ME2200

Ratna Kumar Annabattula

Failure of Materials Office: MDS-208
email: ratna@iitm.ac.in
 Contents
❖ Introduction
❖ Stress tensor and its invariants
❖ Static failure theories
❖ Ductile Materials
❖ Tresca and Von-mises
❖ Brittle Materials
❖ Maximum normal stress theory, Mohr-Coulomb and Modified Mohr-
Coulomb
❖ Factor of Safety
❖ Stress Concentration at Notches
❖ Application of failure theories
 Learning Objectives

1. Write invariants of a stress tensor

2. Deduce the relation between eigenvalues of a stress

tensor and principal stresses

3. Write the stress concentration factors for specific types

of loading and geometry

4. Write the names of static failure theories for ductile and

brittle materials
 Learning Objectives
5. Derive the expression for von Mises and Tresca yield
criterion and list the underlying assumptions

6. Plot the 2D yield surface for each failure theory

mentioned in (5)

7. Design simple machine elements (bar, shaft and beam)

under different loading conditions using different failure
theories

8. Discuss relevant merits of each theory in the design

 What is Failure?

❖ Does failure mean the ultimate fracture?

❖ How does one define failure for ductile and brittle
materials?
❖ For engineering applications, what is considered as
failure?
❖ Are material properties important?
 Typical Failures of Structures

An oil tanker fractured in a brittle manner Local buckling of a beam

 Why do parts fail?

❖ The single question that contributed to rich scientific

understanding of failure of materials!
 Failure of Materials
❖ Mohr’s circle for a uniaxial
tensile test (left) shows the
existence of shear stress at
some planes
❖ Existence of normal stress Mohr’s circle for uniaxial tension and torsion
for a case of torsion test
(pure shear)
❖ In both the cases, which
stress causes the failure?
 Failure of Materials
❖ In a static tensile test, in general, ductile materials are
limited by their shear strength and the brittle materials
are by their normal strength
❖ Hence, one kind of failure theory doesn’t explain all the
materials
❖ Different failure theories for the two classes (ductile and
brittle) of materials
❖ But, before actually talking about a failure theory, a
proper definition of failure itself is important!
 What is a ductile material?

❖ If the percentage elongation upto fracture is greater than

5%
❖ For many ductile materials, this number is usually 10%
 Failure of Materials

❖ A component may be considered failed if it yields and

deforms sufficiently large leading to improper
functioning
❖ A component might fail by fracture
❖ Both the conditions are failures; but the mechanisms are
different!
❖ Static or Dynamic!
 Failure of Ductile Materials

❖ Ductile materials fail by fracture if loaded beyond

ultimate tensile strength
❖ Typically, the machine components made of ductile
materials are considered to be failed when they yield
under static loading.
❖ Yield strength of a ductile material is much less than the
ultimate strength.
Need for a Failure Theory
Assumptions in Failure Theories of Materials

❖ No crack is present
❖ Material is isotropic and homogeneous
 General Form of Failure Criteria
❖ The resistance of a material to yielding is given by yield
strength
❖ To apply fracture criteria, ultimate tensile strength is
used
❖ Failure criterion for isotropic materials can be expressed
in the form of

f( 1, 2, 3) = c (at failure)
❖ σc is the failure stress (yield or ultimate) depending on
the material
 General Form of Failure Criteria
❖ Why is the failure criteria written in principal stress space?
❖ A valid failure criterion should result in the same outcome
independent of the choice of the coordinate system
❖ Hence, the functional form of f could also be in terms of
invariants of the stress tensor
❖ When plotted in principal stress space, the function f indicates a
surface called failure surface (yield surface/fracture surface)
❖ Different failure theories are basically difference choices for the
mathematical form of the function f
❖ Engineers tend to choose the mathematical form which matches
closely with the experiments
Failure Theories (Ductile Materials)

❖ Maximum normal stress theory (Rankine)

❖ Maximum normal strain theory (Saint-Venant)
❖ Total strain energy theory (Haigh)
❖ Distortion energy (von Mises-Hencky) theory
❖ Maximum shear stress theory (Guest-Tresca)
 Failure Theories

❖ Maximum normal stress theory (Rankine)

❖ Maximum normal strain theory (Saint-Venant)
❖ Total strain energy theory (Haigh)
❖ Distortion energy theory (von Mises-Hencky)
❖ Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca-Guest)

The last two theories agree much better with experimental observations!
 Principal Stresses
❖ At every point in a stressed body, there exists at least three planes
with normal vectors n, called principal directions, where
corresponding stress vector is perpendicular to the plane. The
three stresses normal to the principal plane are called principal
stresses.

