Microwave Circuit Design: ECE 5250/4250 Lecture Notes Fall 2009

Microwave Circuit
Design
ECE 5250/4250 Lecture Notes
Fall 2009
© 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, & 2009

Mark A. Wickert
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Chapter
Review of
Transmission Line
Theory
1
• Transmission lines and waveguides are used to transport
electromagnetic energy at microwave frequencies from one
point in a system to another
• The desirable features of a transmission line or waveguide
are:
– Single-mode propagation over a wide band of frequencies
– Small attenuation
• The transmission line structures of primary interest for this
course are those for which the dominant mode of propagation
is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave
• Recall that for TEM waves the components of electric and
magnetic fields in the direction of wave propagation are zero
• We wish to consider transmission lines which consist of two
or more parallel conductors which have axial uniformity
• That is to say their cross-sectional shape and electrical prop-
erties do not vary along the axis of propagation
ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–1

Review of Transmission Line Theory
Figure 1.1: Transmission lines with axial uniformity
• The TEM wave solution for axially uniform transmission

lines can be obtained using:
– Field Analysis - (obtain electric and magnetic field waves
analogous to uniform plane waves)
– Distributed-Circuit Analysis - (obtain voltage and current
waves)
• Distributed circuit analysis will be at the forefront of all anal-
ysis in this course, in particular consider Pozar1, “Modern
microwave engineering involves predominantly distributed
circuit analysis and design, in contrast to the waveguide and
field theory orientation of earlier generations”
1. David Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York,
2005.
1–2 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

Distributed Circuit Analysis
Figure 1.2: Distributed element circuit model
Parameters:
L – series inductance per unit length due to energy storage in
the magnetic field
C – shunt capacitance per unit length due to energy storage in
the electric field
R – series resistance per unit length due to power loss in the
conductors
G – shunt conductance per unit length due to power loss in
the dielectric. (i.e. ! = !" – j!#% !# $ 0 )
• Using KCL, KVL and letting &z ' 0 it can be shown that
– (v ) z% t * (i ) z% t *
--------------------- = Ri ) z% t * + L ----------------- (1.1)
(z (t
and
( i ) z% t *- = Gv ) z% t * + C (v
–------------------- ) z% t *
------------------ (1.2)
(z (t

• For now assume the line is lossless, that is R = 0 and

G = 0 , so we have:
(v = L (i
----
– -----
(z (t
(v
(i- = C ----- (1.3)
– ----
(z (t
• Now differentiate the first equation with respect to z and the
second with respect to time t
2 2
( i-
(-------v- = – L ----------
(z
2 (t(z
2 2 (1.4)
( i (-------v-
----------- = C 2
(z(t (t
• Combine the two resulting equations to get
2 2
(-------v- = LC (-------v- (voltage eqn.) (1.5)
(z 2 (t 2
similarly obtain
2 2
( i ( i
-------2- = LC ------2- (current eqn.) (1.6)
(z (t
• These are in the form of the classical one-dimensional wave
equation, often seen in the form
2 2
(-------y- = ---- ( y-
1- -------
(1.7)
(z 2 + 2p (t 2
where + p has dimension and significance of velocity

• A well known solution to the wave equation is

z-/ + y – . t + ----
z-/
y = y . t – ----
+
(1.8)
, + - , + -
p p
– y + propagates in the positive z direction

– y – propagates in the negative z direction
• This solution can be checked by noting that
0 0 2 0
(y = (y (x 1 1 (y z
---------- ----- = ------ ----------% x = t 0 ----
-
---------- (1.9)
(z (x (z + p (x + p
• A solution for the voltage wave equation is thus

z-/ + v – . t + ----
z-/
v ) z% t * = v . t – ----
+
(1.10)
, + p- , + p-
• The current equation can be written in a similar manner, but

+ –
it can also be written in terms of V and V since
– (v (i
--------- = L ---- (1.11)
(z (t
or
+ – (i
(v (v
– -------- + -------- = L ---- (1.12)
(z (z (t
Letting x = t 0 z 3 + p and using the chain rule the above equa-
tion becomes
+ –
(v
– 1- -------- 1 (v - (i
– -----
+ p (x + p (x + ----- ------- = L ---- (1.13)
(t

• This implies that

1 z z
i ) z% t * = --------- v . t – -----/ – v . t + -----/
+ –
(1.14)
L+ p , + - , + -
p p
or
1 + z-/ – v – . t + ----
z-/
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ---- (1.15)
Z0 , + - , + -
p p
where
1
+ p = -----------% (velocity of propagation)
LC
(1.16)
L-% (characteristic impedance)
Z0 = ---
C
• At this point the general lossless line solution is incomplete.
The functions v+ and v- are unknown, but must satisfy the
boundary conditions imposed by a specific problem
• The time domain solution for a lossless line, in particular the
analysis of transients, can most effectively be handled by
using Laplace transforms
• If the source and load impedances are pure resistances and
the source voltage consists of step functions or rectangular
pulses, then time domain analysis is most convenient
• In the following we will first consider resistive load and
source impedances, later the analysis will be extended to
complex impedance loads using Laplace transforms

Transient Analysis with Resistive Loads
• The Laplace transform technique will in theory allow for a

generalized time-domain analysis of transmission lines
• In Section 2 sinusoidal steady-state analysis will be intro-
duced. This approach offers greatly reduced analysis com-
plexity

Infinite Length Line
Figure 1.3: Infinite length line circuit diagram
• Assume that the line is initially uncharged, i.e. for z 4 0 and

t50
z-/ + v – . t + ----
z-/ = 0
v ) z% t * = v . t – ----
+
(1.17)
, + - , + -
p p
and
1 + z-/ – v – . t + ----
z-/
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ---- = 0 (1.18)
Z0 , + - , + -
p p
the above equations imply that

z
v . t – -----/ = 0 for t – z 3 + p 6 0
+
(1.19)
, + -
p

and
z
v . t + -----/ = 0 for all t
–
(1.20)
, + -
p
+
Note: For the given initial conditions only v ) t – z 3 + p * can
exist on the line.
• We thus conclude that
z-/ :
v ) z% t * = v . t – ----
+
, + - 8
p 8 z
----- ; 0
9 for all t – + (1.21)
1 + z-/ 8
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ----
p
Z 0 , + p- 8
7
+
• Suppose that at t = 0 a voltage source v g ) t * is
applied through a source resistance R g , at z = 0
• Apply Ohm's law at z = 0 for t > 0 and we obtain
v g ) t * – v ) 0% t * = i ) 0% t *R g (1.22)
or
+ Rg +
v g ) t * – v ) t * = ------ v ) t * (1.23)
Zg
which implies
+ Z0
v ) t * = ------------------ v g ) t * (1.24)
Z0 + Rg

