MECH 2401 THERMODYNAMICS 1

ASSIGNMENT : HVAC SYSTEM

LECTURER : DR. NG KHAI MUN

NO NAME ID NO. PROGRAMME

1 AZMEERUL BIN JAAFAR 163017439 AME302

2 THINAKARAN A/L SANGERAN 163017429 AME302

3 FADHIL HIDAYAT BIN RIDZUAN 163017727 AME302

HVAC System

The initial HVAC is stand for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. This system was
designed to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality for residential,
commercial or industrial buildings. HVAC system is an application of mechanical engineering
based on the principles of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.

Heating System

A heating system is for maintaining temperatures at an acceptable level by using thermal

energy. Generally, heating system is to generate heat for the building. This system mostly used in
cold weather country.
Main component in heating system:-

1. Boiler

2. Furnace

3. Heat pump
4. Radiator

5. Hydronic
Ventilation system

Ventilation is a process to circulate or changing or replacing air in any space with outside
air to remove the dust, moisture, odors, smoke, heat, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to
replenish oxygen. Ventilation process is one of the application from theory of mechanical fluids.
There are 2 types of ventilation system. Forced ventilation and natural ventilation. Forced
ventilation is provide by an air handler, drive direct fan or blower, recuperator, exhaust fan,
ceiling fan and table or floor fan. Natural ventilation is provide by window, louvers and trickle
vents. However, in my opinion a perfect ventilation system will need both forced and natural
ventilation
Main component for ventilation system:-

1. Forced ventilation

Air handler

Direct drive fan and recuperator

 Exhaust fan

Ceiling fan

Table and floor fan

2. Natural ventilation

Window

Louvers

Trickle vents
Air-Conditioning system

The main function of an air conditioning system is mainly to produce cool ventilation
inside the building in which the heat is taken out from a certain location to give a chilled air
effect. The main process is that the air circulation is drawn to the condenser containing
refrigerant gas. The circulation process undergoes three stages wherein the evaporator carries
secondary cooled refrigerant passing through to release ice-cold air into the area. Therefore, an
air conditioning system can make the air indoors cold and release hot air outside.
Main component for air-conditioning system:-

1. Evaporator

2. Condenser

3. Blower
 4. Compressor

Thermodynamics principle in HVAC

Heating system

There are 3 types of heat transfer mentioned in the 1st law of thermodynamics. Those are
radiation, convection and conduction. All the component in heating system use this type of heat
transfer to transfer heat to the surrounding. For the heat pump also the same but the heat flow
from low to high temperature and we must supply the energy for the heat pump to operate. This
was mentioned in 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Ventilation system

For example, a home contains multiple sources of heat that came from the bathroom
(while taking shower), kitchen (when cooking), household appliances (washing machine and
oven) or the occupants. This air was filled with heat energy, is generally considered to be
contaminated and removed by the ventilation system to replace it with the fresh air. This process
is a heat transfer which is under thermodynamics principle.

Air-conditioning system

The second law of thermodynamics states that heat flows from hotter to colder bodies
naturally. You can only transfer heat from a colder body to a warmer body through some kind of
external work.
Latest Technology in HVAC

Ventilation system

Recuperator

- A device that use in ventilation system to maintain the heat. The function of this device is
to allow the ventilation system to replace the air without heat loss in a room.
- Some of this device came in a smart version which can control pressure and humidity of
the air in a room
- Mostly used in cold weather country

Heating system

Hydronic heating
- Hydronic heating system use radiation to transfer heat to the occupants in the house or
building
- This system use boiler to heat the water. Then, the hot water will be transfer through the
pipe to the radiator which act as a heat emitter. The radiator will be install under the
floor.
- Modern hydronic technology allowed the user to set the temperature to provide ultimate
comfort in the house.
Air-conditioning system

Tesco is to entirely replace its in-store compressor-based cooling systems with an

evaporative alternative by 2025 that is expected to cut out refrigerant use for air conditioning
purposes. The retailer has announced a partnership with Cosaf to meet these aims through the
implementation of the Air2O IDEC evaporative cooling air conditioning technology. Tesco also
expects to reduce energy usage by up to 80 per cent by adopting the technology at its UK shops
and storage facilities. Over the next eight years, Tesco intends to move away from relying on
direct expansion (DX) air conditioning, while reducing running and maintenance costs.

According to Cosaf, the Air2O system is intended to be more environmentally friendly by

offering a combination of direct and indirect evaporation cooling that eliminates use of harmful
gases in the cooling process.