Ti = ij nj
A stress vector parallel to the normal unit vector is given by
T= nn
(n)
T = n= nn
 Stress Invariants
(n)
Ti = ni
ij nj = ni
ij nj ni = 0
( ij ij ) nj =0
The non-trivial solution for the above system requires

| ij ij | =0
3 2
=) + I1 I2 + I3 = 0
I1 = 11 + 22 + = tr( ) [trace of the stress tensor]
33

2 2 2 1⇥ 2 2
⇤
I2 = 11 22 + 22 33 + 11 33 12 23 31 = tr( ) tr( ) [sum of the principal minors]
2
2 2 2
I3 = 11 22 33 + 2 12 23 31 12 33 23 11 31 22 = det( ) [determinant]
 Principal Stresses
❖ Stress tensor in the principal co-ordinate frame
2 3
1 0 0 I 1 = 1 + 2 + 3
=40 2 05 I2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 1 3
0 0 3 I3 = 1 2 3
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ Microscopic yielding is due to relative sliding
of atoms within their lattice structure
❖ Sliding is caused by shear stress (dislocation
motion) accompanied by distortion of the
shape of the part
❖ Energy stored in the material from the
distortion is an indicator of shear stress present
❖ Old School: Total strain energy stored in the
material causes yield failure
❖ Experiments proved them wrong!
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ Total strain energy density (assume linear stress-strain up
to yield)
1
U= ✏
2
❖ In three-dimensions (using principal stresses and strains)
1
U = ( 1 ✏1 + 2 ✏2 + 3 ✏3 )
2
⇣ ⌘
1 2 3
✏1 = ⌫ +
E ⇣E E⌘
2 1 3
✏2 = ⌫ +
E ⇣E E⌘
3 1 2
✏3 = ⌫ +
E E E
1 2 2 2
U= 1 + 2 + 3 2⌫ [ 1 2 + 2 3 + 1 3]
2E
 Hydrostatic Loading
❖ Very large amount of energy can be stored in a material without
failure if it is hydrostatically loaded
❖ This is possible because of creation of uniform stress state in all
directions
❖ Materials can be hydrostatically stressed beyond ultimate strength in
compression
❖ P. W. Bridgman (remember Bridgman’s correction) subjected ice to 1
Mpsi hydrostatic compression with no failure
❖ Hypothesis: Uniform stress in all directions creates only volume
change, but no distortion
❖ What is Mohr’s circle for a hydrostatic state of stress?
 Hydrostatic Loading
❖ Very large amount of energy can be stored in a material without
failure if it is hydrostatically loaded
❖ This is possible because of creation of uniform stress state in all
directions
❖ Materials can be hydrostatically stressed beyond ultimate strength in
compression
❖ P. W. Bridgman (remember Bridgman’s correction) subjected ice to 1
Mpsi hydrostatic compression with no failure
❖ Hypothesis: Uniform stress in all directions creates only volume
change, but no distortion
❖ What is Mohr’s circle for a hydrostatic state of stress?
a point
 Components of Strain Energy
U = Uh + Ud Total Strain Energy = Hydrostatic Energy + Distortion Energy

1 = h + 1d

2 = h + 2d

3 = h + 3d

1 + 2 + 3 =3 h +( 1d + 2d + 3d )
3 h = 1 + 2 + 3 ( 1d + 2d + 3d )

For a volumetric change with no distortion:

1 + 2 + 3
h =
3
 Hydrostatic and Distortion Strain Energy
1 2 2 2
Uh = h+ h+ h 2⌫ [ h h + h h + h h]
2E
1 ⇥ ⇤
= 3 h2 2⌫ 3 h2
2E
3 (1 2⌫) 2
= h
2 E
(1 2⌫) ⇥ 2 2 2
⇤
Uh = 1 + 2 + 3 + 2( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1)
6E
Ud = U Uh
⇢
1 ⇥ 2 2 2
⇤
1 + 2 + 3 2⌫ ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1)
2E ⇢
1 2⌫ ⇥ 2 2 2
⇤
1 + 2 + 3 + 2( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1)
6E
 Distortion Energy Theory
1+⌫ ⇥ 2 2 2
⇤
Ud = 1 + 2 + 3 1 2 2 3 1 3
3E
❖ To check for failure, we compare the distortion energy per unit volume (above
equation)with the distortion energy per unit volume in a tensile test specimen at failure.

