1. Q.

Why are qualitative researchers more likely to use in-depth interviews to

collect data than quantitative researchers?
A. Because interviews are more likely to get researchers close to the real-life
experiences of the people they study than a controlled lab experiment.

2. Q. ‘The term positivism refers to a major epistemological position in

psychology and other related disciplines.‘ What is epistemology? Select all
that apply.
A. The study of how we go about knowing things .
It is concerned with the validation of knowledge (the value of what we
know).

3. Q. ‘The term positivism refers to a major epistemological position in

psychology and other related disciplines.’ What is positivism? Select all that
apply.
A. An approach to science that treats data as a reflection of an objective
reality .
An approach to knowledge based on the empiricism of science.

4. Q. Which of the following are features of qualitative research? Select all that
apply.
A. Concern with the richness of description
A sense of personal responsibility in the researchers’ interactions with
their participants

5. Q. Which of the following are features of quantitative research? Select all

that apply.
A. Social reality is seen as static and external to the individuals
Relatively rigid and structured research strategies
6. Q. Qualitative psychology tends to ascribe to an argument that science is
socially constructed. Which of the following statements fit a view of science
as socially constructed by human beings? Select all that apply.
A. Science is a view of the world that is imposed on nature by humans
seeking to understand it
Scientists act collectively and socially as part of the enterprise of science

7. Q. What is 1) a paradigm and 2) a paradigm shift?

A. 1) A comprehensive way of looking at the world; 2) a change that occurs
when one view becomes untenable and is replaced by something
radically different.
(Paradigms are dominant or prevailing ways of understanding the world
within a discipline. If there is debate, then there is no accepted paradigm)

8. Q. When did qualitative methods of analysis become common in

psychology?
A. 1980s onwards

9. Q. ‘Introspection was a major force in German and then American

psychology around the time when modern psychology “was born”.’ What is
introspection? Select all that apply.
A. The study of psychology using internal self-observation at the
researcher’s own conscious sensations, perceptions, and thoughts.

An approach to psychological research that demanded impartiality,

attentiveness, and a lack of premature speculation about the results by the
researcher.
(Structuralism replaced introspection.)
10. Q. What is the relationship between phenomenology and introspection as
research disciplines in psychology? Select all those that apply.
A. Phenomenology looks at what is represented in experience not what is
represented in mixed sensations and perceptions during an experience

Phenomenology is a reaction against introspection.

11. Q. Which of the following are features of positivism? Select all that apply.
A. Positions psychology as part of the natural sciences

A dependency on empiricism and the use of logical deductions from

mathematics

Reductionist forms of reasoning.

12. Q. Which of the following psychologists is associated with behaviourism?

A. Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)

13. Q. Who set up the first psychology laboratory for research purposes?
A. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

14. Q. Which of the following personalities is associated with phenomenology?

A. Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)

15. Q. What did Noam Chomsky (quoted in Cohen, 1977) argue might be the
reason behavioural psychology was so popular, particularly in the United
States?
A. Universities could make big money through selling the technology of
behavioural control
16. Q. Why does Michell (2003) suggest quantitative research became the
dominant methodology in psychology?
A. Because of the quantitative imperative – the idea that science and
measurement go together and, as a consequence, non-quantitative
methods are held to be pre-scientific
(Brower (1949) said this.)

17. Q. Which of the following are assumptions of social constructionism?

Select all that apply.
A. Knowledge is constructed by people through their interactions

A critical position towards ‘taken-for-granted’ knowledge or objective

‘facts’

18. Q. ‘The origins of social constructionist thinking dig deep in the history of
postmodernism itself.’ What is postmodernism?
A. A position that argues for a multiplicity of different perspectives on the
world which are incompatible with the idea that there can be grand
theories to explain what underlies the world and its existence.

19. Q. In which area of social constructionism would the work of Michel

Foucault fall?
A. What Burr (2003) calls macro-social constructionism and what Danziger
(1997) calls dark social constructionism.

20. Q. In which area of social constructionism would discourse analysis fall?

A. What Burr (2003) calls micro-social constructionism and what Danziger
(1997) calls light social constructionism
21. Q. What type of work is conducted in the area of social constructionism that
Burr (2003) calls macro-social constructionism and what Danziger (1997)
calls dark social constructionism?
A. Societally focused research.

22. Q. What is the main difference between interactionally focused social

constructionist research and societally focused social constructionist
research?
A. Interactionally focused social constructionist research assumes
individuals are active participants in constructing their social reality;
societally focused social constructionist research assumes that individuals
are relatively powerless to produce social change.

23. Q. What do Charles Spearman, Louis Thurstone and Louis Guttman have in
common?
A. They are all psychologists who have developed statistical techniques now
commonly used outside psychology as well as within the discipline.

24. Q. What do Francis Galton, Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher have in
common?
A. None of them was a psychologist but they invented statistical techniques
that are now the mainstay of quantitative psychological research

25. Q. Who introduced the terms ‘independent variable’ and ‘dependent

variable’ to psychology?
A. Edward Tolman
 26. Q. When did statistical thinking become integrated into the work of
psychologists?
A. 1950s

27. Q. When did behaviourism begin to decline as a major force in psychology?

A. 1950s

28. Q. When did cognitive science emerge as a major strand of psychological

research?
A. Following the decline of behaviourism

END of Chapter 1.

1. Q. Although qualitative methods have been used throughout history in

psychology, when did the rise in their use become most dramatic?
A. 1980s

2. Q. What does it mean for a journal article to be peer reviewed?

A. The article is accepted for publication only if it has been reviewed by
experts in the field.

3. Q. What is PsycINFO?
A. An online database of abstracts, summaries and bibliographic citations
from within the behavioural and social sciences.

4. Q. Rennie, Watson and Monteiro (2002) searched PsycINFO for qualitative

research publications. Prior to 1970 what was the only search term that
commonly brought up items from the database?
A. Phenomenological psychology.
5. Q. Marchel and Owens (2007) found that qualitative research accounted for
what percentage of the total number of articles published by the American
Psychological Association?
A. 1%

6. Q. Why might Rennie et al. (2002) and Marchel and Owens (2007) have
found so few qualitative research publications within mainstream
psychology? Select all that apply.
A. Journals are not the most prolific publishers of qualitative research:
books and chapters in books offered more accessible outlets for
qualitative research in its early years

Mainstream psychology journals tend to cater for the needs of long-term

specialisms within psychology, not innovative new methodologies

7. Q. When did the British Psychological Society establish a section devoted to

Qualitative Methods in Psychology?
A. 2006

8. Q. When did the American Psychological Society establish a Division of

Qualitative Psychology?
A. They haven’t, that division still does not exist

9. Q. What is critical realism? Select all that apply.

A. A philosophical position which does not deny that there is a real world,
but questions whether a researcher’s observations can fully reflect the
real world.
A midway position between realism and relativism that cautions
researchers against assuming the existence of an objective reality that is
uncoloured by the social conditions in which research takes place.
10. Q. Which of the following were the main qualitative methods used in
psychology prior to the 1950s?
A. Case studies
Participant observation

11. Q. What is a case study? Select all that apply.

A. A way for quantitative researchers to get around instances where they
have only got a sample of one

It is hard to define in qualitative research because of the very different

approach to sampling

An intensive investigation of a single case

12. Q. Why can case studies be considered early examples of qualitative

research? Select all that apply.
A. They lack any manifest quantification or use of statistics

They include extensive amounts of very descriptive material

13. Q. Qualitative methods typically involve which of the following? Select all
that apply.
A. Being led by the data and not by what is already known

Exploratory and theory generating work.