“[The system] also utilises IDEC technology to eliminate stale air recycling, delivering
100 per cent hygienic fresh air with no harmful gases for Tesco’s produce, employees and
customers,” the company claimed.

Cosaf has argued that despite major grocery stores using refrigerant systems for fridges
and freezers, many are also relying on “outdated” F-Gas legacy systems to cool their stores.

According to the cooling supplier, these systems have significant up front cost, and make
use of CFC, GWP and HFC gases that are in the process of being phased back or cut down in
line with international regulations.

Roger Oliver, HVAC engineering manager with Tesco, said the new partnerships
reflected aims to ensure a more efficient and healthy environment at the retailer’s estates for staff
and customers.

“We required an alternative cooling solution that wouldn’t rely on refrigerant gas, and
would fit within our existing AHU model. Cosaf worked closely with our AHU supplier to
deliver a solution that effectively aligned with these parameters,” he said.

Tesco’s latest cooling partnership will build on existing work with Cosaf. This includes
the installation of an Air2O system at its Henley-on-Thames superstore last December to trial the
technology in a live environment.
HVAC System in Block 11 (Level 2)

Stairs 212 211 210 Stairs

2 AC 2 AC 2 AC
2 windows 2 windows 2 windows
2 doors

213 212
3 AC 2 AC
3 windows 2 windows
205
2 AC 2 doors

206 207 212

2 doors 4 AC 4 AC 2 AC
2 windows
204 2 doors
2 AC 2 doors 2 doors

2 doors

203 202 201

2 AC 2 AC 2 AC
Stairs 2 windows 2 windows 2 windows Stairs

* 2/4 AC means, the room got 2/4 air-conditioning vents.

Overall level 2 of block 11 only use air-conditioning system and natural ventilation.
There are no forced ventilation and heating system. All the classroom has at least 2 air-
conditioning vents and 2 windows except for room 204, 205, 206 and 207, there no windows and
only use air-conditioning. I wonder what will happen to those occupants in this rooms if the air-
conditioning system is down or malfunction.
HVAC System in Block 9 (Level 2)

Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Room 4 Room 5 Room 6

6 AC 6 AC 6 AC 6 AC 6 AC 6 AC
6x9 windows 12x2 windows 12x2 windows 12x2 windows 12x2 windows 12x6 windows

Stairs Stairs

* 6 AC means, the room got 6 air-conditioning vents.

All the rooms in level 2 of block 9 got 6 air-conditioning vents in each room. Same as
level 2 of block 11, this block only use air-conditioning and natural ventilation system as their
HVAC system. This block also not using the heating system.
HVAC System in Block 3 (Ground floor)

Electronic Lab
2 AC
2 windows
Automotive Workshop

Autotronic 6 exhaust fan

Lab 2 10 wall fan
1 AC 42 windows
1 window

Autotronic
Lab 1
Strength Lab 1 AC
1 AC
5 windows
Trainer Room
2 AC
3 windows

Thermodynamics &
Fluid Lab ML11 Machine Workshop
2 AC
2 AC
1 exhaust fan 7 exhaust fan
2 windows
3 windows 9 wall fan
43 windows
ML12
1 AC
4 windows
 For ground floor of Block 3 is a little bit different compare with block 9 (level2) and
block 11 (level 2) especially the workshops (machine & automotive). Both workshop use
ventilation system perfectly with the combination of natural and forced ventilation also known as
hybrid ventilation. For the rooms and labs are the same like the other block, only using the air-
conditioning and natural ventilation except for thermodynamics and fluid lab, it has 1 exhaust
fan (forced ventilation).

Proposal to improve building thermal loads. (Block 3, 9 & 11)

The HVAC system of block 3 is more efficient compare to the block 9 & 11. This is
because in block 3 they use every HVAC system in their building. So if one system not working,
they got other system to support. For example, in Thermodynamics & Fluid lab, if the air-
conditioning not working, it still had windows and exhaust fan to circulate the air inside with
fresh outside air. In the both workshops, the air circulate more efficient because the wall fans and
the exhaust fan will help the ventilation system work perfectly. (hybrid ventilation system)

In block 9 and 11, they only use air-conditioning and natural ventilation. If the air-
conditioning not working and that day is not a windy day, the rooms cannot be use. For room
204-207 of block 11, its worst because the rooms have no window at all.

To improve the HVAC system for those building, we need to install all the HVAC system
in each room because we need to prepare for the worst scenario. Except for the heating system,
no need to install them because our country is not a cold weather country. Only in cold weather
country need to use heating system because they need heat up their house or building during
winter and fall.