❖ The failure stress for a ductile material is its yield strength and it is a case of uniaxial
tension (𝜎1=𝜎y, 𝜎2=𝜎3=0)
1+⌫ 2
U dy = y
3E
❖ Failure criterion is given by
q
Ud  Udy =) 2 + 2 + 2 
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 y
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ For the case of pure shear
For pure shear (torsion) case 1 =⌧ = 3; 2 =0
2 2 2 2 2
y = 1 + 3 1 3 =3 1 = 3⌧max
y
1 = p = 0.577 y = ⌧max
3
Shear yield strength of a ductile material is 0.577 times the tensile
yield strength: ys = 0.577 y

Ductile Failure from Distortion Energy Theory: Failure in case of ductile

materials in static tensile loading is considered to be due to shear stress
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ The statement of distortion energy theory is
q
2 2 2
y = 1 + 2 + 3 1 2 2 3 1 3

❖ In two dimensions, σ2 = 0
q
2 2
y = 1 + 3 1 3
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ The statement of distortion energy theory is
q
2 2 2
y = 1 + 2 + 3 1 2 2 3 1 3

❖ In two dimensions, σ2 = 0
q
2 2
y = 1 + 3 1 3 Equation of an ellipse
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ The statement of distortion energy theory is
q
2 2 2
y = 1 + 2 + 3 1 2 2 3 1 3

❖ In two dimensions, σ2 = 0
q
2 2
y = 1 + 3 1 3 Equation of an ellipse
 Distortion Energy Theory
❖ The 3-D distortion energy equation describes a circular
cylinder inclined at Euler angles 450 to the principal stress
axes
❖ The interior of the cylinder is the safe region against yielding
❖ Axis of the cylinder describes the locus of all hydrostatic
stresses extending to +/- infinity (means, no failure by
hydrostatic part alone for ductile material)
❖ The intersection of this cylinder with each of the principal
axes is an ellipse as shown earlier in 2D case
Distortion Energy Theory
 Von-Mises Equivalent Stress
❖ The von Mises effective stress is defined as the uniaxial tensile stress that would create
the same distortion energy as is created by the actual combination of applied stresses
q
= 2 + 2 + 2
e 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3
r
( 2 2 2 2 + ⌧2 + ⌧2 )
x y) +( y z) +( z x) + 6(⌧xy yz xz
e =
2

❖ Designers use factor of safety to ensure a safe design. Hence, while using a failure
theory one needs to take into account of appropriate factor of safety.

y
Factor of Safety N =
e
y
The modified distortion energy theory statement is = e
N
 Stress Deviator
❖ The stress tensor σij can be written as sum of
❖ Hydrostatic component which changes the volume of the body
❖ Deviatoric component which changes the shape of the stressed
body
=s+ h
kk
ij = sij + ij
3
2 3 2 3 2 3
s11 s12 s13 11 12 13 ⇡ 0 0
4s21 s22 s23 5 = 4 5 40 ⇡ 05
21 22 23
11 + 22 + 33
s31 s32 s33
2
31 32 33 0 0 ⇡
3
⇡=
⇡
3
11 12 13
=4 21 22 ⇡ 23
5
31 32 33 ⇡
 Invariants of the stress deviator
3 2
|sij ij | = J1 J2 J3 = 0,
J1 = skk = 0
1h 2 2 2
i
2 2 2
J2 = ( 11 22 ) + ( 22 33 ) + ( 33 11 ) + 12 + 23 + 31
6
1 2
= I1 I2 J2 is the negative of the sum of the principal minors of
3 deviatoric stress
J3 = det(sij )
2 3 1
= I1 I1 I2 + I3
27 3