14.Q. What is the difference between participant observation and ethnography?

Select all that apply.
A. Nothing really, ethnography is the more up-to-date term
15. Q. What was significant about The Philadelphia Negro by W. E. B. Du
Bois? Select all that apply.
A. It was the first major example of ethnography being applied to a Western
community

16. Q. What was significant about the Marienthal study by Marie Jahoda, Paul
Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel in the 1930s? Select all that apply.
A. It was one of the earliest and most significant examples of participant
observation studies in psychology

It was a cross-disciplinary study

It was the first study of unemployment

17. Q. What was the major impact of Festinger, Riecken and Schachter’s (1956)
study of Marion Keech’s group of followers who believed the world was
going to end on 21 December? Select all that apply.
A. It generated numerous studies of cognitive dissonance using laboratory
methods

18. Q. Qualitative psychology has traditionally been fed by which other

disciplines?
A. Philosophy, sociology and sociolinguistics

19. Q. Who first coined the phrase ‘social construction’?

A. Peter L. Berger (1929– ) and Thomas Luckmann (1927– )

20. Q. Who is most associated with personal construct theory?

A. George Kelly (1905–1967)
21. Q. What was the central idea in Berger and Luckmann’s (1966) book The
social construction of reality?
A. Although ideas and activities can appear to have a natural or built-in
character, they are best considered to be created by members of that
society.

22.Q. Why was grounded theory important for the development of qualitative
research in psychology? Select all that apply.
A. It stands in direct contrast to the idea, common in mainstream
psychology, that the data is there to test a pre-established theory; it
therefore offers psychologists an alternative

It is the commonest method of qualitative data analysis in use today

23. Q. What is the basic idea of ethnomethodology?

A. The way in which a person understands their everyday world constitutes
a social fact. Social facts are created by individuals and groups in society.
Understanding social facts is the role of the researcher.

24. Q. What was Ludwig Wittgenstein's (1889–1951) idea about language?

A. Language is essentially a toolkit that individuals can use to accomplish
specific actions in the social world.

25. Q. What was the contribution of Harvey Sacks (1935–1975)?

A. He founded conversation analysis

26. Q. What was the contribution of John Austin (1911–1960)?

A. He developed speech act theory
 27. Q. What was the contribution of Paul Grice (1913–1988)?
A. He developed maxims of good conversation

28. Q. When was the Chicago School of Ethnography established?

A. 1920s

29. Q. When did Harold Garfinkel begin to establish ethnomethodology as an

approach in sociology?
A. 1950s

END OF CHAPTER 2

1. Q. Qualitative interviews are normally:

A. Semi-structured

2. Q. Structured interviews typically:

A. offer participants a choice from a list of possible answers

3. Q. Which of the following statements apply to qualitative interviews? Select

all that apply.
A. They are largely steered by the responses of the interviewee to which the
interviewer may explore further with the use of careful questioning

Although the researcher usually has a list of areas to explore through

questioning, there is no rigid structure and flexibility is vital
4. Q. Which of the following statements apply to structured interviews? Select
all that apply.
A. The interview facilitates reliability, validity and similar assessments

5. Q. Discourse analysts would tend to generate interviews that:

A. have a very conversational feel to them

6. Q. When and what was the first journalistic interview?

A. Horace Greeley interviewed Brigham Young, the leader of the Mormon
religion, in 1859
(This was for an academic book not a journalistic piece.)

7. Q. What was Charles Booth’s work on Londoners in the 1880s an early

instance of?
A. Triangulation

8. Q. Many of the earlier advocates of qualitative interviewing were:

A. European

9. Q. What was a critical factor in the increased popularity of qualitative

interviews after the Second World War?
A. Sound recording became readily available

10. Q. Qualitative interviews should be:

A. carried out by the researcher to help familiarise them with the data
11. Q. How long should a typical qualitative interview last?
A. Varying lengths up to about 2 hours

12. Q. What is piloting?

A. Testing the interview schedule before conducting the main interviews

13. Q. What should you do if the first few interviews you conduct have all
diverged from your interview schedule down a line of thought you had not
previously considered?
A. Adapt to the changes as you go. Work out a new interview schedule and
use that in all your subsequent interviews

14. Q. What does it mean to be an active listener?

A. Engaging with what the speaker is saying and trying to think of questions
that might draw out more detail or elaborate certain points. Making sure
you understand what they say.

15. Q. What is inter-interview comparison?

A. While conducting an interview thinking about how it differs from
previous interviews on the same topic and coming up with questions for
the interviewee to try to get at why there are differences.

16. Q. What is snowball sampling?

A. Beginning with a small pool of participants and allowing the sample to
filter through their personal contacts within the target community
17. Q. The qualitative interviewer should:
A. avoid interrupting the interviewee wherever possible and allow them to
direct the trajectory of talk as much as possible without going off on
completely unrelated topics.

18. Q. The qualitative interviewer should:

A. use silence as a tool for prompting further thought and elaboration on the
part of the interviewee rather than something to be filled at all costs.

19. Q. When should debriefing happen?

A. At the end of each interview before the tape is turned off to allow it to
form part of the data.

20. Q. What does debriefing involve? Select all that apply.

A. Obtaining feedback about the interview content and the methods
employed

Providing names and contact details of organisations, etc., which might

be able to deal with issues of a counselling or therapeutic nature arising
from the interview

Checking the interviewee is still happy for the interview’s recording to be

used in the research

Allowing the interviewee to ask any questions they may have about the
research.

21. Q. What is natural conversation data?

A. Conversations that did not take place for the purpose of gathering
research data
 22. Q. What types of analysis generally require natural conversations? Select all
that apply.
A. Discourse analysis

Conversation analysis

23. Q. When is a qualitative interview the most appropriate form of data

collection?
A. Where the experiences, thoughts, life histories and feelings of an
individual are the researcher’s primary focus

24. Q. In a qualitative interview:

A. the researcher has more control over the discussion than in a focus group
and more time to delve into individual circumstances.

END OF CHAPTER 3

1. Q. What is a focus group?

A. A researcher-led discussion between multiple participants.
(This term does not recognise the importance of group interaction in
focus groups.)

