"Year of Dialogue and National Reconciliation"

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT N°1

TOPICS: Traffic Concepts

TEACHER: SANCHES NAVARRO, ALEX MANUEL

BLOCK: FC-PREINGCIV07A1T

MEMBERS:

_AYALA SALVADOR, SANDY KAREN 1420810

_PUMACAHUA MAMANI, OSVEL RAUL 1321267

Lima- Peru

2017- I
 INDICE
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................ 6

1.1. GENERAL CONCEPTS ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................... 9

2.1. TRAFFIC PARA METERS............................................................................. 9

CHAPTER III ........................................................................................................... 11

3.1. THE PEAK HOUR FACTOR (PHF) ............................................................ 11

3.2. DIRECTIONAL FACTOR ............................................................................ 13

3.3. PT - PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS............................................................... 15

3.4. PT (PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS) AND PB (PERCENTAGE OF BUSES)

16

CHAPTER IV ........................................................................................................... 17

4.1. DETERMINE THE SPACE MEAN SPEED (SMS) AND TIME MEAN
SPEED (TMS) FOR EACH DIRECTION. ................................................................ 17

4.2. IF THE LEGAL SPEED IS 45 KPH, WHAT YOU CAN SAY REGARDING
TO THE OPERATION OF THIS ROADWAY......................................................... 18

4.3. WHAT WOULD BE THE NEW SPEED LIMIT BASED ON THIS SPEED
STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 18

4.4. FIND THE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE DATA AND CREATE A

HISTOGRAM AND A PERCENTILE GRAPH. ...................................................... 19

CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................ 22

CONCLUSIÓN ......................................................................................................... 27

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 28
INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVES

- Determine Design hour volume (DHV)

- Determine the peak hour factor (PHF)

- Determine Directional factor (D)

- Determine Directional Design Hour Volume (DDHV)

- Estimate the density (k)

- Draw the diagrams Flow-Density-Speed for roadways sections given

 CHAPTER I
1.1.
 Peak Hour Factor (PHF). - Peak Hour Factor is the factor that show us the hour
with the most congestion of a roadway in both direction.

𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑷𝑯𝑭 =
𝟒∗𝒑

Where:

PHF: Peak Hour Factor

PHV: Peak Hour Volume

p: Maximum number of vehicles that pass on a highway in each 15 minutes during a

period of 60 consecutive minutes.

 Peak Hour Volume (PHV).- Peak Hour Volume is the maximum number of
vehicles that pass a point on a highway during a period of 60 consecutive
minutes. PHV are used for:
- Functional classification of highways.
- Design of the geometric characteristics of a highway.
- Capacity analysis.
- Development of programs related to traffic operations.
- Development of parking regulations.

 Design Hour Volume (DHV). - Design Hour Volume is used to avoid problems
of congestion and determine acceptable levels of service. It represents the 30 th
highest hourly volume in a year.

𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑲 ∗ 𝑨𝑨𝑫𝑻 =
𝑷𝑯𝑭

Where:

K: Traffic percentage in the design hour

AADT: Annual Average Daily Traffic

PHV: Peak Hour Volume

PHF: Peak Hour Factor

 Density (k). - Traffic concentration or density is defined as the number of vehicles
occupying a specific length of a track at any given time. It is usually expressed in
units of vehicles per kilometer (veh / km).

𝒏 𝒒
𝒌= =
𝒍 𝒗

Where:

K: Density q: Flow

n: Number of vehicles v: Speed

l: Distance

 Speed (𝑽) . − By analyzing the evolution of the current vehicles in terms of speeds
reached by them, it is necessary to study the speed to maintain a balance between
the user, the vehicle and the road in search of greater safety.
Speed is defined as the space traveled in a given time. When velocity is constant, it
is defined as a linear function of distance and time, its formula being:

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝒅)
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 (𝑽) =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒕)

 Time Mean Speed (TMS). - The time mean speed is the arithmetic mean of the
speed of all vehicles passing through a point during a selected time interval.

∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑽𝒊
̅̅̅
𝑽𝒕 =
𝒏

Where:

̅̅̅
𝑽𝒕 : 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑽𝒊 : 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝒏: 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

 Space Mean Speed (SMS). - Space mean speed is the harmonic mean of the speeds
of the vehicles that at a given instant occupy a section of a track. The space mean
speed is defined as:
 𝑛
̅𝑠 =
𝑉
𝟏
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏
𝑽𝒊

Where:

̅̅̅
𝑽𝒕 : 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑽𝒊 : 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝒏: 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

 Flow (q). - The flow or flow rate is the number of vehicles passing through a point
or cross-section of a track in less than one hour, can be expressed in units of [veh /
hour] taking into account that it does not exactly represent the number of vehicles
per hour.

𝒏
𝒒= = 𝒗∗𝒌
𝒕

Where:

q: flow v: Speed

n: Number of vehicles k: Density

t: Time
 CHAPTER II
2.1.TRAFFIC PARAMETERS
A) Design Hour Volume (DHV)

In high volume roads, ADDT in not used. Instead, the design Hourly Volume (DHV) is
used to avoid problems of congestion and determine acceptable levels of service

𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑲 ∗ 𝑨𝑨𝑫𝑻 =
𝑷𝑯𝑭

Where:

K: Traffic percentage in the design hour

AADT: Annual Average Daily Traffic

PHV: Peak Hour Volume

PHF: Peak Hour Factor

B) Draw a graph: Hours vs. hourly Traffic

HOURLY TRAFFIC VOLUME VS HOURS

600
550
500
450
400
350
Hourly traffic volume

300
250
200 DHV30 = 288
150
100
50
0
10000
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

-50

Hours

ADT = 437971 vph

AADT= 1200 Vph

 288 𝑣𝑝ℎ
𝑘=
1200 𝑣𝑝ℎ

K = 0.20

C) Calculation of Design Hourly Volume (DHV)

In this case we are based on the concept of the time of design volume when you
have data all year round.
1. Order from highest to lowest 365 days count data
2. Select the 30th highest hourly volume in a year
3. DHV = 30th highest hourly volume in a year
 CHAPTER III
3.1. THE PEAK HOUR FACTOR (PHF)

A) AT MORNING

From the data we can determine:

𝑃𝐻𝑉
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
4 ∗ 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
PHV: peak hour volume (vpd)
Vmax: maximum volume during the peak 15 minutes flow (veh/15min)
648 + 669 + 651 + 720
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
720 ∗ 4

𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 0.93
 B) AT AFTERNOON

From the data we can determine:

518 + 559 + 522 + 499
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
559 ∗ 4

𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 0.94

C) AT EVENING

HORAS DE East - West West - East

PASSENGER PASSENGER
CONTROL CARS
BUSES TRUCKS SUB TOTAL
CARS
BUSES TRUCKS SUB TOTAL TOTAL

16:00 - 16:15 170 1 22 193 255 3 23 281 474

16:15 - 16:30 176 2 12 190 258 1 25 284 474

16:30 - 16:45 173 3 22 198 255 4 19 278 476

16:45 - 17:00 192 2 18 212 257 4 29 290 502

17:00 - 17:15 208 2 12 222 246 3 17 266 488

17:15 - 17:30 194 2 13 209 286 1 20 307 516

17:30 - 17:45 231 1 10 242 257 2 28 287 529

17:45 - 18:00 249 2 13 264 240 0 33 273 537

18:00 - 18:15 251 3 17 271 253 2 27 282 553

18:15 - 18:30 249 1 16 266 265 1 18 284 550

18:30 - 18:45 298 2 11 311 269 2 32 303 614

18:45 - 19:00 364 1 10 375 259 3 36 298 673

19:00 - 19:15 268 2 17 287 216 1 24 241 528

19:15 - 19:30 242 5 14 261 226 2 28 256 517

19:30 - 19:45 232 2 14 248 230 2 23 255 503

19:45 - 20:00 216 1 13 230 211 2 22 235 465

From the data we can determine:

553 + 550 + 614 + 673

𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
673 ∗ 4

𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 0.89
3.2. DIRECTIONAL FACTOR