• The final result is that under the infinite line length assump-
tion for any z we can write
Z0 z/
v ) z% t * = - v g . t – ----
----------------- - (1.25)
Z 0 + R g , + p-
1 z-/
i ) t% z * = ------------------ v g . t – ---- (1.26)
Z 0 + R g , + p-
– Note: That the infinite length of line appears as a voltage

divider to the source
– Voltages and currents along the line appear as replicas of
the input values except for the time delay z 3 + p
Terminated Line
Figure 1.4: Terminated line circuit diagram
• Note: As a matter of convenience the reference point z = 0

has been shifted to the load end of the line
• Suppose that a wave traveling in the z + direction is incident
upon the load, R L , at z = 0
• Thus,
1 +.
z-/ and i ) z% t * = ----- z-/
v ) z% t * = v . t – ----
+
v t – ---- (1.27)
, + - Z 0 , + p-
p

• By applying Ohm’s law at the load, we must have

v ) 0% t * = R L i ) 0% t * (1.28)
• This condition cannot, in general, be met by the incident
wave alone since
v ) z% t * = Z 0 i ) z% t * (1.29)
• Since the line was initially discharged, it is reasonable to
assume that a fraction, < L , of the incident wave is reflected
from the load resistance, i.e.,
– +
v ) t * = <L v ) t * (1.30)
• The load voltage is now
+ – +
v ) 0% t * = v ) t * + v ) t * = ) 1 + < L *v ) t * (1.31)
• Similarly the load current is
+
+
v )t* v )t*
– ) 1 + < L *v ) t *
i ) 0% t * = ------------ – ------------ = --------------------------------- (1.32)
Z0 Z0 Z0
• To satisfy Kirchoff’s laws,
Net load voltage 1 + <L
--------------------------------------- = R L = Z 0 --------------- (1.33)
Net load current 1 – <L
or the more familiar result
RL – Z0
< L = -----------------
- (1.34)
RL + Z0

– Note: < L is real by assumption

– Note: To terminate the line without reflection use
RL = Z0 .
General Transmission Line Problem
Figure 1.5: Circuit for general transmission line problem
• From earlier analysis, we know that for 0 5 t 5 l 3 + p = T l ,
Z0 :
. z /
v ) z% t * = ------------------ v g t – ----- 8
Z 0 + R g , + p- 8
9 0 5 t 5 Tl (1.35)
1 z-/ 8
i ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – ----
Z 0 + R g , + p- 87
• When t = T l the leading edge of v g ) t * has traveled to the

load end of the line ( z = l )
• Assuming R L $ Z 0 a reflected wave now returns to the
source during the interval T l 5 t 6 2T l
Z0 z/ Z0 2l z
v ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – ----
- + ------------------ < L v g . t – ----- + -----/
Z 0 + R g , + p- Z0 + Rg , +
p +p
-
=
8
8
8
>
8
8
8
?
=
8
8
8
8
>
8
8
8
8
?
+ –
v ) t – z 3 +p * v ) t + z 3 +p *
(1.36)

and
1 z 1 2l z
i ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – -----/ – ------------------ < L v g . t – ----- + -----/ (1.37)
Z 0 + R g , + p- Z 0 + R g , +
p +p
-
–
• When the load reflected wave v ) t + z 3 + p * arrives at the
source ( z = 0 ), a portion of it will be reflected towards the
load provided R g $ Z 0
• The reflection that takes place is independent of the source
voltage
• The wave traveling in the positive Z direction after
2l 3 + p = 2T l seconds has elapsed, can be found by applying
Ohm's law for z = 0 and t = 2T l :
v g ) 2T l * – v ) 0% 2T l * = R g i ) 0% 2T l * (1.38)
• Now substitute
+ –
v ) 0% 2T l * = v ) 2T l * + v ) 2T l *
1 + – (1.39)
i ) 0% 2T l * = ----- @ v ) 2T l * – v ) 2T l * A
Z0
+
and solve for v ) 2T l *
• The results is
+ Z0 – Rg –Z0
v ) 2T l * = v g ) 2T l * ------------------ + v ) 2T l * ------------------
Z0 + Rg Rg + Z0
=
8
8
>
8
8
?
=
8
8
>
8
8
?
–
incident part of v g ) t * reflected portion of v ) 2T l *
Z0 Z0
= v g ) 2T l * ------------------ + v g ) 0 * ------------------ < L < g
Z0 + Rg Z0 + Rg
(1.40)

where < L is the source reflection coefficient defined as

Rg – Z0
< g = -----------------
- (1.41)
Rg + Z0
Note: < g is real by assumption in this case
• The wave incident on the load during the interval
2T l 5 t 6 3T l , thus consists of the original source signal plus
a reflected component due to mismatches at both the load and
source ends of the line
Z0 – 2l-/
z-/ + < v . t + z------------
v ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – ----
Z 0 + R g , + p- L g,
+p -
(1.42)
z + 2l
+ < g < L v g . t – -------------/ % 2T l 5 t 6 3T l
, +p -
and
1 – 2l-/
z-/ – < v . t + z------------
i ) z% t * = ------------------ v g . t – ----
Z 0 + R g , + p- L g , +p -
(1.43)
z + 2l-/ % 2T 5 t 6 3T
+ < g < L v g . t – ------------
, + - l l
p
• The process of reflections occurring at both the source and

load ends continues in such a way that in general over the n th
time interval, ) n – 1 *T l 5 t 5 nT l , the v ) z% t * and i ) z% t * solu-
tions each require n terms involving v g ) t *

Example: Consider the following circuit.
Figure 1.6: Transmission line circuit
Here we have
Z0 1 1
------------------ = ---% < L = – 1% < g = ---% T l = 2Bs (1.44)
Z0 + Rg 4 2
a) Find V ) 0% t * and I ) 0% t * for T p = 1Bs

b) Find V ) 0% t * and I ) 0% t * for T p = 6Bs
• For both parts (a) and (b) the basic circuit operation is as fol-
lows:
i) An 8v pulse will propagate toward the load, reaching the
load in 2 ms.
ii) A -8v pulse will be reflected from the load, requiring 2 ms
to reach the source.
iii) A -4v pulse will be reflected at the source. It will take 2
ms to reach the load.
iv) The process continues.
• The +z and -z direction propagating pulses can be displayed
on a distance-time plot or bounce diagram (see Figure 1.7)

