometkin (2015) propose:

“The formation dynamics of a CK and the final pro_ files of cavities in reference
obstacles (250_mm_thick plates made of armed concrete; Fig. 1, item 6) were
analyzed. The reference obstacles were placed at dis_ tance F = 0–50 mm from the
ECC base. The object of investigation was a multilayer obstacle with alternating
concrete and Fe (St 3 steel) layers, namely, 50 mm concrete + 12 mm Fe + 126 mm
concrete + 12 mm Fe + 50 mm concrete” (p.1).
Kolpakov, V., Savenkov, G., Mazur, A., & Rudometkin, K. (2015). Numerical
simulation of the efficiency of an extended cumulative charge acting against an
armed concrete obstacle. Technical Physics, 60(1), 1–7.

CITA 9

Mousa,Mohamed,y Benmokrane(2018) propose:

“The GFRP- and steel-RC specimens (8G20 and 8S20) were designed to have the
same flexural reinforcement ratio (1.2%). In contrast, 24G20 was designed with
longitudinal GFRP reinforcing bars equivalent to the axial stiffness of the flexural
steel reinforcing bars in the counterpart steel-RC specimen (8S20). Figure 4(a)
presents the moment-deflection curves for 8G20 and its counterpart reinforced
with steel (8S20).The post-cracking flexural stiffness was calculated as the average
slope of the curve” (p. 1356)
Mousa, S., Mohamed, H. M., & Benmokrane, B. (2018). Flexural Strength and
Design Analysis of Circular Reinforced Concrete Members with Glass Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer Bars and Spirals. ACI Structural Journal, 115(5), 1353–1364
 CITA 10
Arnulfo Luévanos Rojas. (2016) propose:
“With optimization problems the goal is to minimize the weight, volume or cost of
the structure under certain deterministic behavioral constraints. The
mathematical formulation of a typical structural optimization problem with
respect to the design variables and objective and constraint functions can be
expressed in standard mathematical terms as a nonlinear programming problem
as follows”(p.136)
Arnulfo Luévanos Rojas. (2016). Numerical experimentation for the optimal design
of reinforced rectangular concrete beams for singly reinforced
sections. Dyna, 83(196), 134.

CITA 11

Zou, X., Wang, Q., & Wu, J. (2018) propose:

“Studies on FRP-confined concrete have been conducted and various models are
available in the literature (De Lorenzis and Tepfers, 2003; Lam and Teng, 2003a;
Wei and Wu, 2012; Yu et al., 2015). Lam and Teng (2003b) presented a model
which is able to capture all major characteristics of the stress–strain relationship
of FRP-confined concrete; therefore, it is employed in this study. In this model, the
entire stress– strain curve is divided into two segments which are represented
using a parabolic function and a linear function, respectively “(p.840)

Zou, X., Wang, Q., & Wu, J. (2018). Reliability-based performance design
optimization for seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings with fiber-
reinforced polymer composites. Advances in Structural Engineering, 21(6), 838–
851

CITA 12

Hurol, Y. (2014) propose:

“The criteria of earthquake resistant structural design of reinforced concrete

frame
systems up to 5 storeys, can be analyzed by using the earthquake regulations of
different countries (in this case Turkey) and the general knowledge of designing
such structures. These criteria can be grouped under the headings of:
Geometric analysis of plan and placement of column axes, Selection of slab types,
Design of cantilevers, Design of stair cases, Determining dimensions of columns
and their design in the 3rd dimension, Arrangement of columns in plan,
Determining the sizes of galleries, Determining shape and dimension of beams,
Arrangement of partition walls”.(p.601)
 Hurol, Y. (2014). Ethical considerations for a better collaboration between
architects and structural engineers: Design of buildings with reinforced concrete
frame systems in earthquake zones. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(2), 597-
612.

CITA 13

Jiulin Bai, Shuangshuang Jin, Chuan Zhang, & Jinping Ou. (2016) propose:

“Utilizes the multi-stage and single-stage pushover analyses to estimate the

seismic demands which are determined by enveloping the results of single-stage
and multi-stage pushover analyses. The single-stage pushover analysis uses an
invariant inverted triangular force distribution for medium-rise buildings and an
invariant uniform load pattern for high-rise buildings, to mainly capture the first-
mode response. The CMP has the advantage that the modal nonlinear interactions
are explicitly modeled in a way that may cause different inelastic”(p.1314)

Jiulin Bai, Shuangshuang Jin, Chuan Zhang, & Jinping Ou. (2016). Seismic
optimization design for uniform damage of reinforced concrete moment-resisting
frames using consecutive modal pushover analysis. Advances in Structural
Engineering, 19(8), 1313–1327.