2. Q. How many people should typically participate in a focus group?

A. 6-10

3. Q. The composition of a focus group should:

A. contain members of a similar status within the community under study
4. Q. As a general rule of thumb, focus group members should:
A. be strangers unlikely to come into contact with each other again in the
future

5. Q. When can focus groups be used? Select all that apply.

A. To evaluate the research conclusions in the eyes of the end users

As an early stage of research to identify the significant issues.

6. Q. In what area of study were focus groups first used?

A. Impact of mass media

7. Q. Who first developed the focus group as a distinct methodology?

A. Robert Merton (1910–2003)

8. Q. When did the focus group gain respectability as an academic

methodology?
A. 1980s

9. Q. Before they become established as an academic research tool, where were

focus groups largely used?
A. Advertising and market research

10. Q. How long does a focus group typically last?

A. One and a half to two hours.
11. Q. What three approaches does Calder (1977) suggest focus groups can be
used for?
A. Exploratory, clinical and phenomenological.

12. Q. What sort of sampling procedure should be used with focus groups?.
A. Purposive.

13. Q. When recruiting participants the researcher should:

A. make use of personal or institutional contacts who can recruit for them,
often helping them appear credible

14. Q. How much information should you give participants about the focus
group in advance?
A. The general topic of the focus group but not any specific questions – just
enough to get them to agree to participate.

15. Q. What is the minimum number of focus groups that should be run in a
single-category design?
A. 3-4

16. Q. What is single-category design?

A. Only one type of group composition is used.

17. Q. What is a multiple categories design?

A. Focus groups are organised into several particular types of respondents.
18. Q. What is a broad involvement design?
A. As many different groups from as broad a range as possible that may
relate to the topic are recruited.

19. Q. Where does the idea of ‘saturation’ come from as a means of deciding
when enough focus groups have been conducted?
A. Grounded theory

20. Q. Focus groups should involve the researcher asking:

A. fewer questions than in an individual structured interview.

21. Q. Which are the following are characteristics of a good focus group
question? Select all that apply.
A. It is phrased in a style suitable for conversation

It is short

It uses the language of the group.

22. Q. When designing the sequence for focus group questions:

A. questions about positive aspects should come before questions about
negative aspects.

23. Q. During the focus group, the moderator should:

A. avoid expressing their personal opinion.
 24. Q. How can focus group data be analysed? Select all that apply.
A. Grounded theory

Conversation analysis

Thematic analysis
(The data is unlikely to be detailed enough.)

25. Q. What is the purpose of focus groups?

A. To gain an understanding of why participants think and do things in
particular ways

END OF CHAPTER 4

1. Q. Although there is no defined method for analysing data collected using

ethnography and participant observation, which analytical technique offers a
particularly systematic approach?
A. Grounded theory

2. Q. In which academic discipline does participant observation originate?

A. Anthropology

3. Q. What is participant observation?

A. A broad strategy for collecting data in a field setting. It involves
collecting a variety of different sorts of data pertinent to answering the
research question.
4. Q. What is ethnography?
A. The study of cultures

5. Q. When did ethnography emerge as the term preferred over participant

observation to describe the research methodology?
A. 1970s

6. Q. Participant observation involves:

A. focusing primarily on the perspective of the members of the group or
community being studied.

7. Q. What is immersion?
A. Living with the group being studied or doing one’s best to live life as
members of the group live it.

8. Q. Which of the following could be elements of a participant

observation/ethnographic study? Select all that apply.
A. Interviews with key persons in the group

Researcher’s introspection about their experiences

Video recordings

Analysis of pertinent documents (e.g. newspapers).

9. Q. Which of the following could be elements of a participant
observation/ethnographic study? Select all that apply.
A. Sociograms showing social relationships

Personal documents (e.g. family photographs)

Biographical accounts from participants

10. Q. When are field notes normally written?

A. In ‘private time’ away from the community as soon as possible after the
event has taken place.

11. Q. How should the ethnographer structure their field notes? Select all that
apply.
A. Entirely chronologically

To keep observations and interpretations separate, distinguishing

experience from analysis at all times

12. Q. What is ethology?

A. No direct engagement with the group in its day-to-day activities, often a
covert form of observation commonly used to study animal behavior.

13. Q. What is involved when the ‘total or complete participation’ method of

participant observation is used?
A. Total participation in every aspect of the group or community’s daily life
14. Q. Which was the first academic institution to specialise in ethnography and
participant observation?
A. Chicago School of Sociology

15. Q. Who was the first identifiable user of participant observation?

A. Frank Hamilton Cushing (1857–1900)

16. Q. Where did Frank Hamilton Cushing conduct his research?

A. With the Zuni community in New Mexico

17. Q. Where did William Foote Whyte conduct his research?

A. Among the Italian immigrant community in Boston

18. Q. Who carried out research that changed the nature of participant
observation and ethnography while exiled in the Trobriand Islands during
the First World War?
A. Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942)

19. Q. Which famous study was Lloyd Warner (1898–1970) involved in?
A. The Hawthorne Experiments

20. Q. What are sociograms?

A. Diagrams indicating the levels of interpersonal involvement of members
of the group or community under study

21. Q. What would an ethogenic study focus on?

A. The speech that participants use to account for their actions
 22. Q. Marsh, Rosser & Harre (1978) conducted an ethnographic study of
football hooliganism. The authors described their study as ethogenic in
nature. What does this mean?
A. The research studies the speech that participants use to account for their
behavior

23. Q. Participant observation is an appropriate methodology when:

A. the researcher has a broad area of study to address but does not have a
focused research question at the outset

24. Q. What is the objective when taking field notes?

A. To have a comprehensive database of your observations in the field
setting.

25. Q. The nature of field notes should:

A. begin with general descriptions of all events before focusing in on
specific areas of interest to the research questions. In the final stages the
field notes should follow up on areas of interest that emerged during the
field work

26. Q. Which methods of data analysis are generally suitable for participant
observation and ethnography? Select all that apply.
A. Thematic analysis

Grounded theory

END OF CHAPTER 5
1. Q. Which of the following can best be described as methods of analysing
language or speech? Select all that apply.
A. Conversation analysis

Discourse analysis

2. Q. Which of the following can best be described as methods of analysing life

stories/experiences? Select all that apply.
A. Interpretive phenomenological analysis

Narrative analysis

3. Q. What is transcription?
A. The process by which a sound (or video) recording of the spoken word is
turned into written language for subsequent analysis.