– In the bounce diagram the boundaries at z = 0 and z = 400

m are represented as surfaces with reflection coefficient of
1/2 and -1 respectively.
– To obtain the voltage waveform at say z = 380 m as a func-
tion of time, you sum the contributions from the various +z
and -z traveling waves
– For pulses that are short in comparison with the one-way
delay time of the line, only at most two wave terms need to
be included at a time.
– For long pulses (in the limit say a step function) all wave
terms need to be included
Figure 1.7: Bounce diagram showing pulse propagation

a) T p = 1Bs : at t = 4Bs we have

v ) 0% 4Bs * = – 4 + ) – 8 * = – 12v.
1
i ) 0% 4Bs * = ------ @ – 4 – ) – 8 * A = 0.08A.
50
b) T p = 6Bs : at t = 4Bs we have
v ) 0% 4Bs * = ) 8 + ) – 4 * * + ) – 8 * = – 4v.
1
i ) 0% 4Bs * = ------ @ ) 8 + ) – 4 * * – ) – 8 * A = 0.24A.
50
• We can simulate this result using the Agilent Advanced
Design System (ADS) software
• In this example we will use ideal transmission line elements
Current
measurement A short circuit
means
Source
I_Probe R
R TLIND R2
I_Probe1
R1 TLD1 R=0 Ohm
R=150 Ohm Z=50.0 Ohm
VtPulse Delay=2 usec
SRC1 ‘TLIND’ allows the line
Vlow=0 V to be spec’d in terms of
t Vhigh=32 V propagation delay
Delay=0 nsec
Edge=linear TRANSIENT
Rise=50 nsec
Fall=50 nsec
Tran
Width=1 usec
Tran1
Period=20 usec
StopTime=20.0 usec
MaxTimeStep=50 nsec
Figure 1.8: Circuit schematic (Example1.dsn)

• The source end voltage, v ) 0% t *

10
T p = 1Bs
Source (v) 5
-5
-10
-15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
• The source end current entering the line, i ) 0% t *

0.20
T p = 1Bs
0.15
I_Probe1.i (A)
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
• Modify the schematic by increasing the pulse width to 6 Bs

• The source end voltage, v ) 0% t *

10
T p = 6Bs
Source (v) 5
-5
-10
-15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec
• The source end current entering the line, i ) 0% t *

0.25
T p = 6Bs
0.20
I_Probe1.i (A)
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, usec

Transient Analysis using Laplace Transforms
Figure 1.9: Lossless line with arbitrary terminations
• In the time domain we know that for a lossless line

z z
v ) z% t * = v . t – -----/ + v . t + -----/
+ –
(1.45)
, + - , + -
p p
and
1 + z-/ – v – . t + ----
z-/
i ) z% t * = ----- v . t – ---- (1.46)
Z0 , + - , + -
p p
+ –
where v ) t – z 3 + p * and v ) t + z 3 + p * are determined by the
boundary conditions imposed by the source and load
• Laplace transform each side of the above equations with
respect to the time variable, using the time shift theorem
which is given by
– sc
L C f ) t – c * D = F ) s *e (1.47)
where F ) s * is the laplace transform of f ) t *
• The result is
+ – sz 3 + p – sz 3 + p
v ) z% s * = v ) s *e + v ) s *e (1.48)
and

1 + – sz 3 + p – sz 3 + p
i ) z% s * = ----- @ v ) s *e – v ) s *e A (1.49)
Z0
+ + – –
where v ) s * = L C v ) t * D and v ) s * = L C v ) t * D
Case 1: Matched Source

• For the special case of Z g ) s * = Z 0 , the source is matched to
the transmission line which eliminates multiple reflections
• Thus, we can write
Z0
+
- = 1--- V g ) s *
V ) s * = V g ) s * ----------------- (1.50)
Z0 + Z0 2
at z = l , the incident wave is reflected with the reflection
coefficient
ZL ) s * – Z0
< L ) s * = -------------------------
- (1.51)
ZL ) s * + Z0
so,
+ – sl 3 + p
V ) l% s * = V ) s *e @ 1 + <L ) s * A (1.52)
which implies that
– – s2l 3 + p +
V ) s * = < L ) s *e V )s* (1.53)
• Finally, for 0 5 z 5 l we can write
1 – sz 3 + p – s ) 2l – z * 3 + p
V ) z% s * = --- V g ) s * @ e + < L ) s *e A
2
1 – sz 3 + p 1 – s2l 3 + p sz 3 + p (1.54)
= --- V g ) s *e + --- < L ) s *e V g ) s *e
2 2

• To obtain V ) z% t * inverse transform:

1 z
v ) z% t * = --- v g . t – -----/ + L @ < L ) s *V g ) s * A
–1
(1.55)
2 , + p- t ' t + ) z – 2l * 3 + p
Example:
• Let v g ) t * = v 0 u ) t * and Z L be a parallel RC connection
Figure 1.10: Parallel RC circuit
Find: v ) z% t *
• To begin with in the s-domain we can write
1
R ------
Cs = -------------------
R -
Z L ) s * = ---------------- (1.56)
1- 1 + RCs
R + -----
Cs
and
R -–Z
ZL ) s * – Z0 ------------------- 0
1 + RCs
< L ) s * = -------------------------- = --------------------------------
ZL ) s * + Z0 R - Z
------------------- + 0
1 + RCs
R – Z0 (1.57)
--------------- – s
RCZ 0 b–s R + Z0 R–Z
= ------------------------ = -----------% a = ---------------% b = --------------0-
R – Z0 a+s RCZ 0 RCZ 0
--------------- + s
RCZ 0

• Now since V g ) s * = v 0 L C u ) t * D = v 0 3 s
v 0 –sz 3 + p b – s – s ) 2l – z * 3 + p
V ) z% s * = - e
---- + ----------- e (1.58)
2s a+s
• To inverse transform first apply partial fractions to
b – s K1 K2
------------------- = ------ + ----------- (1.59)
s)a + s* s s+a
Clearly,
b R – Z0 –) a + b * – 2R
K 1 = --- = --------------- K 2 = -------------------- = --------------- (1.60)
a R + Z0 a R + Z0
so
v 0 1 –sz 3 +p
V ) z% s * = - --- e
----
2 s
s ) 2l – z * (1.61)
– --------------------
= R – Z0 1 2R 1 : +p
+ > --------------- E --- – --------------- E ----------- 9e
? R + Z0 s R + Z0 s + a 7
and
v0 R – Z0
z-/ + = ---------------
v ) z% t * = L C V ) z% s * D = ----- u . t – ----
–1
2 , + p- >? R + Z 0
2l – z R + Z (1.62)
– . t – -------------/ --------------0-
– 2R , + p - RCZ 0 :
--------------- e . 2l – z-/
R + Z0 9u , t – ------------
+p -
7

