San Sebastián College – Recoletos de Cavite, Inc.

Cavite City

College of Engineering, Computer Studies & Technology

ECE5 SATURDAY 10:30PM – 1:30 PM PHYSLAB

Section Day Time Room

COMM2LAB: Transmission Media and Antenna System Laboratory

Experiment Report No. 2
FILTER

August 25, 2018 September 1, 2018

Date Performed Date Submitted

Remarks Grade

FATIGA, Fritz Joseph D.

BSECE / 5th Year
Group No. 2

Engr. Carl John S. Carlos

Instructor
PROCEDURES
1. Draw an RC Lowpass filter.

Where C = 10nF and R = 10k.

2. Make a Piecewise linear function for the input voltage
wherein it starts at 0V at 0s and 1V at 1ns.
3. Make a transient simulation command in the time
domain up to 2ms.
4. Determine the graph of the input and output voltage.
5. Extend the PWL function to include 1V at 1ms and 0V
and 1.00001ms
6. Again, determine the input and output.
Task 1.
Apply at the input of the LPF (R = 10kW, C = 10nF) a
Dirac impulse with a peak value of Vampl = 1 Megavolt.
Start with a delay time of 1 ms at an amplitude of 0V.
Then the pulse rises to 1Megavolt within 1 Nanosecond,
stays on this value for 1 Microsecond and decreases to
0V within 1Nanosecond.
So we get a pulse area of 1 Megavolt x 1Microsecond
= 1Voltsecond
Simulate the impulse response for a stop time of
2ms.
Task 2.
Reduce the pulse amplitude to 100 Kilovolt but use
a pulse length of 10 Microseconds to get again a pulse
area of 1 Voltsecond. Simulate and compare the result
with task 1.
7. Determine the corner frequency through f =
1/(2pi*RC).
8. Change the source to a sinewave function an
amplitude of 1V and the computed corner frequency.
9. Simulate.
10. Change the source to a square wave. With Von
of 1V, a Trise and Tfall of 1n, a Ton of 295.6us and
Tperiod of 591.3us.
11. Change the transition period to 4ms.
12. Simulate
13. Change the source to a triangle wave. With a Von
of 1V, Trise and Tfall of 295.6u, Ton of 1n, and
Tperiod of 591.3u.
14. Simulate.
15. Change the source to a sine wave. With an
amplitude of 1V, a tdelay and Theta of 295.6u, a Ph
of 1n and Ncycles 591.3u. Also change the AC
amplitude to 1 and AC phase of 0. Note: Untick the
“make this information visible on schematic”.
16. Change the simulation command to AC analysis.
Type of sweep is decade having 101 points per
decade with a frequency range from 1 to 10k.
17. Simulate.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure 1: A Low Pass Filter circuit with

Piecewise Linear Function (0 0 1n 1v)

Figure 2: LPF circuit with extended PWL

function of (1ms 1v 1.0001ms 0)
 Figure 3: LPF circuit with a Resistor
power rating of 10kW and Vamplitude of
1Megavolt.

Figure 4: The LPF circuit used with

reduced pulse amplitude to 100Kilovolt.
 Figure 5: The LPF used with change
source to Sinewave function and
Computed Frequency of 1.59kHz.

Figure 6: The LPF circuit used with

change source to Square Wave pulse
and Transition period to 4ms.
 Figure 7: The LPF circuit used with
Change source into a Triangular wave.

Figure 8: The LPF circuit used change

source into Sinewave and change AC
amplitude of 1, AC phase of 0 ° and AC
analysis with 101 decade per points and
frequency range of 1 to 10k.
OUTPUT

Graph 1: The Waveform produce from

Figure 1 ‘LPF circuit’.

Graph 2: The plotted Waveform of

Figure 2 “LPF circuit” with pulse area of
1voltsecond.
 Graph 3: The plotted Waveform of
Figure 3 “LPF circuit” with Vout, Vin and
Capacitor current.

Graph 4: The plotted Waveform of

Figure 4 with a time array and extended
pulse length of 10 microseconds.
Graph 5: The plotted Waveform of LPF
circuit with source of a Sine wave
amplitude of 1v and Carrier Frequency
of 1.59kHz.

Graph 6: The plotted Waveform of

Figure 7 “LPF circuit” with square wave
source and transition period of 4ms.
Graph 7: The plotted Waveform with a
change source to Triangular wave from
Figure 7 “LPF circuit”.