4. Q. Which types of transcription are most commonly used in qualitative

psychology? Select all that apply.
A. Jefferson

Orthographic

5. Q. What is kinesic communication?

A. The range of body movements and postures which may reveal more than
the spoken word does

6. Q. What is chronemic communication?

A. The variations in the pace of speech and the silences which are
introduced into speech
7. Q, What is paralinguistic communication?
A. The changes in volume, pitch and other characteristics of the voice

8. Q. Which transcription symbol denotes a marked rise in volume using the

Jefferson transcription system?
A. WOrd

9. Q. Which transcription symbol denotes a falling intonation using the

Jefferson transcription system?
A. word.

10. Q. Which transcription symbol denotes a squeaky voice using the Jefferson
transcription system?
A. wo*rd

11. Q. Which transcription symbol denotes quiet speech using the Jefferson
transcription system?
A. °word°

12.Q. Which transcription symbol denotes laughter within a word using the
Jefferson transcription system?
A. wo(h)rd

13. Q. Which transcription symbol denotes faster speech using the Jefferson
transcription system?
A. >word<
14. Q. Which transcription symbol denotes elongated speech using the
Jefferson transcription system?
A. wo:rd

15.Q. What do square brackets indicate using the Jefferson transcription

system?
A. Overlapping speech

16. Q. What does .hhh indicate using the Jefferson transcription system?
A. Inbreath

17. Q. What does a hyphen indicate using the Jefferson transcription system?
A. A cut off

18.Q. In addition to the words spoken, what does Jefferson's transcription

method attempt to capture?
A. The way in which the words were said

19. Q. Who supervised Gail Jefferson's (1938–2008) PhD studies?

A. Harvey Sacks (1935–1975)

20. Q. Which of the following computer programs (available at the time of

publication) can be used to help with transcribing audio? Select all that
apply.
A. Adobe Audition

Audacity
21. Q. How long does it take to transcribe an hour of recording using the
Jefferson transcription system?
A. 10-24 hours

22.Q. How much of the data should be transcribed using Jefferson?

A. As much as is relevant to your analysis based on a consistent set of
guiding principles for selection

23. Q. Which transcription system should a researcher interested in regional

accents use?
A. Phonetic

24. Q. How many times should you listen to a recording while you are
transcribing it?
A. As many as you need to in order to be confident that your transcript is as
accurate as you need it to be

25. Q. What do line numbers relate to in a Jefferson transcript?

A. Each new line: line lengths are decided based on the clearest way to
represent overlapping speech

26. Q. What is the recommended font for Jefferson transcription?

A. Courier in 10pt size

27. Q. Jefferson transcription tends to be used when:

A. speech is being studied as social action
 28. Q. Which analysis techniques tend to make use of Jefferson transcripts?
Select all that apply.
A. Conversation analysis

Discourse analysis

END OF CHAPTER 6

1. Q. What is thematic analysis the study of?

A. What is said

2. Q. Thematic analysis can be considered:

A. an introductory level analysis method

3. Q. Thematic analysis aims to identify:

A. the relatively broad themes which summarise the content of the data
fairly completely

4. Q. The end product of thematic analysis is:

A. a set of themes that reoccur throughout the data and characterise its
content and style

5. Q. Why is thematic analysis often considered to be a less demanding form of

data analysis than some other qualitative methods?
A. Because the process of data analysis is not intimately linked to particular
areas of theory as it is with other methods
6. Q. What type of data does thematic analysis typically use? Select all that
apply.
A. Focus groups

Newspaper articles

Political speeches

7. Q. According to Howitt and Cramer (2011) what are the central processes
involved in thematic analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Transcription

Analytic effort

Theme identification

8. Q. Which transcription method is most commonly used in thematic analysis?

A. Secretarial

9. Q. When it comes to successful data analysis short cuts:

A. are very rarely to be found

10. Q. What is involved in the analytic effort in thematic analysis? Select all
that apply.
A. Processing and reprocessing the data for consistency of analysis

Detailed codings and conceptualisations of the data

Familiarisation with the data

11. Q. How many themes should be identified in a thematic analysis?
A. There is no predetermined number

12. Q. If two researchers perform a thematic analysis on the same data and
reach different findings, what does this mean?
A. Either one of the analyses was more sophisticated and fine grained than
the other or the researchers simply saw different but equally valid themes
within the data

13. Q. What are some of the key elements of thematic analysis? Select all that
apply.
A. May be theory led or data led

Concentrates on the major themes identifiable within the data

Primarily a descriptive approach not one aimed at theory development

14. Q. What are some of the key elements of thematic analysis? Select all that
apply.
A. Generally has a poorly defined methodology

Is relatively easily understood by non-specialists

Has no particular psychological or theoretical basis

15. Q. When did the phrase ‘thematic analysis’ first appear in psychological
journals?
A. 1940s
16. Q. Approximately how many publications included thematic analysis in
their title between 1998 and 2008?
A. 1000

17. Q. Unlike other qualitative methods of analysis, what has thematic analysis
generally lacked?
A. High-profile advocates

18. Q. Grounded theory was developed:

A. much more recently than thematic analysis

19. Q. When did content analysis begin to develop?

A. 1920s

20. Q. When was the first book on content analysis published?

A. 1950s

21. Q. Which of the following were important figures in the very early history
of content analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Paul Lazarsfeld (1901–1976)

22. Q. What form of analysis was central to the US Government’s study of

propaganda during the Second World War?
A. Quantitative content analysis
23. Q. What did the publication of Content analysis in communication research
(1952) by Bernard Berelson lead to?
A. The immediate demand for a qualitative form of content analysis

24. Q. How many stages do Braun and Clark (2006) suggest are involved in a
thorough thematic analysis?
A. 6

25. Q. Which of the following are part of Braun and Clark's (2006) stages of
thematic analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Theme definition and labeling

Data familiarisation

Report writing

26. Q. Which of the following are part of Braun and Clark's (2006) stages of
thematic analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Initial coding generation

Review of themes

Search for themes

27. Q. The initial coding process in thematic analysis should typically involve:
A. a move from the concrete to the abstract
 28. Q. Which of the following are features of initial codings in thematic
analysis? Select all that apply
A. Summaries of bits of the text

Seek to capture the essence of a segment of text

29. Q. What are themes?

A. The result of categorising the codings into meaningful groups.

END OF CHAPTER 7

1. Q. According to Bryman (2004) what is grounded theory?

A. The most widely used way of analysing qualitative data

2. Q. When was grounded theory developed?

A. 1960s

3. Q. Who initially helped to develop grounded theory?

A. Barney Glaser (1930–)

4. Q. Who initially helped to develop grounded theory?

A. Anselm Strauss (1916–1996)

5. Q. In which academic field did grounded theory develop?

A. Sociology
6. Q. What was the primary contribution of grounded theory to qualitative
research?
A. It introduced the idea that qualitative researchers should take pains to
demonstrate the validity of their analyses

7. Q. What is a fundamental assumption of grounded theory?

A. That there should be a close link between empirical data and theory
building

8. Q. When did the two founders of grounded theory part academic company?
A. 1990s

9. Q. What is middle-range theory?

A. Theory that occupies the space between large-scale grand all-inclusive
theories and empirical observations and relationships noted during study

10.Q. Which of the following are examples of grand theories in mainstream

psychology? Select all that apply.
A. Cattell’s personality theory

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

11.Q. Which of the following are examples of middle-range theories in

mainstream psychology? Select all that apply.
A. Relative judgement theory

The pathways model of sexual offending

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

12.Q. Which of the following would be examples of middle-range theories in
grounded theory? Select all that apply.
A. Ideologies underlying thought processes

Ways in which children talk about authority

13.Q. What is the ultimate aim of grounded theory?