❖ skk = 0, implies that the stress deviator is in a state of pure shear

The equivalent or von-Mises stress e is defined as

r
p 1
= 3J2 = [( 1 2 2 2
e 2) + ( 2 3) + ( 3 1) ]
2
 Stress Deviator
2 3
10 6 0
10 + 10 + 1 21
ij =4 6 10 05 m = =
0 0 1 3 3
2 3 2 3 2 21 3
10 6 0 3 6 0 3 0 0
=s+ h =) 4 6 10 05 = 4 6 3 0 5+40 21
3 05
21
0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 3

1 = 16; 2 = 4; 3 =1 s1 = 6; s2 = 3; s3 = 9

I1 = 21; I2 = 84; I3 = 64 J1 = 0; J2 = 63; J3 = 162

Transform the matrices σ and s using principal directions and see what comes out
 Exercise

❖ Stress analysis of a space craft

structure gives the state of
stress as shown in the figure. If
the part is made from 7075-T6
aluminium alloy with σy = 500
MPa, will it exhibit yielding? If
not, what is the factor of
safety?
Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca-Guest Theory)

❖ First proposed by Coulomb and later by Tresca followed

by J. Guest
❖ Statement: Failure occurs when the maximum shear stress in
a part exceeds the shear stress in a tensile specimen at yield
(one-half of the tensile strength)

ys = 0.5 y

⌧max = y /2
 Maximum shear stress theory
❖ For a general loading case,
1 3
⌧max = , ( 1 2 3)
2
❖ Maximum shear stress theory states that yielding occurs when
1 3 y
2 2
=) 1 3 y
 MSS theory in two dimensions
❖ Plane stress problems: one of the principal stresses is zero and the other two are σA and
σB

Case I: A > B >0

A y
Case I: σ1=σA, σ3=0
Case II: A >0> B
Case II: σ1=σA, σ3=σB
A B y Case III: σ1=0, σ3=σB
Case III: 0 > A > B

B y

Failure surface of MSS for

plane stress where σA and
σB are nonzero principal
stresses
 MSS theory in two dimensions
❖ Plane stress problems: one of the principal stresses is zero and the other two are σA and
σB

Case I: A > B >0

A y
Case I: σ1=σA, σ3=0
Case II: A >0> B
Case II: σ1=σA, σ3=σB
A B y Case III: σ1=0, σ3=σB
Case III: 0 > A > B

B y

Failure surface of MSS for

plane stress where σA and
σB are nonzero principal
stresses
Failure locus of MSS and DE Theory
 Maximum normal stress theory

❖ Only historical theory

❖ Not safe to use for ductile materials
❖ Failure occurs when the normal stress in the specimen reaches
tensile yield strength or ultimate tensile strength of the material.
Comparisons of three theories with Experimental Data

❖ Both distortion
energy theory and
maximum shear
stress theory are
acceptable for ductile,
homogeneous,
isotropic materials
whose compressive
and tensile strengths
are of the same
magnitude.
 Example Problem

A hot rolled steel has a yield strength of σty = σcy =100 kpsi. Estimate the factor of safety
for the following principal stress states:
(1) 70, 70, 0 kpsi
(2) 30, 70, 0 kpsi
(3) 0, 70, -30 kpsi
(4) 0, -30, -70 kpsi
(5) 30, 30, 30 kpsi

Factor of Safety N = y/ e
 Example Problem

Polar moment of inertia of a thin tube J = 2⇡r3 t

 Solution
Yield Strength y = 400 MPa
Radius of the shaft r = 10 mm
Torque applied T = 40 N-m
Compressive Load P = 400 N
P 20 
= = ⌧
2⇡rt ⇡t
Tr 200 ⌧ 0
⌧= = = 10
J ⇡t
p
p = ± 100.25| |
2
MSS : 1 3 = Y
 Failure of Brittle Materials