• As a special case consider z = l

l R+Z
– . t – -----/ --------------0-
v0 R – Z0 2R , + p- RCZ 0
l-/
v ) z% t * = ----
- 1 + --------------- – --------------- e u . t – ----
2 R + Z0 R + Z0 , + -
p
(1.63)
R + Z0
l-/ --------------
– . t – ---- -
R , + p- RCZ 0
l
= v 0 --------------- 1 – e u . t – -----/
R + Z0 , + -
p
Figure 1.11: Sketch of the general v ) l% t * waveform
Example: The results of an ADS simulation when using

v 0 = 2 v, Z 0 = R = 50 ohms, C = 50 pf, and T l = 5 ns is
shown below
Figure 1.12: ADS Circuit diagram with nodes numbered
• The ADS schematic is shown below

Source Load
R
R C R2
TLIND
R1 TLD1 C1 R=50 Ohm
R=50 Ohm C=50 pF
Z=50.0 Ohm
VtPulse Delay=5 nsec
SRC1
Vlow=0 V
t Vhigh=2 V
Delay=0 nsec
Edge=linear TRANSIENT
Rise=0.1 nsec
Fall=0.1 nsec
Tran
Width=1 usec
Tran1
Period=1 usec
StopTime=20.0 nsec
MaxTimeStep=0.1 nsec
• Next we plot the source and load end waveforms

1.0
load end source end

0.8
0.6
Source
Load
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, nsec

Case 2: Mismatched Source Impedance

• For the general case where Z g ) s * $ Z 0 to reflections occur at
the source end of the line as well as at the load end
• The expression for V ) z% s * now will consist of an infinite
number of terms as shown below:
Z0 – sz 3 + p – s ) 2l – z * 3 + p
V ) z% s * = V g ) s * ------------------------- @ e + < L ) s *e
Z0 + Zg ) s *
– s ) 2l + z * 3 + p
+ < L ) s *< g ) s *e (1.64)
– s ) 4l – z * 3 + p
+ < L ) s *< g ) s *< L ) s *e
– s ) 4l + z * 3 + p
+ < L ) s *< g ) s *< L ) s *< g ) s *e + FA
where
ZL ) s * – Z0 Zg ) s * – Z0
<L ) s * = -------------------------
- and < g ) s * = ------------------------- (1.65)
ZL ) s * + Z0 Zg ) s * + Z0
• In terms of +z and -z propagating waves we can write
V g ) s *Z 0 – sz 3 +p G n n – s ) 2n *l 3 + p
V ) z% s * = ------------------------
Z0 + Zg ) s *
- e
H < L ) s *< g ) s *e
n=0
(1.66)
sz 3 + p G n+1 n – s ) 2n + 2 *l 3 + p
+e H <L ) s *< g ) s *e
n=0

Example: Consider a circuit with v 0 = 2 v, Z 0 = 50 ohms,

T l = 5 ns, Z g = R g = 100 ohms, and Z L a parallel RC circuit
with R = 100 ohms and C = 20 pf, as shown below in Figure
1.13.
Figure 1.13: Circuit diagram with Spice nodes indicated
• In the s-domain the solution is of the form
G n
2 –sz 3 +p ) b – s * . 1---/ n –s ) 2n *l 3 + p
V ) z% s * = --- e
3 H ---------------------
n , 3-
e
n = 0 s)s + a*
(1.67)
n+1
sz 3 + p G ) b – s * . 1 /
n – s ) 2n + 2 *l 3 +
H ----------------------------- --- e p
+e n + 1 , 3-
n=0 s ) s + a *
• To inverse transform V ) z% s * note that each series term con-

sists of the product of a constant, a ratio of polynomials in s ,
– sI
and a time shift exponential (i.e. e )
• In the time-domain each series term to within a constant is of
the form
n
–1 =)b – s* :
L > ---------------------n 9 % n = 0% 1% 2% F (1.68)
? s)s + a* 7
t ' t – In

• A partial fraction expansion of the ratio of polynomials in

(1.68) is
n K 1 K 12 K 22 K 2n
) b – s * F
--------------------- = ------ + ----------- + ------------------- + + ------------------- (1.69)
s)s + a*
n s s + a ) s + a *2 )s + a*
n
where
n
K 1 = b----- (1.70)
n
a
and
)n – k* n
1 d )b – s*
K 2k = ------------------ -----------------
- -----------------
- % k = 1% 2% F% n (1.71)
) n – k *! ds ) n – k * s s = –a
• To obtain a partial solution for comparison with a Spice sim-

ulation we will solve (1.69) for n = 0 , 1, and 2.
– Case n = 0 :
1
--- J u ) t * (1.72)
s
– Case n = 1
b–s b 3 a )a + b* 3 a b a + b – at
------------------- = ---------- – ------------------------ J --- – ------------ e u)t* (1.73)
s)s + a* s s+a a a

– n=2
2 2 2 2 2 2
) b – s * = b--------------
--------------------- 3 a - + )----------------------------
1 – b 3 a -* – --------------------------
)b + a* 3 a
s)s + a*
2 s s+a )s + a*
2
(1.74)
.2 2/ 2
– at ) b + a *
J ----- + K 1 – b-----L e – ------------------- te
b – at
u)t*
a
2 ,
a
2- a
• Using Mathematica the analytical solution valid for t up to

25 ns was obtained

• This required the use of +z and -z wave solutions from the

series for n = 0 and 1
• The theoretical voltage waveforms at z = 0 and z = 1 are
shown below
1.2
1.0
Load
0.8
Line Voltage (v)
Source
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
5 10 15 20 25
t (ns)
!0.2
• A circuit simulation using ADS was also run, the results

compare favorably as expected

Source Load
R
R TLIND C R2
R1 TLD1 C1 R=100 Ohm
R=100 Ohm Z=50.0 Ohm C=20 pF
VtStep Delay=5 nsec