A. Developing a theory appropriate to the data and justified by a close
examination of the data

14.Q. The early stages of grounded theory share many of the characteristics of:
A. thematic analysis

15.Q. What is the key feature of the theories developed using grounded theory?
A. To explain and account for the data under study

16.Q. Which of the following are key elements of grounded theory? Select all
that apply.
A. It is opposed to grand theories that are not fully derived from the
empirical data

Analysis must reach a saturation point

17.Q. Which of the following are key elements of grounded theory? Select all
that apply.
A. Data collection and analysis happen in a cyclical process, informing each
other

The data must be coded before higher-level theorising can take place
18.Q. The Chicago School of Sociology contributed some of the earliest
approaches to quantification in which discipline?
A. Criminology

19.Q. Research conducted at the Chicago School tended to focus on:

A. the broad processes operating within the field setting

20.Q. What type of data can grounded theory use?

A. Any form of data that can be used to further development of the theory

21.Q . Which of the following statements are consistent with Glaser’s approach
to grounded theory? Select all that apply.
A. The good researcher begins with an empty mind

The theory is grounded in the data

Both quantitative and qualitative data can be used

22.Q. Which of the following statements are consistent with Strauss’s approach
to grounded theory? Select all that apply.
A. The theory is interpreted by an observer

The researcher is an active participant in the research process

Only qualitative data sources should be used

23.Q. A key tool within grounded theory is:

A. memo-writing
24.Q. When should the researcher start writing memos?
A. As early as the research question generation stage

25.Q. What do grounded theorists seek to achieve?

A. Conceptual density – the development of rich concepts and identification
of as many of the interrelationships between aspects of the data as
possible

26.Q. The process of theory development in grounded theory is:

A. extremely cyclical and repetitive as each new piece of information
prompts a reconsideration of the previous knowledge

27.Q. The choice of grounded theory as a method of data analysis should be

made by the researcher:
A. in the very early stages of planning the research, even before the research
question has been developed

28.Q. What type of sampling procedure is typically used in grounded theory?

A. Theoretical sampling

29.Q. What is theoretical sampling?

A. Sampling choice is driven by the preliminary interpretations of the early
data collected by the researcher. It involves finding participants who can
add something new to the analysis

30.Q. What does coding involve in grounded theory?

A. Applying pre-specified and standardised coding systems to the new data

Making up specific ways of describing the data under study

 31.Q. What is axial coding?
A. The process of relating the initial codes and categories together and
identifying the relationships between them

32.Q. What is constant comparison?

A. A continual process to check that different codes/categories actually
relate to different things.

END OF CHAPTER 8

1. Q. What does discourse analysis study?

A. How talk and text are used to perform social actions

2. Q. When did discourse analysis first start being used in psychology?

A. 1980s

3. Q. Which of the following are associated with discourse analysis in social

psychology? Select all that apply.
A. Margaret Wetherell (1954–)

Jonathan Potter (1956–)

4. Q. Which of the following are associated with critical discourse analysis?

Select all that apply.
A. Ian Parker (1956–)

5. Q. How should a new researcher approach discourse analysis?

A. By beginning with the theory of language shared by discourse analysts
and seeing how language's action orientation is evidenced in the data
6. Q. What distinguishes critical discourse analysis from other forms of
discourse analysis?
A. It has a central focus on power and social inequality

7. Q. Which of the following best describes the approach discourse analysis

takes towards language?
A. Language is studied, not for what it represents, but for what it does in
terms of social action

8. Q. According to Potter (2003), which of the following are the major

theoretical principles of discourse analysis? Select all that apply
A. Discourse analysis is action oriented

Discourse is situated

Discourse is constructive and constructed

9. Q. Which of the following statements would a discourse analyst agree with?

Select all that apply
A. Meaning is a social product achieved through language

Language constructs different versions of social reality

People in conversations are seen as holding a stake in a position and are

accountable

10.Q. People in conversations are seen as holding a stake in a position and are
accountable
A. Whether a person is speaking for themselves or on behalf of another
party.
11.Q. According to Potter (2003) in what ways is discourse situated? Select all
that apply.
A. Sequentially

Institutionally

Rhetorically

12.Q. When did Foucauldian discourse analysis make its first inroads into
Anglo-American psychology?
A. 1970s

13.Q. When did Foucauldian discourse analysis make its first inroads into
Anglo-American psychology?
A. Argumentation

14.Q. Who offered the first definition of rhetoric?

A. Aristotle (384–322 bc)

15.Q. When did mainstream psychology begin to develop an interest in

persuasive communication?
A. 1930s

16.Q. At what institution was mainstream psychology’s interest in persuasive

communication strategies based?
A. Yale University
17.Q. What is involved in undertaking a discourse analytic study?
A. A thorough understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of the
methodology and its conceptualisation of language

18.Q. Which of the following are consistent with the theoretical perspective
adopted by discourse analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Meaning is jointly produced and constructed by individuals in
conversation

Language is used to construct versions of social reality

Language constructs and constitutes social life. Through language things

get done.

19.Q. What are interpretive repertoires?

A. Broadly discernible clusters of related terms, descriptions and figures of
speech often assembled around metaphors

20.Q. Who developed the maxims for communication?

A. Herbert Grice (1913–1988)

21.Q. What was Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein's (1889–1951) major

contribution to the development of discourse analysis?
A. He viewed language as a toolkit that people used to do things
22.Q. Which of the following are examples of the maxims of conversation?
Select all that apply.
A. Quantity

Quality.

23.Q. When did the study of discourse begin in earnest within psychology?
A. 1980s

24.Q. What did Michel Foucault’s (1926–1984) work centre around?

A. Major social institutions

25.Q. What is a subject position?

A. Where a particular individual is situated within the system of rights,
obligations and duties which those who use a particular discourse are
buying into

26.Q. What are the main types of data used in discourse analysis? Select all that
apply.
A. Semi-structured and unstructured interviews

Naturally occurring conversations

27.Q. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the

standpoints of both Foucauldian and constructionist discourse analyses
towards transcription?
A. Foucauldian discourse analysis is less likely to use Jefferson transcription
than Potter and Wetherell’s discourse analysis
28.Q. What does coding involve in discourse analysis?
A. The process in which extracts are selected and put together because, for
whatever reason, they seem to have something in common

29.Q. What are deviant cases?

