2.

0 INTRODUCTION

Basically, pumps are divided into two broad categories which are positive
displacement pumps and dynamic (centrifugal) pumps. Positive displacement pumps use a
mechanical means to vary the size of (or to move) the fluid chamber causing the fluid to flow.
Meanwhile, for centrifugal pumps, it imparts momentum to the fluid by using the rotating
impellers that has been immersed in the fluid. The momentum produces an increase in
pressure or flow at the pump outlet.

Centrifugal pump converts driver energy to kinetic energy in a liquid by accelerating

the fluid to the outer rim of an impeller. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to
the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a volute
chamber from where it exits. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller, then
the higher the velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and the greater the energy imparted to the
liquid.

The characteristics of the centrifugal pump are it creates a resistance to the flow
which controls the kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller. The first resistance is
created by the pump volute which catches the liquid and slows it down. When the liquid
slows down in the pump casing, some of the kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy.

Centrifugal pump has numerous applications in various industries. They are often
used in oil refineries and power plants. They are also the pump of choice for water
applications. Furthermore, the mining industries use centrifugal pumps as froth pumps,
separating bitumen and minerals from clay and sand.

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3.0 OBJECTIVES

This project is conducted to determine:

1) The number of pumps to be used

2) The arrangements of the piping system
3) The operating flow rate and the pump head

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4.0 SAMPLE DIAGRAM

TANK

HOTEL

30 m

LAKE
LAKE

Pump
Sharp-edged (pipe inlet)

Gate valve (fully open)

90° bend Sharp-edged (pipe exit)

(without vanes)

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5.0 CALCULATION

Assumptions: The fluid is at rest and it is exposed to atmosphere at both points:

𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 0, 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 = 0

Number of pumps used is 2 and the arrangement is series.

𝑍2 − 𝑍1 = 30 𝑚

Length of pipe, 𝐿 = 45 𝑚

𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉, 𝑉 = 𝐴

Diameter of pipe, 𝐷 = 2.469 𝑖𝑛 = 0.0627 𝑚

From Bernoulli’s Equation, we know that:

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑍1 + 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 → (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Where:

𝑉2 𝑄 2 1
=( ) ×( )
2𝑔 𝐴 2𝑔

2
2
𝑉 𝑄 1
=( 2 ) ×( )
2𝑔 𝜋(𝐷) 2𝑔
4

2
𝑉2 𝑄 1
=( ) × ( )
2𝑔 𝜋(0.0627)2 2(9.81)
4

𝑉2
= 5346.27 𝑄 2 → (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)
2𝑔

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Where:

𝐿 𝑉2
𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (𝑓 + ∑ 𝐾𝐿 ) × ( )
𝐷 2𝑔

45
𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ((0.005) × ( ) + 𝐾𝐿(𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤) + 𝐾𝐿(𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡) + 𝐾𝐿(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡) + 𝐾𝐿(𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒) ) × 5346.27 𝑄 2
0.0627

𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (3.5885 + (2 × 0.9) + 0.5 + 1 + 0.2) × 5346.27 𝑄 2

𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (3.5885 + 3.5) × 5346.27 𝑄 2

𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 37897.03 𝑄 2 → (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3)

Substitute Equation 3 into Equation 1:

𝑍1 + 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + 37897.03 𝑄 2

𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 37897.03 𝑄 2 + 30 → (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4)

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From Equation 4, we substitute each value of flow rate to determine head:

𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 37897.03 𝑄 2 + 30

𝑄(𝑚3 /𝑠) 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝(𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑) (𝑚)

0 30.00
0.005 30.95

0.010 33.79

0.015 38.53
0.020 45.16
0.025 53.69
0.030 64.11
0.035 76.42
0.040 90.64
0.045 106.74
0.050 124.74

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6.0 GRAPH

Head against Flow rate

60

50

44.5
40
111 mm
Head (m)

36.5 203 mm
30
216 mm
229 mm
20
241.3 mm
Required
10

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.4 0.045 0.5
Flow rate (cubic meter per second)

Power required:

1. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 229 𝑚𝑚, 𝐻 = 36.5 𝑚, 𝑄 = 0.0125 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (1000)(9.81)(0.0125)(36.5)
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 4475.81 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

2. 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 241.3 𝑚𝑚, 𝐻 = 44.5 𝑚, 𝑄 = 0.02 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (1000)(9.81)(0.02)(44.5)
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 8730.90 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

∴ The most suitable diameter of pump is 229 mm which gives the power value of 4475.81
Watt.

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7.0 DISCUSSION

In this assignment, we need to supply water from a lake to the tank at the roof top of a
hotel. The length of the pipe required from the lake is 45 m. The diameter of the pipe use is
0.0635 m and it has a friction factor of 0.005. We locate point 1 at the surface of the lake,
while point 2 at the surface of the tank. Both of point 1 and 2 are assumed to be exposed to
the atmospheric pressure which make the velocity at 1 (V1) and at 2 (V2) equal to zero. It is
also assumed that there is no leakage in the pipe. The piping design that we have choose is a
system with two pumps.

Along the piping design, we have choose 1 pipe inlet known as sharp-edged with a
loss coefficients of 0.5, 1 pipe exit know as sharp-edged too with a loss coefficients of 1, 2 of
90 ̊ smooth bend with threaded and loss coefficients of 0.9 each, lastly 1 gate valve which is
fully open with a loss coefficients of 0.2.

Based on the graph, they will be 2 intersection points which also known as operating
point. The intersection of the head required for all flow rate and the values of head pump of
each diameter in Taco Model 401 represents the value of operating flow rate and head pump
required. Steady energy equation was used to determine the Hrequired. Then the value of Hrequired
was recorded. Power required can be calculated by using 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 , ρ = density, g
= gravity, Q = flow rate required, H = head required .

Finally, in this case we choose a pump with diameter 229 mm instead of 241.3 mm
because from the value of power required, the pump with diameter 229 mm will give smaller
value of power required, 4475.81 Watt and the value of head, 𝐻 = 36.5 𝑚 as the height of
the hotel is 30 m and flow rate, 𝑄 = 0.0125 𝑚3 /𝑠.

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8.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, we solved the task by using some calculation which is based on the
design and arrangements of pipe. We assumed that the fluid is at rest and it is exposed to
atmosphere at both points: 𝑉1 = 0, 𝑉2 = 0, 𝑃1 = 0, 𝑃2 = 0. The number of pumps we chose is
two and they are arranged in series. We could find all the value of 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 by substituting
every value of Q in order to plot a system curve which is important to find the operating point
between system curve and pump performance curve. As we got two operating points from the
graph, the power required is calculated to find the lowest power required. Thus, the most
suitable diameter of pump can be used for our system is 229 mm which gives the value of
power required 4475.81 Watt and the value of head, 𝐻 = 36.5 𝑚 and flow rate, 𝑄 =
0.0125 𝑚3 /𝑠.

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