SRC1
Vlow=0 V
t Vhigh=2 V
Delay=0 nsec
Rise=0.05 nsec TRANSIENT
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=25.0 nsec
• Plots of v ) 0% t * * and v ) l% t *
1.2
m2 m3
1.0
Load m1
0.8
(v)
Source m1
0.6 indep(m1)=1.148E-8
Source
plot_vs(Load, time)=0.889
Load
0.4 m2
indep(m2)=1.608E-8
plot_vs(Source, time)=0.963
0.2
m3
0.0 indep(m3)=2.443E-8
plot_vs(Load, time)=0.988
-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
time, nsec

Sinusoidal Signals on Transmission Lines

Voltage and Current Relationships
• Consider an axially uniform transmission line operating in
the TEM or Quasi-TEM mode
Figure 1.14: Voltage and current at z on an axially uniform line
• Let the sinusoidal voltage and current at z be given by

jMt
v ) t% z * = Re C V ) z *e D = V ) z * cos @ Mt + NV ) z * A
(1.75)
jMt
i ) t% z * = Re C I ) z *e D = I ) z * cos @ Mt + NI ) z * A
where the complex phasors V and I represent the voltage and
current without the time dependence e jMt
• Since a sinusoidal steady-state solution is desired, phasor
notation may be used to solve the transmission line equations
jMt
• Note that with e suppressed it is implied that
n
(--------
V- = ) jM * n V
(1.76)
n
(t
• By writing the basic line equations in phasor notation we
obtain
(V
------ = – ) R + jML *I (1.77)
(z

and
(I
----- = – ) G + jMC *V (1.78)
(z
• The voltage wave equation becomes
2
(--------
V- – ) RG – M 2 LC *V – jM ) RC + LG *V = 0 (1.79)
2
(z
where R, G, L, and C are the primary transmission line
parameters defined earlier
• The general solution is
+ – Oz – Oz
V) z* = V e +V e (1.80)
where
O = P + jQ
= ) R + jML * ) G + jMC * (1.81)
2
= – M LC + RG + jM ) RC + LG *
with P being the line attenuation constant in nepers per meter
and Q is the line phase constant in radians per meter
+
– V is the constant associated with the wave propagating in
–
the +z direction and V is the constant associated with the
wave propagating in the -z direction
• The current I ) z * can be shown to have general solution of the
form
+ – Oz – Oz
I)z* = I e +I e (1.82)

• By substituting (1.77) into (1.82) we obtain

–1 (V ) z *
I ) z * = . -------------------/ --------------
, R + jML- (z
–1 + – Oz – Oz
= ------------------- ) – OV e + OV e * (1.83)
R + jML
= G + jMC- ) V + e –Oz – V – e Oz *
--------------------
R + jML
• The line characteristic impedance is defined as
+ jML = R + jML-
Z0 = R
------------------- -------------------- (1.84)
O G + jMC
which then relates the voltage and current on the line as
+ –
------ = –--------
Z0 = V
also V- (1.85)
+ –
I I
• Finally we can write I ) z * as
+ –
V –Oz V Oz
I ) z * = ------ e – ------ e (1.86)
Z0 Z0
• In the time domain the steady state solution voltage wave-
form is
+ + – Pz
v ) z% t * = V cos ) Mt – Qz + NV *e
(1.87)
– – Pz
+ V cos ) Mt + Qz + NV *e

Lossless Line
• Special Case: For an ideal lossless line R = G = 0 , O and
Z 0 reduce to
O = jQ = jM LC ) P = 0 *
L- (1.88)
Z 0 = ---
C
• Since Q = M LC the phase velocity, + p , on the line is
1
+ p = ----------- (1.89)
LC
which allows Z 0 to also be written as
1
Z 0 = ---------
- (1.90)
+p C
• This result implies that Z 0 can be obtained by knowing the
velocity of propagation in the medium and the capacitance
per unit length of the transmission line structure
• In free space
1 8
+ p = c = --------------- S 3 R10 m/s (1.91)
B0 !0
where ! 0 and B 0 are the free space permittivity and permea-
bility respectively
• For a dielectrically filled structure where it is assumed
that B = B 0 , ! = !" – j!"" S ! 0 ! r and T = 0 , thus
+p = c 3 !r (1.92)

where ! r is the relative permittivity of the medium

• For partially filled transmission line structures such as
microstrip, the velocity of propagation can be written as
c -
+ p = ----------- (1.93)
! eff
where ! eff is the effective value of relative permittivity.
(Note: ! eff 5 ! r ).
Low Loss Line

• Special Case: For most practical transmission line structures
the losses are small, which is to say, R « ML and G « MC
• This low-loss assumption allows the expression for O to be
simplified
• To begin with write
RG + jM ) RC + LG *- 132
O = jM LC 1 + ----------------------------------------------- (1.94)
2
– M LC
using the binomial expansion
132 1
)1 + x* S 1 + --- x for x « 1
2
• Thus
= 1 – RG j :
- – ---- . R
O S jM LC > 1 + --- ------------- --- + G
----/ 9 (1.95)
? 2 M 2 LC M , L C- 7
=
>
?
U0

or
1 R G
O = P + jQ S --- LC . --- + ----/ + jM LC (1.96)
2 , L C-
Note that Q did not change from the lossless case

• Using a similar approach on Z 0 results in
R + jML ) R + jML * ) G – jMC *
Z0 = --------------------- = --------------------------------------------------
G + jMC 2
G +M C
2 2
2
+ jM ) GL – RC * + M LC-
S RG
--------------------------------------------------------------------
2 2
M C (1.97)
L- 1 RG + jM ) LG – RC *
= --- + ------------------------------------------------
C M LC
2
L 1 G L-
R / U ---
S ---- 1 + --- j . -------
- – -------
C 2 , MC ML- C
Note also that under the low-loss assumption Z 0 is still
approximately real

Terminated Lossless Line

First consider the case where the generator or source driving the
line is matched to the line characteristic impedance Z 0 as shown
below in Figure 1.15.
Figure 1.15: Lossless line terminated with impedance Z 0

• For an arbitrary load impedance, Z L , the boundary conditions
will require both forward (+z) and backward (-z) propagating
waves to exist
• At z = 0 , the voltage and current equations with P = jQ are
+ – jQ ) 0 * – jQ ) 0 *
V)0* = V e +V e = VL (1.98)
and
1 + – jQ ) 0 * 1 – jQ ) 0 *
I ) 0 * = ----- V e – ----- V e = IL (1.99)
Z0 Z0
• By convention, the voltage reflection coefficient at the load is
defined as
–
V-
< = ----- (1.100)
+
V