A. Instances in the discourse in which very different things seem to be
happening compared with the normal pattern that otherwise seems to be
emerging

30.Q. Which of the following are potential methods for validating discourse
analysis research according to Potter (2003)? Select all that apply.
A. Deviant cases

Coherence with earlier studies

Participants’ orientations.

END OF CHAPTER 9 JUMPING TO CHAPTER 14

1. Q. What is the purpose of research report writing? Select all that apply.
A. To communicate your ideas to others

To develop your ideas and finalise them

2. Q. What does ‘peer-review’ mean?

A. Having articles submitted for publication read and commented on by
experts in the field
3. Q. Which form of writing is the best guide to follow when learning to
write research reports?
A. Journal articles

4. Q. Within the publishing world:

A. journals run by professional bodies for psychologists often require the
highest standard

5. Q. Roughly how many words is a PhD thesis likely to have in the United
Kingdom?
A. 80,000

6. Q. Who introduced the concept of reflexivity?

A. Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)

7. Q. In which field was the concept of reflectivity first introduced?

A. Sociology

8. Q. What is reflexivity?
A. The ways in which the researcher recognises influences on the
research data and findings

9. Q. Reflexivity is an important concern for which group of researchers?

A. Qualitative researchers
10.Q. Which of the following are the types of reflexivity that are involved in
qualitative research according to Willig (2008)? Select all that apply.
A. Personal reflexivity

Epistemological reflexivity

11.Q. In qualitative research:

A. there are a multiplicity of voices and hence there is no definitive
account

12.Q. What is the basic traditional structure of a qualitative psychology

report?
A. Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Analysis and Discussion,
Conclusion

13.Q. Which of the following would you be likely to find in the Introduction
of a qualitative research report? Select all that apply.
A. Literature review

Justification and clear statement about the aims of the research

14.Q. Which of the following would you be likely to find in the Method of a
qualitative research report? Select all that apply.
A. Information about the participants

Strategy for the data analysis

15.Q. Which of the following would you be likely to find in the Discussion
of a qualitative research report? Select all that apply.
A. Reflections on methodology and analysis

How the research findings relate to those from other studies in this
area of research

16.Q. How can qualitative research be caricatured?

A. The subjective construction of knowledge

17.Q. What is the typical word length of a title?

A. 20

18.Q. What is the typical word limit of an abstract?

A. 150

19.Q. What should be included in a literature review?

A. Areas of the field that have shaped your thinking and ideas in relation
to the current report

20.Q. What are ‘mortality rates’ in social research?

A. The number of participants who begin the study but then drop out
before it is finished

21.Q. What is back-translation?

A. A translated text is then translated back into the original language by a
second translator and compared for differences with the original text.
CHAPTER 15

1. Q. Before quality criteria can be applied with certainty, what does one need
to understand?
A. The epistemological foundations of each qualitative method

2. Q. Which type of researcher is more likely to engage with epistemological

issues?
A. Qualitative

3. Q. Which group rejects all quality criteria for qualitative research on the
grounds that all qualitative research is unique?
A. Extreme relativists

4. Q. Which group asserts that conventional criteria such as reliability, validity

and generalisability simply do not apply to qualitative research on the
ground that it constitutes a distinctive research paradigm?
A. Antirealists

5. Q. Which group accepts there are some appropriate criteria of quality in

qualitative research (e.g. such as the credibility of the analysis to both
readers of the research and the participants)?
A. Antirealists

6. Q. Which group allows quality criteria adopted from quantitative research to

be used to assess the value of qualitative research?
A. Subtle realists
7. Q. What is the philosophical position of antifoundationalists?
A. That there are no particular principles which underlie all forms of valid
investigation or inquiry

8. Q. What viewpoint does Taylor (2001) adopt with regard to quality control
in qualitative research?
A. The criteria for evaluating a qualitative study are basically the same as
those employed generally across all academic fields of study; from
chemistry to literature

9. Q. How is academic research conventionally conceived?

A. A cumulative process

10.Q. In qualitative research variability is:

A. often regarded as a positive thing

11.Q. When was the Society for the Study of Social Issues founded?
A. 1930s

12.Q. When was the Society for the Study of Social Problems founded?
A. 1950s

13.Q. Which of the following are examples of Taylor's (2001) criteria for
research? Select all that apply.
A. How fruitful are the findings of the research?

How well is the research located with regard to previous publications on

the topic?
14.Q. Which of the following are examples of Taylor's (2001) criteria for
research? Select all that apply.
A. To what extent does the report contain an analysis based on systematic
interpretation of the data rather than leaving the data to speak for itself?

To what extent is the argument employed coherent and intellectually

persuasive (rational) as opposed to being based on emotion?

15.Q. What is construct validity?

A. Whether something measures what it was intended to measure

16.Q. What is ecological validity?

A. The degree to which the findings reflect ‘real-life’ processes

17.Q. What is external validity?

A. The extent to which research findings from one setting can be generalised
to other settings

18.Q. Validity assumes a:

A. realist position

19.Q. What is triangulation?

A. A test for validity involving different methodological approaches to the
same topic
 20.Q. Which of the following are examples of Mays and Pope’s (2000) criteria
for validity in qualitative studies? Select all that apply.
A. Triangulation

Reflexivity

21.Q. What is reflexivity?

A. The sensitivity or awareness of the researcher to how they may influence
the nature of the data collected and the analysis

22.Q. In qualitative research, the deviant case is:

A. an essential part of the analysis

23.Q. What is test–retest reliability?

A. How stable or consistent ‘scores’ on a particular measure are at different
points in time

24.Q. What is internal consistency?

A. The extent to which all the items are measuring the same thing

END OF CHAPTER 15
 Capitolul 10

1. Q. When was conversation analysis first developed?

A.1960s

2. Q.Which of the following first developed conversation analysis? Select all

that apply.
A.EmanuelSchegloff ,Harvey Sacks

3. Q.In what academic discipline did conversation analysis originate?

A. Sociology

4. Q.Which of the following are of particular interest within conversation

analysis? Select all that apply.
A.How participants produce or achieve turn-taking in conversations
How utterances within a given turn are constructed

5. Q.Conversation analysis has a close ally in:

A. Potter and Wetherell’s style of discourse analysis

6. Q.In conversation analysis:

A.talk is not regarded as the external manifestation of inner cognitive
processes

7. Q.Published papers in conversation analysis tend to:

A.have fewer references to published literature than experimental
psychology studies
8. Q.Which of the following are examples of Silverman’s (1998)
methodological rules for conducting conversation analysis? Select all that
apply.
A.Make a recording
Gather observational data

9. Q.In conversation analysis, conversation is treated as:

A.behaviour

10.Q.Which of the following methodologies require a detailed understanding of

the theories underpinning the methodology before analysis can be
attempted? Select all that apply.
A.Conversation analysis ,Discourse analysis

11.Q.Which of the following are key areas of theory in conversation

analysis? Select all that apply.
A.Turn-taking
Opening conversation
Repairs

12.Q.Which of the following are key areas of theory in conversation

analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Overlaps
Adjacency pairs
Preference organization

13.Q.What is the major unit of analysis for conversation analysis?