Ductile failure of a mild steel specimen Brittle failure of a cast iron specimen

Compression failure of (a) ductile and (b) brittle materials

 Failure of Brittle Materials
❖ Brittle materials fracture rather than yield.
❖ Brittle fracture in tension is due to normal stress only(Maximum normal stress theory).
❖ Brittle fracture in compression is due to combination of normal and shear stress hence
requires a different theory.
❖ Even material: Compressive strength equal to their tensile strength (wrought steels are
brittle; but their tensile strength is equal to their compressive strength), e.g: fully
hardened tool steel (can be brittle)
❖ Uneven material: Compressive strength is not equal to tensile strength (gray cast iron
is brittle; its compressive strength is much higher (3 to 4 times) than tensile strength).
❖ Presence of microscopic flaws in castings
❖ Some cast, brittle materials can have a higher shear strength than their tensile
strength.
 Failure of Brittle Materials
❖ Some cast, brittle materials have a greater shear strength
compared to tensile strength
❖ Shear strength of ductile materials is about one half of the tensile
strength

Ductile steel specimen Brittle cast iron specimen

❖ Ductile steel specimen fails in shear. Since torsion is a pure shear loading, the failure is along the maximum shear plane
(plane normal to axis)
❖ Brittle cast iron specimen fails along a 45o plane to the specimen axis as the failure is along the planes of maximum normal
stress as the material is weak in tension
 Failure of Brittle Materials
❖ Failure line is independent of normal stress in even material
❖ For uneven materials: failure lines are functions of both
normal stress and shear stress
Mohr’s hypothesis for failure

Uni-axial compression test

Torsion (pure shear) test Failure surface
Uni-axial tension test
 Coulomb-Mohr theory
❖ The circles OBiCi are similar
B2 C 2 B1 C 1 B3 C 3 B1 C 1
=
OC2 OC1 OC3 OC1

1 3 St Sc St
2 2 2 2
St 1+ 3
= Sc St
2 2 2 + 2
1 3
=) =1
St Sc
❖ Assume for a plane stress case, σA >= σB
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St

Case 2: A 0 B
=) 1 = A, 3 = B.
A B
=) 1
St Sc
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St

Case 2: A 0 B
=) 1 = A, 3 = B.
A B
=) 1
St Sc
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St

Case 2: A 0 B
=) 1 = A, 3 = B.
A B
=) 1
St Sc
Case 3: 0 A B
=) 1 = 0, 3 = B.
=) B  Sc
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St

Case 2: A 0 B
=) 1 = A, 3 = B.
A B
=) 1
St Sc
Case 3: 0 A B
=) 1 = 0, 3 = B.
=) B  Sc
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St

Case 2: A 0 B
=) 1 = A, 3 = B.
A B
=) 1
St Sc
Case 3: 0 A B
The other 3 boundaries can be obtained for
=) 1 = 0, 3 = B.
=) B  Sc
 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Surface
Assuming A B
Case 1: A B 0
=) 1 = A, 3 = 0.
=) A St

Case 2: A 0 B
=) 1 = A, 3 = B.
A B
=) 1
St Sc
Case 3: 0 A B
The other 3 boundaries can be obtained for
=) 1 = 0, 3 = B.
=) B  Sc B A
Maximum Normal Stress Theory for Even Material

σ3
(-σut,σut)

σ1

(-σut,-σut) (σut,-σut)
Maximum Normal Stress Theory for uneven Material
❖ Valid only in the first and third quadrants as it doesn’t
account for interdependence of normal and shear stresses
σ3
(-σuc,σut) (-σut,σut) (σut,σut)

σ1

(-σut,-σut) (σut,-σut)

(σut,-σuc)
(-σuc,-σuc)
 Coulomb-Mohr Theory
❖ Bring in the interdependence of shear and normal stresses
σ3
(-σuc,σut) (-σut,σut) (σut,σut)

σ1

(-σut,-σut) (σut,-σut)

(σut,-σuc)
(-σuc,-σuc)

❖ Note the similarity of the shape with maximum shear stress theory for ductile materials
❖ Difference: asymmetry due to uneven material and ultimate strength as opposed to
yield in ductile materials
Modified Coulomb-Mohr Theory
σ3
(-σuc,σut) (-σut,σut) (σut,σut)

(-σuc,σut) σ1

(-σut,-σut) (σut,-σut)

(σut,-σuc)
(-σuc,-σuc)
 Modified Coulmb-Mohr Theory
σ3

(-σuc,σut) (-σut,σut) (σut,σut)