• From the voltage and current equations we can now solve for
< in terms of Z L and Z 0
+
V ) 0 * = Z = ---------------------------------
V ) 1 + < * - = Z 1------------ + <-
----------- L 01 – < (1.101)
I)0* +
V ) 1 – < * 3 Z0
or
ZL – Z0
< = ------------------ (1.102)
ZL + Z0
• The voltage transmitted to the load due to the incident volt-
age wave can be defined in terms of the voltage transmission
coefficient T
+ +
V L = TV = ) 1 + < *V (1.103)
so
TV1+< (1.104)
• At a discontinuity in a transmission line system, such as load
Z L terminating the line at z = 0 , the ratio of power incident
to the power reflected is a quantity of interest
• A common scalar network analyzer measurement is return
loss (RL) which is 10log10 of this power ratio
• The return loss is related to < in the following way
. P incident /
RL = 10log 10 -------------------- (1.105)
, P reflected-
where

+2
1 + + * 1V
P incident = --- Re C V ) I * D = --- ------------
2 2 Z0
–2 (1.106)
1 – – * 1V
P reflected = --- Re C V ) I * D = --- -----------
2 2 Z0
• Now
P incident +2
V 1-
-------------------- = ------------ = -------- (1.107)
P reflected –2
<
2
V
so
RL = – 20log 10 < dB (1.108)
• If Z L = Z 0 then < = 0 and the magnitude of the voltage
+
along the line is just that of the incident wave which is V
• In general < $ 0 so
+ – jQz + jQz
V)z* = V e + <V e (1.109)
and
+ j2Qz
V) z* = V 1 + <e (1.110)
jX
by writing < = We (polar form) then we can write
+ j ) X + 2Qz *
V) z* = V 1 + We (1.111)
which inspired the vector diagram of V ) z * shown below

Figure 1.16: Vector diagram showing V ) z *
• With the aid of the vector diagram shown above, it is clear

that V ) z * takes on maximum and minimum values of
+
V ) z * max = V 1 + W % X + 2Qz = 2nY
(1.112)
+
V ) z * min = V 1 – W % X + 2Qz = 2nY + Y
where n is an integer
• The variation in V ) z * is sinusoidal with the distance
between maxima and between minima each being
d = Y 3 Q= Z 3 2
• Recall that Q = 2Y 3 Z where Z is the wavelength of TEM
waves in the medium
• The incident and reflected voltage waves interfere to produce
the voltage standing-wave pattern shown below in Figure
1.17

Figure 1.17: Voltage wave along the line for various real loads.
• The ratio of V ) z * max to V ) z * min is defined as the voltage

standing-wave ratio (VSWR), or simply SWR
+ W- = ---------------
1+ <
VSWR = 1----------- (1.113)
1–W 1– <
• Comparison of termination characterization parameters
< RL VSWR
0.0 +G 1.0
0.1 +20 dB 1.2222
0.3162 +10 dB 1.9520
0.5012 +6 dB 3.0095
0.8913 +1 dB 17.3910
0.9441 +0.5 dB 34.7532

The analysis of a terminated transmission line up to this point has

assumed that the source impedance and line characteristic
impedance are equal. This simplifies the analysis of voltage and
current along the line since under this assumption the wave
reflected at the load is completely absorbed when it arrives at the
source.
• To consider the mismatched source case, the impedance seen
looking into an arbitrarily terminated transmission line is
helpful
Figure 1.18: Circuit for finding the input impedance of a line ter-
minated in ZL.
Figure 1.25: Circuit for finding the input impedance of a line terminated in ZL.
• To find Z in , simply form the ratio V ) z * 3 I ) z * with z = – l
+ jQl – – j Ql
) z *- V e +V e -
Z in = V
---------- = Z 0 --------------------------------------
– – j Ql
(1.114)
I)z* z = –l
+ jQl
V e –V e
Recall that the load reflection coefficient is given by
– ZL – Z0
V
< L = ------ = ------------------ (1.115)
V
+ ZL + Z0

so
jQl Z L – Z 0 –jQl
e + ------------------ e
ZL + Z0
Z in = Z 0 --------------------------------------------
- (1.116)
jQl Z L – Z 0
– jQl
e – ------------------ e
ZL + Z0
Finally after rearranging using Euler’s identity for tan( ) Z in
reduces to
Z L + jZ 0 tan Ql
Z in = Z 0 ---------------------------------- (1.117)
Z 0 + jZ L tan Ql
• Two special cases of interest that will be considered later
result when the operating frequency is such that l = Z 3 2 or
l = Z34
• The input impedances for these cases are
Z in ) l = Z 3 2 * = Z L
2 (1.118)
Z
Z in ) l = Z 3 4 * = -----0-
ZL
• The input impedance of open and short circuit terminated

transmission lines will also be of interest
Z in = jZ 0 tan Ql
ZL ' 0
(1.119)
Z in = – jZ 0 cot Ql
ZL ' G

• The reflection coefficient at any z = – l can also be obtained

by noting that
+ + jQl
V z = –l
= V e
(1.120)
– – – j Ql
V z = –l
= V e
so
– – j Ql
<)l* = V e - = < e – j2Ql
---------------- L (1.121)
+ jQl
V e
• The above result will appear later during the discussion of
scattering parameters.
Terminated Lossless Line with Arbitrary Source Impedance

The circuit of interest is shown below in Figure 1.26
Figure 1.19: Terminated line with arbitrary source impedance.
• One approach to this problem is to consider all the reflections

and re-reflections and then sum the infinite series
• Since the infinite series is geometric and < 5 1 , it is summa-
ble in closed form

• A second approach is to use the boundary conditions at the

source and load terminations to obtain the steady-state solu-
tion directly
• Using (1.117) for Z in we can write
Z in + jQl – – jQl
V ) z = l * = V g ------------------- = V e + V e (1.122)
Z in + Z g
– +
• Now since V = V < L
Z in + jQl – jQl
V g ------------------- = V @ e + < L e A (1.123)
Z in + Z g
so
Z in – jQl
+ e
V = V g ------------------- ----------------------------- (1.124)
Z in + Z g 1 + < e –j2Ql
L
• Now substitute
– j2Ql
1 + <L – e
Z in = Z 0 ----------------------------------
– j2Ql
- (1.125)
1 – <L e
into (1.124) to obtain
– jQl
+ Z0 e
V = Vg --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
– j2Ql – j2Ql
@ Z0 ) 1 + <L e * + Zg ) 1 – <L e *A
(1.126)
Z0 – jQl
e
= V g ------------------ -----------------------------------
-
Z0 + Zg 1 – < < e – j2Ql
g L

where < g is the reflection coefficient looking towards the

generator
• Finally, we can write for any – l 5 z 5 0
j2Qz
Z0 1 + <L e
- e – jQ ) z + l *
V ) z * = V g ------------------ ----------------------------------- (1.127)
Z 0 + Z g 1 – < < e –j2Ql
g L
An equation for I ) z * may be obtained in a similar manner
Source to Load Power Transfer Considerations