A.Turn construction unit

14.Q.What is the primary focus of conversation analysis?

A.Adjacent turns
15.Q.Conversation analysis of repairs indicates that:
A.people prefer self-correction over correction by another party

16.Q.When conversations have been completed they are said to have:

A.closed

17.Q.What is latching?
A.No pause or overlap between utterances

18.Q.What are collections of related membership categories called?

A.Membership categorisation devices

19.Q.Which of the following are seen as major influences on the work of

Harvey Sacks (1935–1975)? Select all that apply.
A.Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) ,Erving Goffman (1922–1982)

20.Q.Which transcription system is most commonly used in conversation

analysis?
A.Jefferson

21.Q.Conversation analysis involves annotating the transcript wherever

anything interesting or significant appears. These notes should:
A.be confined to what is observable in the data

22.Q.According to Drew (1995) which of the following are major

methodological matters underlying conversation analysis? Select all that
apply.
A.Conversation analysis findings can be generalised by subsequent testing
of finding in new conversational locations.
Analysis tends to focus on collections of similar instances in order to
demonstrate a pattern.
Conversation analysis aims to identify the sequential organisation and
patterns of conversation
23.Q.When collecting data, conversation analysts:
A.often make use of recordings that existed prior to the research being
considered in order to keep the data as natural as possible

24.Q.When transcribing data, conversation analysts:

A.usually transcribe the data themselves because it provides familiarity with
the data

25.Q.Which of the following principles can help when deciding what to study
when using conversation analysis? Select all that apply.
A. Use parts of the conversation that do not seem to be going well, for
example where there are instances of repair.
Pick a bit that seems to make no sense and see how the participants
manage that section of the talk.
Apply a known pattern or practice to a new situation and test whether it
applies in this case

26.Q.Which of the following are steps in the process of making sense or

interpreting the conversational episode? Select all that apply.
A.Reading and re-reading the conversation .The researcher’s common-sense
understandings of interaction as a person generally involved in conversations

27.Q.Which of the following would be suitable topic of research for

conversation analysis? Select all that apply.
A.How do lecturers deal with student interruptions during lectures?

28.Q.Which other qualitative research approach provided the route for

conversation analysis ideas to enter psychology?
A.Discursive psychology
29.Q.Conversation analysis is:
A.a particular approach to understanding language in action

Capitolul 11

1. Q. In phenomenological psychology the role of the researcher is to:

A.assist the participant to describe their experiences as closely as possible to
the way they were experienced at the time

2. Q. Which of the following branches of psychology has made extensive use

of phenomenology?
A. Health psychology

3. Q. In phenomenology, which of the following is not a description of a

phenomenon?
A. An event or object

4. Q. What does the term ‘lifeworld’ refer to?

A. The world that a person experiences through their consciousness

5. Q.On whose work is phenomenology primarily based?

A. Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)
6. Q.What is the prime focus of phenomenology?
A. Nature and meaning

7. Q.What is bracketing in relation to phenomenology?

A. A way of suspending the influence of the researcher’s thoughts and
experiences

8. Q.What was Heidegger’s main contribution to phenomenology?

A. Lifeworld
9. Q. Which of the following are dominant forms of data collection in
phenomenology? Select all that apply.
A.Written descriptions of experiences
Qualitative interviews
10.Q.According to Husserl, what type of knowledge can we rely on?
A. Our conscious experiences

11.Q. What is epoché?

A.The state of freedom from presuppositions

12.Q.Which of the following philosophers were involved in the development of

phenomenology? Select all that apply.
A.Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) ,René Descartes (1596–1650)

13.Q. What is Cartesian dualism?

A. Separation of mind and body

14.Q.For Heidegger, which of the following was a vital prerequisite of

phenomenology?
A.Hermeneutics

15.Q. What was Amedeo Giorgi’s contribution to phenomenological

psychology?
A. Providing a methodological framework for research

16.Q.What is the basic aim of phenomenology?

A. To document human experience

17.
Q.Which of the following statements best describes the use of self-studies
(studying oneself) in phenomenology?
A. Used sparingly and mainly as a trial or pilot study
18.Q. Which of the following statements best describes the process of
imaginative variation?
A.Testing the limits of a phenomenon

19.
Q.Which of the following is the primary purpose of phenomenology?
A. To understand the structure and nature of the phenomenon

20.
Q.Which of the following types of qualitative research is closest to
phenomenology?
A. Narrative analysis

Capitolul 12

1. Q.Who first developed interpretive phenomenological analysis?

A.Jonathan Smith

2. Q. When was IPA first developed?

A.1990s

3. Q.In what field was IPA first developed?

A.Health psychology

4. Q.What is the basic assumption of IPA?

A.The individual is the expert about their experiences

5. Q.What is the goal of IPA?

A.To explain how people make sense of their major life experiences
6. Q.In which of the following fields of psychology is IPA most commonly
used? Select all that apply.
A.Socialpsychology ,Health psychology ,Clinical psychology

7. Q.IPA tends to deal with:

A.life-changing events

8. Q.What is the data collection method of preference for IPA researchers?

A.In-depth qualitative interviews

I
9. Q.What is IPA’s primary concern?
A.The provision and analysis of detailed descriptions and interpretations of
conscious experiences in the personal accounts of individuals or a small
number of individuals

10.Q.Which of the following are key elements of IPA? Select all that apply.
A.Primarily about experience as personally experienced rather than the
language through which this is expressed
11.Q.Plausible interpretations provided by the researcher are grounded in the
data examples
A.Participants are experts about their experiences

12.Q.Which of the following are key elements of IPA? Select all that apply
A.Participants are fully regarded as individual, social and cultural beings in
the analysis
Inductive, data-led approach
Both the individual and shared aspects of experiences may be identified

13.Q.Which other two types of qualitative analysis does IPA have close links
with?
A.Narrative analysis
Thematic analysis
14.Q.What is IPA’s approach to incorporating research and theory from
psychology into its analysis and conclusions?
A.It is more amenable to drawing on psychological theory than most other
qualitative methods
15.Q.Which of the following are major influences on IPA?Select all that apply.
A.Hermeneutics
Phenomenology
Symbolic interactionalism

16.Q.What did IPA develop out of?

A.Phenomenology

17.Q.Which of the following are identified as strong influences on IPA? Select

all that apply.
A.Hermeneutics
Symbolic interactionism
Idiography

18.Q.What is hermeneutics?
A.The analysis of messages and the way we go about understanding and
studying texts

19.A.Who coined the phrase ‘symbolic interactionism’?