CITA 14

N Karthiga, A. S., & Arunachalam, N. (2017) propose:

“Vertical suspenders in a bowstring girder and the-, ring beam of a dome are some
of the members subjected to direct tensile forces. Many RC structural components
such as walls of water tanks, bunkers, silos, and counter forts of retaining walls are
subjected to tensile force, in addition to”(p.100) bending moments.
N Karthiga, A. S., & Arunachalam, N. (2017). Comparison of optimal costs of axially
loaded RC tension members using indian and euro standards.Archives of Civil
Engineering, 63(1), 99-113.

CITA 15

Weichen Xue, Fei Peng, & Zhiqing Fang. (2018) propose:

“The behavior of FRP-RC columns with varying design parameters cannot be fully
covered experimentally, as this would be both time-consuming and expensive.
Hence,validated numerical modeling is essential for performing a parametric
 study. In this section, nonlinear FE modeling is established to determine the
ultimate capacity of slender FRP-RC column. The established FE model will be used
to perform a detailed parametric analysis of slenderness effect of FRP-RC column
in the next section”.(p.314)
Weichen Xue, Fei Peng, & Zhiqing Fang. (2018). Behavior and Design of Slender
Rectangular Concrete Columns Longitudinally Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer Bars. ACI Structural Journal, 115(2), 311–322.

CITA 16

Panda, S. S., & Gangolu, A. R. (2017) expose:

“According to Watstein and Mathey,1 for two-point loading in RC beams without

shear reinforcements, dowel force becomes maximum at load when the diagonal
tension crack first approaches the outer edge of the bearing plate and
subsequently decreases rapidly. The initial dowel force is found greater for beams
containing larger bar diameter and percentage longitudinal reinforcement. The
dowel force ranges from 0.38 to 0.74 of total shear at loads from 0.42 to 0.46 of
maximum”.(p.1496)

Panda, S. S., & Gangolu, A. R. (2017). Study of Dowel Action in Reinforced

Concrete Beam by Factorial Design of Experiment. ACI Structural Journal, 114(6),
1495–1505

CITA 17

Sanghee Kim, Kang, T. H.-K., & Hyun Do Yun. (2017) expose:

“In the study of Hrynyk and Vecchio (2014), impact resistance, stiffness, and
displacement capacity of SFRC were greater than reinforced concrete and were
highly related to the steel fiber volume fraction. In the research of Dancygier and
Yankelevsky (1996), steel fibers in the concrete matrix turned out to improve
impact resistance and reduce the damage of front and rear faces of panels
Almusallam et al. (2013) found that penetration depth was not highly affected by
types of fibers or fiber volume fraction, but overall weight loss became lower with
fibers mixed”.(p.912)

Sanghee Kim, Kang, T. H.-K., & Hyun Do Yun. (2017). Evaluation of Impact
Resistance of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Panels Using Design Equations. ACI
Structural Journal, 114(4), 911–921.
 CITA 18

Baek-Il Bae, Hyun-Ki Choi, & Chang-Sik, C. (2016) expose:

“Reinforced concrete members using normal strength concrete are designed with
an assumption that stress distribution canbe shapedwith rectangle and concret
cannot transfer the tensile stress(…) Since ultra high performance concrete has
much higher compressive strength than normal strength concrete and usually
reinforcedwith steel fiber, shape of stress distribution in compression side will be
changed and tensile stress distribution in tension side should be considered, in
order to calculate the flexural strength of section”.(p.2)

Baek-Il Bae, Hyun-Ki Choi, & Chang-Sik, C. (2016). Flexural strength evaluation of
reinforced concrete members with ultra high performance concrete.Advances in
Materials Science and Engineering, 2016

CITA 19

Rutenberg, A. (2013) expose:

“It is often necessary to increase the strength over significant portions of the wall
height if yield is to be confined per capacity design to the plastic hinge zone at the
base; whereas allowing yield to propagate upwards (with base level flexural
strength) leads to some reduction in the shear demand”.(p.1740)

Rutenberg, A. (2013). Seismic shear forces on RC walls: Review and

bibliography. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11(5), 1727-1751.