• The power delivered to the load via the lossless line is just
the input power which is given by
1--- * 1--- = V *
) –l * :
P = Re C V ) – l *I ) – l * D = > V ) – l * ---------------- 9
2 2? Z in 7
(1.128)
1 2 Z in 2 = 1 :
= --- V g ------------------- Re > ------
-9
2 Z in + Z g *
? Z in 7
• Let Z in = R in + jX in and Z g = R g + jX g , then
1 2 R in
P = --- V g ------------------------------------------------------------
- (1.129)
2 )R + R * + )X + X *
2 2
in g in g
– As a special case suppose that Z L = Z 0

– Clearly < L = 0 , Z in = Z 0 , and
1 2 Z0
--
-
P = Vg -------------------------------------
- (1.130)
2 )Z + R * + X
2 2
0 g g

– As another special case suppose that Z in = Z g

– Note that the condition Z in = Z g can be satisfied through
adjustment of Ql and Z 0
1--- 2 Rg
P = V g --------------------------
- (1.131)
2 2
4)R + X *
2
g g
– How do we obtain maximum power transfer?

– For Z g fixed we know from circuit theory that for maxi-
mum power transfer we choose Z in = Z *g
– The resulting power delivered is as expected
1 2 1
P = --- V g --------- (1.132)
2 4R g
– Note that if Z g is real then (1.130) and (1.131) yield the
maximum power transfer result
Terminated Lossy Line

• The analysis of a terminated lossy line is very similar to the
lossless case except now jQ must be replaced by O = P + jQ
• It will be assumed that P is small enough to imply that Z 0
can still be considered real
Figure 1.20: Terminated lossy line.

• To begin with we can immediately write

+ – Oz Oz
V)z* = V @e + <L e A
+ (1.133)
V – Oz Oz
I ) z * = ------ @ e – < L e A
Z0
• Additionally < L and Z in respectively become
– j2Ol – j2Ql – 2Pl
< ) l * = <L e = @ <L e Ae (1.134)
and
Z L + Z 0 tanh Ol
Z in = Z 0 ---------------------------------- (1.135)
Z 0 + Z L tanh Ol
• The power delivered to the line input is
1
P in = --- Re C V ) – l *I * ) – l * D
2
+ 2
V = 2Pl 2 – 2Pl – j2Ql – j2Ql * :
= -----------
- e – <L e + <L e – ) <L e * 9
2Z 0 >? 7
=
8
>
8
?
2 2Pl
<)l* e
+2
V 2 2Pl
= ------------ @ 1 – < ) l * Ae (1.136)
2Z 0
• The power actually delivered to the load is

+2
1 V 2
P L = --- Re C V ) 0 *I * ) 0 * D = ------------ @ 1 – < L A (1.137)
2 2Z 0

• The power lost in the line is

+2
V 2Pl 2 – 2Pl
P loss = P in – P L = ------------ @ ) e – 1 * + < L ) 1 – e * A (1.138)
2Z 0
Line Attenuation Calculation

The perturbation method of loss analysis assumes that the fields
associated with the lossy line are very similar to the fields of the
lossless line.
• The power flow along the line is given by
– 2Pz
P ) z * = P0 e (1.139)
where P 0 is the power input at z = 0 , and P is the attenua-
tion parameter of interest
• The power loss per unit length is
(P- = 2PP e –2Pz = 2PP ) z *
P l = –--------- 0 (1.140)
(z
• Rearranging we obtain
Pl ) z * Pl ) z = 0 *
P = -------------
- = ---------------------- (1.141)
2P ) z * 2P 0
• Note that this analysis assumes that P 0 is known and P l can
be found from the fields of the lossless line

Dispersion
• In the first order approximation to O given by (1.96) we
found that
RG
Q = M LC – ---------------------- (1.142)
2
2M LC
• If Q is not of the form Q = aM , then the phase velocity
+ p = M 3 Q $ constant
• If + p is a function of frequency then the frequency compo-
nents associated with a broadband signal will arrive at the
load end of the line at different times
• This phenomenon is known as dispersion.
• In linear system theory we would say the system has nonlin-
ear phase
2
• Fortunately since RG is typically much less than 2M LC ,
we see that for low loss lines Q is very nearly linear in M
Example: Consider the transmission line circuit shown below in
Figure 1.21.
Figure 1.21: Match terminated low loss line.

• We can immediately write that

RG
– jM LC – ---------------------
1 – Pl 2M LC
2
v L ) M * = --- v g ) M *e e (1.143)
2
• The transfer function denoted H ) M * = H ) 2Yf * is thus given
by
– jM RG
LC – ---------------------
vL ) M * 1 – Pl 2M LC
2
H ) M * = -------------- = --- e e (1.144)

vg ) M * 2
• The magnitude and phase are

1
H ) M * = --- e –Ml
2
(1.145)
RGl -
NH ) M * = – Ml LC + ------------------
2M LC
• For RG $ 0 we see that the phase function is composed of
linear and nonlinear components
Distortionless Line
• It is possible for a lossy line to have a linear phase factor if
the line parameters satisfy
R
--- = G
---- (1.146)
L C
• To demonstrate this insert (1.146) into (1.96)