A) AT MORNING

HORAS DE East - West West - East

PASSENGER PASSENGER
CONTROL CARS
BUSES TRUCKS TOTAL
CARS
BUSES TRUCKS SUB TOTAL TOTAL

07:00 - 07:15 188 2 20 210 222 1 32 255 465

07:15 - 07:30 172 4 24 200 226 2 30 258 458

07:30 - 07:45 189 1 27 217 214 4 27 245 462

07:45 - 08:00 189 5 19 213 230 1 29 260 473

08:00 - 08:15 180 3 24 207 245 2 27 274 481

08:15 - 08:30 189 3 16 208 241 3 29 273 481

08:30 - 08:45 202 5 26 233 375 1 39 415 648

08:45 - 09:00 187 3 31 221 419 2 27 448 669

09:00 - 09:15 191 3 26 220 399 3 29 431 651

09:15 - 09:30 213 4 35 252 418 4 46 468 720

09:30 - 09:45 181 3 23 207 221 1 29 251 458

09:45 - 10:00 218 5 18 241 226 2 27 255 496

TOTAL 2299 41 289 2629 3436 26 371 3833 6462

Percentage per each direction

2629 veh/hour

E W
AST EST
6462 veh/ hour

2629
𝐷= + 100%
6462 + 2629

𝐷 = 29,91%
B) AT AFTERNOON

HORAS DE East - West West - East

PASSENGER PASSENGER
CONTROL CARS
BUSES TRUCKS TOTAL
CARS
BUSES TRUCKS TOTAL

12:00 - 12:15 199 2 17 218 270 1 29 300

12:15 - 12:30 225 3 25 253 268 0 38 306

12:30 - 12:45 213 4 25 242 251 1 28 280

12:45 - 13:00 194 2 19 215 259 2 23 284

13:00 - 13:15 210 5 27 242 253 0 33 286

13:15 - 13:30 177 2 18 197 226 1 40 267

13:30 - 13:45 200 1 19 220 241 2 32 275

13:45 - 14:00 206 2 19 227 272 0 25 297

14:00 - 14:15 162 2 20 184 192 1 37 230

14:15 - 14:30 140 2 14 156 243 1 52 296

14:30 - 14:45 158 1 8 167 257 1 58 316

14:45 - 15:00 132 3 11 146 240 3 50 293

15:00 - 15:15 2216 29 222 2467 2972 13 445 3430

2467
𝐷= + 100%
2467 + 3430

𝐷 = 41.83%
 C) AT EVENING
HORAS DE East - West West - East
PASSENGER PASSENGER
CONTROL CARS
BUSES TRUCKS TOTAL
CARS
BUSES TRUCKS TOTAL

16:00 - 16:15 170 1 22 193 255 3 23 281

16:15 - 16:30 176 2 12 190 258 1 25 284

16:30 - 16:45 173 3 22 198 255 4 19 278

16:45 - 17:00 192 2 18 212 257 4 29 290

17:00 - 17:15 208 2 12 222 246 3 17 266

17:15 - 17:30 194 2 13 209 286 1 20 307

17:30 - 17:45 231 1 10 242 257 2 28 287

17:45 - 18:00 249 2 13 264 240 0 33 273

18:00 - 18:15 251 3 17 271 253 2 27 282

18:15 - 18:30 249 1 16 266 265 1 18 284

18:30 - 18:45 298 2 11 311 269 2 32 303

18:45 - 19:00 364 1 10 375 259 3 36 298

19:00 - 19:15 268 2 17 287 216 1 24 241

19:15 - 19:30 242 5 14 261 226 2 28 256

19:30 - 19:45 232 2 14 248 230 2 23 255

19:45 - 20:00 216 1 13 230 211 2 22 235

3713 32 234 3979 3983 33 404 4420

3979
𝐷= + 100%
3979 + 4420

𝐷 = 47.37%

3.3. PT - PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS

A) AT MORNING

PERCENTAGE (%)
DIRECTIONAL EAST-WEST WEST-EAST
FACTOR
D 29.91% 70.09%
 B) AT AFTERNOON

PERCENTAGE (%)
DIRECTIONAL EAST-WEST WEST-EAST
FACTOR
D 41.83% % 58.17

C) AT EVENING

PERCENTAGE (%)
DIRECTIONAL EAST-WEST WEST-EAST
FACTOR
D 47.37% 52.63%

3.4. PT (PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS) AND PB (PERCENTAGE OF BUSES)

A) AT MORNING
BOTH DIRECTIONS
Trucks buses total
Amount of car 660 67 9091
percentage 7,26% 0.74% 100%