CITA 20

Connor, A. B., & Kim, Y. H. (2016) expose:

“The main design framework for shear-friction is essentially the same for that of
shear. Typically, nominal shear capacity Vn is the lump sum provided by concrete
Vc and reinforcement Vs. For structural members without transverse (for
example, shear) reinforcement, shear is transferred through three mechanisms:
shear in the compression zone, aggregate interlock, and dowel action of the
reinforcement”.(p.1369)

Connor, A. B., & Kim, Y. H. (2016). Shear-transfer mechanisms for glass fiber-
reinforced polymer reinforcing bars. ACI Structural Journal, 113(6), 1369-1380,1-2.
 CITA 21

Zheng, Y., Wu, X., He, G., Shang, Q., Xu, J., & Sun, Y. (2018) expose:

“Standard length of 150mm cube specimen was used I the cube compressive
strength test, and the methods an procedures of “ordinary concrete mechanical
properties tes method standard” GB/T 50080-2016 and “test method fo fiber
concrete” (CECS 13-2009) were referred to conduct th test. +e constant-speed
stress control was used in this test and loading speed was 0.6 MPa/s; the
specimen would b automatically unloaded, and the strength of damage was
recorded by the machine”.(p.2-3)

Zheng, Y., Wu, X., He, G., Shang, Q., Xu, J., & Sun, Y. (2018). Mechanical properties
of steel fiber-reinforced concrete by vibratory mixing technology. Advances in Civil
Engineering, 2018,

CITA 22

Xue, W., Peng, F., & Fang, Z. (2018) expose:

“R.C. consists of two main construction materials that are used in construction
work, and which were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century; the
first being plain concrete, which will resist compressive stresses and the second
being reinforcement bars to resist tensile stresses. Plain concrete is a mix of
cement, coarse aggregate (gravel), fine aggregate (sand), water and admixtures,
whereas the density of normal weight R.C. is approximately 25 kN/m3 (2,500
kg/m3). The gravel has gradation ranging from 6 to 25mm”(p.159)

Xue, W., Peng, F., & Fang, Z. (2018). Behavior and design of slender rectangular
concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer bars. ACI
Structural Journal, 115(2), 311-322.

CITA 23

Kim, Y. J., & Al-Kubaisi, A. (2018) expose:

“The effect of compressive concrete strength fc′ is shown in Fig. 14(a). This
parameter is engaged with the elastic modulus of the concrete Ec that influences
the flexural rigidity of the beam (Eq. (5) and (9)). With an increase in concrete
strength from 20 MPa to 50 MPa (2900 to 7250 psi) at a differential settlement of
10.5 mm (0.41 in.) resulting K = 8.4 MPa/m (31 psi/in.)” (p.201)
 Kim, Y. J., & Al-Kubaisi, A. (2018). Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-strengthened
reinforced concrete beams subjected to differential settlement. ACI Structural
Journal, 115(1), 191-202.

CITA 24

Popa, V., Cotofana, D., & Vacareanu, R. (2014) expose:

“Effective stiffness of the reinforced concrete members represents a key design

assumption. As force-based design with linear structural analysis is commonly
performed, effective stiffness of the structural members influences dynamic
characteristics of the building, design seismic load, internal forces distribution and
lateral displacement demand. Overestimating the lateral stiffness of the building
usually yields to overestimating of the design seismic load”.(p.2714)

Popa, V., Cotofana, D., & Vacareanu, R. (2014). Effective stiffness and
displacement capacity of short reinforced concrete columns with low concrete
quality. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(6), 2705-2721.

CITA 25

Alif, S. L., Shahidan, S., Mohd, Y. Y., Sharifah Salwa, M. Z., & Noor, A. M. (2017). expose:

“Coconut shell may offer itself as a potential construction material in the field of
construction industries and would solve the environmental problem of reducing
the generation of solid wastes simultaneously. Coconut shel is often used as a
composite in concrete because of the characteristics found in it better than
material that commonly used in production of concrete “(p.1)

Alif, S. L., Shahidan, S., Mohd, Y. Y., Sharifah Salwa, M. Z., & Noor, A. M. (2017).
Workability and compressive strength for concrete with coconut shell aggregate.