Q.Herbert Blumer (1900–1987)

20.A.What is the preferred form of data collection for IPA?

Q.Semi-structured interviews

21.A.What type of transcription is used in IPA?

Q.Secretarial transcript
22.A.Which of the following are steps in IPA data analysis?Select all that
apply.
Q.Search for theme interconnections
Initial case familiarisation and initial comments
Preliminary theme identification

23.A.Case studies represent the:

Q.nomothetic orientation of IPA

24.A,Phenomenological research is:

Q.a marked contrast to discursive research

Capitolul 13

1. Q.What is ‘storied self’?

A.The ways in which we create our ‘self’ using narratives and stories to
account for what has or is happening to us

2. Q.What is narrative psychology concerned with?

A.The structure, content and function of the stories that we tell each other
and ourselves in social interaction

3. Q.Essentially, what is a narrative?

A.A written or spoken account of connected events with an underlying time
dimension

4. Q.Roughly when can the start of narrative psychology be identified?

A.1970s and 1980s

5. Q.Which of the following people are associated with the start of narrative
psychology? Select all that apply.
A.Jerome Bruner
Kenneth Gergen (1935–)

6. Q.Who suggests that researchers should adopt a strongly social

constructionist position on narratives?
A.Mary and Kenneth Gergen

7. Q.Most forms of narrative analysis treat narratives as:

A.representative of the experiences of the speaker

8. Q.According to Murray (2003) what is one of the key functions of

narratives?
A.To provide a means of ordering and organising otherwise chaotic events
that need to be understood in order to have meaning

9. Q.Which fields of psychology typically find narrative analysis useful? Select

all that apply.

A.Clinical psychology
Health psychology

10.Q.Which of the following are among McAdams’ (2008) principles of

narratives?
A.The self is storied, Narratives are told in social relationships, Narratives
are cultural texts and reflect the culture of the speaker

11.Q.In narrative analysis the focus is on:

A.The person who speaks the narrative
12.Q.Whose work involved studying the diaries of adolescents?
A.Charlotte Buhler (1893–1974)

13.Q.Whose work involved studying the personality of Black people in

Southerntown in the 1930s?
A.John Dollard (1900–1980)

14.Q.Whose work involved a life-history study of refugees from Nazi

Germany?
A.Gordon Allport (1897–1967)

15.Q.What was one of the principal contributions of William Labov (1927–) to

narrative analysis?
A.He developed a general structure by which oral narrative can be
understood as a sequential process

16.Q.What did Theodore Sarbin (1911–2005) propose?

A.That the tradition of the mechanistic metaphor which underlies
psychology should be replaced with narrative as the basic (or root) metaphor
of the discipline

17.Q.What did Jerome Bruner (1915–) suggest?

A.That one can differentiate between two different forms of thinking: a) the
paradigmatic mode which is essentially the scientific method and b) the
narrative which is involved with the way our everyday interpretations about
expressed in the form of stories
18.Q.Which of the following are among the defining characteristics of narrative
as proposed by Jerome Bruner? Select all that apply.
A.It deals with people as characters or actors in a unique story
The narrative deals with the relationship between the ordinary and the
extraordinary
The narrative can be either real or imaginary

19.Q.Which are the main types of interviews used in narrative analysis data
collection? Select all that apply.
A.Episodic
Life history

20.Q.Transcripts in narrative analysis are usually produced using:

A.secretarial transcription

21.Q.Who developed the most commonly used approach to narrative

interviewing?
A.Dan McAdams

22.Q.Which of the following are sections in the McAdams’ narrative

interviewing protocol? Select all that apply.

A.Significant people
Core life theme
Life chapters

23.Q.What is the third section of McAdams’ narrative interviewing protocol?

A.Significant people

24.Q.What is the fifth section of McAdams’ narrative interviewing protocol?

A.Stresses and problems
25.What qualitative analysis method is narrative analysis most similar to?
Interpretive phenomenological analysis

26.Q.Narrative analysis is:

A.the least frequently used of the qualitative analysis procedures described

in this book

27.Q.How many life chapters are interviewees typically asked to identify and
talk about in narrative interviews?
A.6 to 8

28.Q.How many significant people is the interviewee typically asked to

describe in a narrative interview?
A.4

29.Q.Which of the following are important concepts to be looked for in a

transcript being used for narrative analysis? Select all that apply
A.The tone of the narrative,Imagery

30.Q.Which interpretive perspective within narrative analysis do Emerson and

Frosh (2004) advocate?
A.Critical narrative analysis

Capitolul 16

1. Q.Which of the following statements is true?

A.Qualitative researchers in general seem more interested in their research
participants as people than quantitative researchers
2. Q.What is qualitative ethicism?
A.The tendency of qualitative researchers to regard their research in
overwhelmingly ethical terms almost as if achieving ethical goals was the
purpose of the research

3. Q.The professional ethical codes for psychologists:

A.tend to be identical for both qualitative and quantitative work

4. Q.In psychological research who is primarily responsible for ensuring

research is conducted ethically?
A.The individual researcher

5. Q.What can modern ethical codes be traced back to?

A.The Nuremberg Code

6. Q.What type of research was the Nuremberg Code essentially designed to

govern?
A.Medical

7. Q.When was the Nuremberg Code developed?

A.1940s

8. Q.When did the American Psychological Society develop its set of

ethical principles?
A.1950s
9. Q.When did the first recorded example of deception in a psychology
study take place?
A.1897

10.Q.What was the first recorded example of deception in a psychology

study?
A.Leon Solomons told participants, some of the time untruthfully, that either
one point or two points were touching them in a study of sensory
discrimination

11.Q.When did deception studies begin to attract considerable criticism?

A.Late 1960s

12.Q.What study is Stanley Milgram (1934–1984) most famous for?

A.An obedience study involving participants administering electric shocks to

a confederate

13.Q.Which of the following are among the basic principles of the American
Psychological Society’s ethics? Select all that apply.
A.Fidelity and responsibility
Beneficence and nonmaleficence

14.Q.Which of the following are among the basic principles of the American
Psychological Society’s ethics? Select all that apply.
A.Respect for people’s rights and dignity
Justice: equal access to psychology's benefits
Integrity: accuracy, honesty, truthfulness
15.Q.If deception is used as part of a study, when should the truth be
revealed to the participants?
A.As soon as the data collection has finished for that participant

16.Q.What is plagiarism?
A.Taking the work of another with acknowledging the source and giving the
impression that it is your own work

17.Q.In comparison to quantitative research papers, qualitative research

papers tend to:
A.offer more access to the data for external verification

18.Q.What order should author’s names appear on a research report?

A.In order of the contribution they made to the paper from highest to
lowest