B) AT AFTERNOON
BOTH DIRECTIONS
Trucks buses total
Amount of car 667 42 5897
percentage 11.31% 0.71% 100%

C) AT EVENING

BOTH DIRECTIONS
Trucks buses total
Amount of car 638 65 8399
percentage 7,6% 0.77% 100%
 CHAPTER IV
4.1. DETERMINE THE SPACE MEAN SPEED (SMS) AND TIME MEAN SPEED

(TMS) FOR EACH DIRECTION.

A) Space mean speed (SMS) and (TMS) FROM EAST – WEST

E-W t
1 74.2000 0.01347709  TIME MEAN SPEED
2 57.5000 0.0173913
3 45.8000 0.02183406
4 45.9000 0.02178649
5 52.6000 0.01901141
6 58.0000 0.01724138
 SPEACE MEAN SPEED
7 50.4000 0.01984127
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
195 48.10 0.01960784
196 48.30 0.01757469 W-E
197 43.20 0.01655629
198 67.60 0.02053388 SMS TMS
199 60.70 0.01680672
48.31 50.13
200 56.40 0.02028398
TOTAL 10013.6000 10726.1496

B) Space mean speed (SMS) and (TMS) FROM WEST - EAST

W-E t
1 44.2000 0.02262443
2 56.2000 0.01779359
3 43.3000 0.02309469
4 67.4000 0.0148368
5 61.5000 0.01626016
6 56.3000 0.01776199
7 38.7000 0.02583979 W-E
. . . .
. . . . SMS TMS
. . . .
195 48.10 0.02079002 47.45 50.07
196 48.30 0.02070393
197 43.20 0.02314815
198 67.60 0.0147929
199 60.70 0.01647446
200 56.40 0.0177305
4.1396 699.8892
4.2. IF THE LEGAL SPEED IS 45 KPH, WHAT YOU CAN SAY REGARDING

TO THE OPERATION OF THIS ROADWAY

Note that the time mean speed is average speed past a point as distinct from space
mean speed which is average speed along a length. So this is the reason because the Time
Mean Speed is greater than the Space Mean Speed.

𝑉𝑡 ≅ 1.02 * 𝑉𝑠

Since the allowed speed is 45kph, it can be seen that the (SMS) is a little over what
indicates that the space between vehicles is not respected and the (TMS) indicates the
speed of vehicles passing by which they pass. It can cause accidents.

4.3. WHAT WOULD BE THE NEW SPEED LIMIT BASED ON THIS SPEED

STUDY

A) EAST - WEST B) WEST – EAST

Numero de datos 200 Numero de datos 200

Valor Maximo 82.50 Valor Maximo 77.40
Valor Minimo 20.80 Valor Minimo 24.70
Rango 61.70 Rango 52.70
# Intervalos 8 # Intervalos 8
Ancho de Intervalo 7.71 Ancho de Intervalo 6.59
Ancho de Inter. Redondeado 8.00 Ancho de Inter. Redondeado 7.00
Nuevo Rango 64.00 Nuevo Rango 56.00

Diferencia de Rango 2.30 Diferencia de Rango 3.30

Nuevo VALOR MAX 83.65 Nuevo VALOR MAX 79.05

Nuevo VALOR MIN 19.65 Nuevo VALOR MIN 23.05

ANCHO REAL DE INTERVALO 7.00 ANCHO REAL DE INTERVALO 6.00

4.4. FIND THE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE DATA AND CREATE A

HISTOGRAM AND A PERCENTILE GRAPH.