❖ Preferred failure theory for (-σuc,σut) σ1

uneven brittle materials
(σut,-σut)
❖ If σ1>σ3, σ2=0, then the stress (-σut,-σut)

state lies in first and 4th

quadrant only (σut,-σuc)
(-σuc,-σuc)
Experimental Data for Gray Cast Iron
❖ Failure in first quadrant
matches with maximum
normal stress theory
❖ Fourth quadrant doesn’t
match with maximum
normal stress theory
❖ Also falls outside the
Mohr-Coulomb line
❖ Hence, modified Mohr-
Coulomb theory.
 Modified Mohr Theory
❖ Three stress states A, B, C
❖ If the principal stresses are of opposite sign, two
possibilities B and C
❖ Load line OB exits at B’ above the point (Sut,-Sut)
and the factor of safety is given by N = Sut/σ1
❖ Load line OC exits at OC’ below the point (Sut,-
Sut) and the factor of safety is found by solving
for the intersection between load line OC and
the failure line
Sut |Suc |
N=
|Suc | 1 Sut ( 1 + 3 )
Sut |Suc | Factor of safety for unmodified theory
N=
|Suc | 1 Sut 1
(not preferred)
 Modified Mohr Theory
❖ Effective stress for modified Mohr theory that accounts for all
stress states (similar to ductile von-Mises case) would be useful
❖ Dowling has developed a set of equations for effective stress

1 2Sut |Suc |
C1 = | 1 2| + ( 1 + 2)
2 |Suc |
 Sut is the ultimate tensile strength
1 2Sut |Suc | Suc is the ultimate compressive strength
C2 = | 2 3| + ( 2 + 3)
2 |Suc |

1 2Sut |Suc |
C3 = | 3 1| + ( 3 + 1)
2 |Suc |

❖ Effective stress is given by (algebraically largest of the six values)

ut
˜ = Max(C1 , C2 , C3 , 1, 2, 3) N=
˜
 Example
Stress state at a point in a material is given by
2 3
1800 0 1200
4 0 0 0 5
1200 0 0
The yield strength in compression is -16400 MPa and in tension is 5250 MPa, respectively

Find the factor of safety

On Usage of Static Failure Theories
❖ Failure theories provides a means to express the combined
effect of various loads in terms of equivalent stress so as
to compare with uniaxial strength of the materials.
❖ However, designers must be aware of its (concept of
effective stress) limitations
❖ Fundamental assumptions: isotropy, homogeneous
❖ Loads are slowly applied and remain constant with
time
❖ No cracks exist in the materials
Notches and Stress Concentrations
❖ Geometric contour that disrupts the force flow
❖ What is a notch?
❖ a hole
❖ a groove
❖ a fillet
❖ an abrupt change in cross section
❖ any disruption to the smooth contours of a
part
❖ Notches of concern in machine components
❖ fastener holes, key holes on shafts, O-ring
grooves etc.,
Notches and Stress Concentrations

❖ Geometric Stress concentration:

Raise of stress at a local location
due to change of geometry
❖ σmax = Kt σnom

a
Kt = 1 + 2
c
Notches and Stress Concentrations

Stress concentration factor for notched bar under axial loading [1]
Notches and Stress Concentrations

Stress concentration factor for notched bar under bending [1]

 Problem
❖ A circular shaft shown in the
figure has a “U” shaped groove,
with h=10.5 mm deep. The
radius of the groove root r=7mm
and the bar diameter away from
the notch, D=70 mm. A bending
moment of 1 kN-m and a
twisting moment of 2.5 kN-m
acts on the bar. find (a)
maximum shear stress and (b)
von-mises stress. If the uniaxial
yield strength is 180 MPa,
according to which criterion does
it yield?
Data Charts
 Solution
❖ Ktbending = 1.78
❖ Kttorsion = 1.41
❖ Maximum shear stress = 171 MPa
❖ Von-Mises stress = 305.95 MPa
❖ Yields
❖ von-Mises
❖ MSS
 References

1. Robert L. Norton, Machine Design: An integrated

approach, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, (2006)

2. George E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, Mc GrawHill

(1988)

3. M. A. Meyers and K. K. Chawla, Mechanical Behavior

of Materials, Cambridge University Press (2008).

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_stress_tensor