Graph 8: The plotted Waveform of

Figure 8 .
INTERPRETATION
This laboratory activity was about
understanding the relationship of the
Input source and Output source in a Low
Pass Filter. The Low pass filter circuit is
simply made of a 10Kilo-ohms resistor
and 10nano-Farad capacitor and is
demonstrated using LTSpiceXVII Analog
program. The task of this experiment is for
us to observe the output by having
different input source such as Sine
waves, Triangular wave and square
waves.
To begin, the first task is having a
piecewise Linear function as the input
source value and simulating it, in this way
we could observe the Input and output
waveforms. We have a Piecewise Linear
function of PWL (0 0 1n 1) which can be
translated into PWL (time1 volt1 time2
volt2), then we set the time domain up
to 2ms in transient simulation command.
The waveforms observe is a constant
Source at 0s and ascending Vout to
constant at approximately 0.08ms.
Then, we extend the PWL input to (0 0
1n 1 1m 1 1.00001m 0) which means that
it at 1ms the Vin is at 1v and 0v at
1.00001ms.This is observed in the plotted
waveform, and also, it is observed that
the output has a short delay before it
equal to Vin, this may be because of the
capacitor affecting the output by
charging and discharging time.
Then for the Task 1, we simply added
a power rating of 10kW to the resistor
because we would be using 1Mega-volt
amplitude. To sum up we have a source
of PWL ( 0 0 1m 0 1.000001m 1000k
1.001001m 1000k 1.001002m 0 ), this
means that we would have a delay of 1
micro-second before starting, in the
plotted waveform, it is observe that the
Input has reached a maximum
amplitude of 1Mega-volt then slowly
reached approximately 0Kilo-volt at the
same time, while the Vout is at 10Kilo-volt
amplitude from the start up and slowly
goes 0 at around 1.2ms, to identify why,
I added the resistor current as seen on
the graph 3. The resistive current is at 0A
then reached -100micro-Ampere at 1ms
then goes 0A for the remaining time, the
component may have crash in real life
application because the resistor is at 0A
then goes -100A, and also because we
have set its power rating to only 10kW.
Then at Task 2, we have reduce the
amplitude into 100kilo-volt and have a
longer pulse up to 10microseconds,this is
to be able to get a 1volt-second.The
source is PWL(0 0 1m 0 1.000001m
1.010001m 100k 1.010002m 0). In
comparison to 1Mega-volt with 1ms, the
concept is the same, the Vin reached
the maximum amplitude at the same
time it goes 0v while the Vout only
reached a maximum of 10Kilo-volts and
slowly goes 0 with a longer time of 1.4ms,
so it is observed that the output delay
time is of the longer as based on the
pulse length set.
Then, we have computed the corner
1
frequency; f=(2)(𝑝𝑖)(𝑅𝐶) =1.59kHz. Then
change the input source into a sine
wave function with 1v amplitude and
carrier frequency of 1.59kHz, SFFM ( 0 1
1.59k 0 1.000001m), and then simulate it.
The plotted waveform shows the Vin
reach the 1v at around 0.2ms and -1v at
approxiamtely 0.45ms, while the Vout
only oscillate with an amplitude of
around 0.8v because of the load/resistor
and with a delay time because of the
capacitor.
Square Wave
Then we have change the source
into a Square wave, the source is Pulse(
0 1 1m 295.6u 295.6u 1n 591.3u 100k), the
amplitude is still 100Kilo-volt or simply
1volt for ‘On’ state, while the Time rise
and fall is 1nano-second, the Time on is
295.6 micro-second, the period is doble
the time On, then, we change the
transition time to 4micro-seconds. The
output results a Square wave for the Vin
with maximum positive amplitude and
then the output is analogous like wave
as expected because of the Low pass
circuit.
Triangular Wave
Next is changing the source into a
triangular wave, this is done by
interchangeably changing the value of
Time rise and fall and Time on, the
Trise/fall value is 295.6 micro-seconds
and Ton value is 1nano-second. The
plotted waveform results a maximum
peak Vin of 1volt, the Vin trough is equal
to Ton, while the Vout rise and fall with a
short delay and doesn’t reach maximum
amplitude by about half the Vin, it is also
observed that the oscillating wave
didn’t reach 0v, this is because of the
charging and discharging time of the
capacitor as learned that before Vout it
discharges completely the charging
time starts.
Lastly, we have changed the source
into a sine wave again, the input is SINE(0
1 1.59k 295.6u 295.6u 1n 591.3u). We
have a Time delay and Theta of 295.6u,
a Ph of 1n and Number of cycles of
591.3u. We also added a value for AC
amplitude to 1 and Ac phase of 0, and
change the simulation settings to AC
analysis with sweep set into Decades of
101 points per decade and a frequency
range from 1 to 10k.
We know that the angular vaule of a
sine wave is equal to Asine (wt + θ),
where A=1v is the amplitude, w=1.59kHz
is the frequency, t=295.6u is the 2π or the
half cycle, and θ= 1nano-second or the
phase shift. The number of points per
decade is simply the points where a loss
in every 101 decibels is pointed or
plotted. As shown in the graph 8, we
have the ratio of Vout displayed, as the
frequency increase so is the output
decrease for up to -270udB, while the Vin
stands as the reference in the graph.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I have learned the
function and operation of a low pass
filter that it is a circuit that can be
designed to modify, reshape or reject all
unwanted high frequencies of an
electrical signal and accept or pass only
those signals wanted, in short it only
allows low frequency signals in
transmission line. In this activity, the Low
pass filter circuit simply acts as a circuit
that differentiate the input and output
source through the resistive and
capacitive components, for which the
output is lessen compared to the input
by which the resistive load affects it and
the capacitor affects the time delay of
the output by Charging and Discharging
time. In the source, by varying the time,
such as the Rise and fall, On and off,
Delay Time, we have define different
comparison from the input and output
and that the output is lessen because of
the Low pass filter. A Low Pass Filter can
be a combination of capacitance,
inductance or resistance, similar to a
transmission line, intended to produce
high attenuation above a specified
frequency and little or no attenuation
below that frequency. The frequency at
which the transition occurs is called the
“cut-off” or “corner” frequency. The
reactance of a capacitor varies
inversely with frequency, while the value
of the resistor remains constant as the
frequency changes. At low frequencies
the capacitive reactance, the
reactance of the capacitor will be very
large compared to the resistive value of
the resistor. This means that the voltage
potential across the capacitor will be
much larger than the voltage drop
developed across the resistor. At high
frequencies the reverse is true with
capacitor voltage being small and
resistor voltage being large due to the
change in the capacitive reactance
value. Lastly, by having different input
source such as square wave and
triangular wave, this makes this type of
circuit ideal for converting one type of
electronic signal to another for use in
wave-generating or wave-shaping
circuits.