A) EAST - WEST

E-W

Frecuecuen Frecuencia
# Limite Limite Marca de Frecuecuen Frecuencia
cia Absoluta Relativa
INTERVALOS Inferior Superior clase cia Absoluta Relativa
Acumulada Acumulada
1 19.65 26.65 23.15 2 1% 2 1%
2 27.65 34.65 31.15 13 7% 15 8%
3 35.65 42.65 39.15 43 22% 58 29%
4 43.65 50.65 47.15 45 23% 103 52%
5 51.65 58.65 55.15 50 25% 153 77%
6 59.65 66.65 63.15 36 18% 189 95%
7 67.65 74.65 71.15 8 4% 197 99%
8 75.65 82.65 79.15 3 2% 200 100%
200 100%
 POSITION 170
PREVIOUS FREQUUENCY 153
POSTERIOR FREQUENCY 189
LOWER LIMIT 59.65
AMPLITUDE 7

PERCENTIL 85 62.96

B) WEST – EAST

W- E

# Frecuecuen Frecuencia
Limite Limite Marca de Frecuecuen Frecuencia
INTERVALO cia Absoluta Relativa
Inferior Superior clase cia Absoluta Relativa
S Acumulada Acumulada
1 23.05 29.05 26.05 3 2% 3 2%
2 30.05 36.05 33.05 11 6% 14 7%
3 37.05 43.05 40.05 33 17% 47 24%
4 44.05 50.05 47.05 56 28% 103 52%
5 51.05 57.05 54.05 43 22% 146 73%
6 58.05 64.05 61.05 40 20% 186 93%
7 65.05 71.05 68.05 9 5% 195 98%
8 72.05 78.05 75.05 5 3% 200 100%
200 100%
POSITION 170
PREVIOUS FREQUUENCY 146
POSTERIOR FREQUENCY 186
LOWER LIMIT 58.05
AMPLITUDE 6

PERCENTIL 85 61.65
 CHAPTER V
5.1.Obtained of the Flow (𝒒𝒎 )
We assumed that the maximum speed that we obtained is the “Free Flow Speed” with this
speed and the information provided below, obtain our the 𝑞𝑚 for the facility.

Note: The above values are not analytical or experimentally derived.

By a rule of three simple we can get the ability:

A) East- West
𝑘𝑚
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑈𝑓) = 82.5
ℎ
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 1862.5 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ/𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

B) West- East
𝑘𝑚
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑈𝑓) = 77.4
ℎ
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 1837 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ/𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

5.2.Diagram Speed vs Density

A) East- West
𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑢𝑓 = 82.50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1862.5 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
ℎ

𝑢𝑚 = 41.25
𝑘𝑚 = 45.15

𝑘𝑗 = 90.30
 𝑈𝑓
𝑉=− ∗ 𝑘 + 𝑈𝑓
𝑘𝑗

82.5
𝑉=− ∗ 𝑘 + 82.5
90.30

B) West- East
𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑢𝑓 = 77.4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1837 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
ℎ

𝑢𝑚 = 38.7
𝑘𝑚 = 47.47

𝑘𝑗 = 94.94

77.4
𝑉=− ∗ 𝑘 + 77.4
94.94
5.3. Diagram Flow vs Density
A) East- West

𝑘2
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑓 ∗ (𝑘 − )
𝑘𝑗

𝑘2
𝑞 = 82.5 ∗ (𝑘 − )
90.3

B) West- East
𝑘2
𝑞 = 77.4 ∗ (𝑘 − )
94.94
5.4. Diagram Speed vs Flow
A) East- West

𝑣2
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑗 ∗ (𝑣 − )
𝑈𝑓

𝑣2
𝑞 = 90.3 ∗ (𝑣 − )
82.5
B) West- East

𝑣2
𝑞 = 94.94 ∗ (𝑣 − )
77.4
 CONCLUSIÓN

 Through this work it has been possible to put into practice the knowledge acquired
during the development of classes, with which data have been obtained from the
various parameters required in this work.

 With the data obtained from the different speeds and comparing these with the limits
indicated by the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC), it has been
noted.

 Doing the work has observed a regular average traffic of heavy vehicles; therefore,
it is possible to determine the type of road it represents.
 REFERENCES

 Khisty C.Jotin (1928). Transportation engineering: an introduction. Prentice

Hall, [2003]
 Banks, James H. (1992). “Freeway Speed-Flow-Concentration Relationships:
More Evidence and Interpretations.” Transportation Research
 Garber and Hoel (2008). Traffic and Highway Engineering (4th Edition).
Cengage Learning
 Sanchez N. Alex (2017). Lecture Introduccion to transportation Engineering. PPT