2 132
R
R – 2j -------
O = jM LC 1 + ------------
M L
2 2 ML
R
= jM LC 1 – j ------- (1.147)
ML
= R C
---- + jM LC = P + jQ
L
• Clearly, Q is now a linear function of frequency and the
attenuation, P , is nearly constant with frequency
• Note that the line resistance is usually a weak function of fre-
quency
Example: RG-58/U Coax
• To better illustrate the impact of dispersion, consider the spe-
cial case of RG-58/U coaxial cable
• In the Pozar text (and Collin) the transmission parameters of
coax are shown to be
Coax B 2Y!" -
L = ------ ln b--- C = --------------
2Y a ln b 3 a
b
R s . 1 1/
a
R = - --- + ---
----- G = 2YM!""
-----------------
2Y , a b- ln b 3 a
where R s is the surface resistivity of the conductor, and is

given by
MB
Rs = ------- , (1.148)
2T

–8
where here B = B 0 B r = B 0 with B 0 = 4Y R 10
• For RG-58/U the dielectric diameter is 2b = 0.116 in and the
dielectric material is polyethylene having ! r = 2.25 @ 10
GHz and !"" = 0.004! 0 ! r
• Since the characteristic impedance is nominally 50 ohms we
can determine the inner radius, a , by setting
60 b
L- = --------
Z 0 S --- ln --- = 50 ,
C !r a
thus 2a = 0.033 in
• The transmission line parameters are given by:
B- b !r Z0
L = ----- ln --- = --------------- = 250 nH/m
2Y a c
2Y!" !
C = --------------- = --------r = 100 pf/m
ln b 3 a cZ 0
(1.149)
R s . 1 1/ –4
R = ------ --- + --- = 1.273 R 10 R f ohms/m
2Y , a b-
----------------- = MC!""
G = 2YM!""
– 13
--------------- = 2.513 R 10 R f s/m
ln b 3 a !"
• To obtain the frequency response of a one meter section of
properly terminated RG-58/U cable, we simply insert the
above transmission line parameters into

vL ) f * 1 –Ol
H ) f * = ------------ = --- e
vg ) f * 2
(1.150)
1 RG + j2Yf ) RC + LG *
= --- exp – j2Yf LC 1 + ----------------------------------------------------- l
2 – 4Y f LC
2 2
making sure to explicitly include the frequency dependence

on R and G , i.e., R = R ) f * and G = G ) f *
• The equivalent impulse response of the system can be
obtained by inverse Fourier transformation, i.e.,
G
–1 j2Yft
h)t* = F CH)f*D = [–G H ) f *e df (1.151)
• The response of the system to an arbitrary pulse waveform,

v g ) t * = p ) t * , can be obtained in the transform domain, or by
direct convolution
–1
v L ) t * = p ) t * * h ) t * = F C P ) f *H ) f * D (1.152)
where P ) f * = F C p ) t * D
• The following results were obtained using Mathematica
– Magnitude and phase frequency response for l = 2 m
– Impulse response computed using a 1024 point inverse
Fourier transform (IFFT) for l = 2% 10% and 50 m
– Simulated pulse response to a 500 Mb/s return-to-zero
(RZ) data pattern of the form ...000101001000... (each
pulse is 2ns long)

vL ) t * = y ) y *
Z0
+
p)t* l Z0
2
p)t* 2 ns
t (ns)
6 10 16
• Mathematica modeling

• Frequency response
0
Gain in dB less
the 1/2 loss factor
!2 of 6 dB
Gain (dB)
!4
!6
!8
!10 f (Hz)
107 108 109 1010 1011

• The phase response and pulse response

0.035
0.030
0.025
Phase (deg)
Linear phase
0.020 term removed
0.015
0.010
0.005
f (Hz)
108 109 1010 1011
0.6 Real
The model makes it

0.4
impossible to eliminate
the imaginary part
0.2
t (ns)
10 20 30 40 50
!0.2
!0.4 Imaginary?
– The input is a real signal, but the frequency response is not

conjugate symmetric, so the impulse response is complex
– This makes the pulse response contain real and imaginary
parts as well

• ADS schematic when using the lossy coax model

Input Output
R
R R2
VtPulse R1
R=50 Ohm
SRC1 R=50 Ohm COAX_MDS
Delay=6 nsec TL1
t Width=2 nsec A=16.5 mil
Ri=58 mil
Ro=60 mil
VtPulse L=2 meter
SRC2 T=2.0 mil
Delay=10 nsec Cond1=5.8E+7
t Width=2 nsec Cond2=5.8E+7 TRANSIENT
Mur=1.0
Er=2.25
Tran
TanD=0.004
Tran1
t
StopTime=50.0 nsec
VtPulse
SRC3
Delay=16 nsec
Width=2 nsec
• Input and output waveforms with ADS are more realistic, but
a warning regarding a complex impulse response is posted
1.0
Input Output
0.8
0.6
Output
Input
0.4
0.2
-0.0
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time, nsec

Microwave Circuit Design: ECE 5250/4250 Lecture Notes Fall 2009

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Microwave Circuit

© 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, & 2009

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–1

Figure 1.1: Transmission lines with axial uniformity

• The TEM wave solution for axially uniform transmission

1–2 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

Distributed Circuit Analysis

Figure 1.2: Distributed element circuit model

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–3

• For now assume the line is lossless, that is R = 0 and

where + p has dimension and significance of velocity

1–4 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

• A well known solution to the wave equation is

– y + propagates in the positive z direction

• A solution for the voltage wave equation is thus

• The current equation can be written in a similar manner, but

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–5

• This implies that

1–6 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

• The Laplace transform technique will in theory allow for a

Transient Analysis with Resistive Loads

Figure 1.3: Infinite length line circuit diagram

• Assume that the line is initially uncharged, i.e. for z 4 0 and

the above equations imply that

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–7

1–8 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

– Note: That the infinite length of line appears as a voltage

Figure 1.4: Terminated line circuit diagram

• Note: As a matter of convenience the reference point z = 0

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–9

• By applying Ohm’s law at the load, we must have

1–10 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

– Note: < L is real by assumption

General Transmission Line Problem

Figure 1.5: Circuit for general transmission line problem

• From earlier analysis, we know that for 0 5 t 5 l 3 + p = T l ,

• When t = T l the leading edge of v g ) t * has traveled to the

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–11

1–12 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

where < L is the source reflection coefficient defined as

• The process of reflections occurring at both the source and

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–13

Example: Consider the following circuit.

Figure 1.6: Transmission line circuit

a) Find V ) 0% t * and I ) 0% t * for T p = 1Bs

1–14 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

– In the bounce diagram the boundaries at z = 0 and z = 400

Figure 1.7: Bounce diagram showing pulse propagation

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–15

a) T p = 1Bs : at t = 4Bs we have

Figure 1.8: Circuit schematic (Example1.dsn)

1–16 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

• The source end voltage, v ) 0% t *

• The source end current entering the line, i ) 0% t *

• Modify the schematic by increasing the pulse width to 6 Bs

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–17

• The source end voltage, v ) 0% t *

• The source end current entering the line, i ) 0% t *

1–18 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits

Transient Analysis using Laplace Transforms

Figure 1.9: Lossless line with arbitrary terminations

• In the time domain we know that for a lossless line

ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1–19