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ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﺜﻮم ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻘﺮﺣ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳ ﺔ وﻗﺮﺣ ﺔ اﻹﺛﻨ ﻲ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮاﺋ ﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﺣ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ
وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ إﻋﻄ ﺎء اﻟﻌﺼ ﻴﺮ ﺑﺠ ﺮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻤ ﻮﻳﺘﻴﻦ هﻤ ﺎ.وﻧﻤﻮذج ﻗﺮﺣﺔ اﻹﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ﺑﻤﺎدة ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮذان
وﻗ ﺪ أﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺘ ﺎن ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮًا ﺷ ﺎﻓﻴًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﺣ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﻨ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺤﺜﺔ.آ ﻎ/ ﻣ ﻎ500 آ ﻎ و/ ﻣ ﻎ250
آﻤ ﺎ أﻇﻬﺮﺗ ﺎ، وأﻇﻬﺮﺗ ﺎ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮًا ﻣﻀ ﺎدًا ﻹﻓ ﺮاز اﻟﺤﻤ ﺾ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠ ﺮذان اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻃ ﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌ ﺪة ﻟ ﺪﻳﻬﺎ،ﺑﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﺨ ﻞ
ﻼ هﺎﻣ ًﺎ
ً آﻤﺎ أﻇﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﺼﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴ.ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮًا ﺧﻠﻮﻳًﺎ واﻗﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮل أو ﺑﻤﺎدة إﻧﺪوﻣﻴﺜﺎﺳﻴﻦ
وآﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺟﺮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺼ ﻴﺮ. وﻗﺮﺣﺎت اﻹﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ﺑﻤ ﺎدة ﺳﻴﺴ ﺘﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ.ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﻬﺎد
وﻧﺴ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن ﻋﺼ ﻴﺮ اﻟﺜ ﻮم ﺗﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ.(آ ﻎ/ ﻣ ﻎ500) آﻎ( أآﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮًا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ/ ﻣﻎ250) اﻷﻗﻞ
.ﺷﻔﺎء اﻟﻘﺮﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ وﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻗﺮﺣﺎت اﻹﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺜﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮذان
The effect of raw Allium sativum Linn. bulb juice on gastric and duodenal ulcers was
evaluated by using different gastric ulcer methods and cysteamine induced duodenal
ulcer model in rats. Allium sativum Linn. bulb juice was administered orally at two
different doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Both the doses of garlic juice showed
gastric ulcer healing effect in acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcers, produced
gastric antisecretory effect in pylorus-ligated rats and also showed gastric cytoprotective
effect in ethanol-induced and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. The juice also
produced a significant reduction in stress induced gastric ulcers and cysteamine-induced
duodenal ulcers. The low dose of the juice (250 mg/kg, p.o.) was more effective
compared to the high dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.). It was concluded that juice of Allium
sativum Linn. bulb increases healing of gastric ulcers and prevents the development of
experimentally induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats
Key words: Duodenal ulcer, gastric cytoprotection, gastric secretion, gastric ulcer,
Allium sativum Linn.
Allium sativum Linn commonly known as garlic of raw garlic juice (500 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively.
belongs to family Liliaceae. Apart from its use as The last group was treated with either ranitidine (50
spice, garlic is reported to possess a wide variety of mg/kg, p.o.) (14) or misoprostol (100 μg/kg, p.o.)
pharmacological actions, among which, the best (15) depending on the gastric antisecretory and
known are its effect on the cardiovascular system gastric cytoprotective models respectively.
and in prevention of gastric cancer (3-5). The effect
of garlic on gastrointestinal mucosa is known. Garlic Gastric ulcers:
is known to inhibit the growth of H pylori (6-8). 1. Acetic acid- induced chronic gastric ulcer (14,
Garlic oil is reported to possess antiulcer effect in 16):
ethanol induced gastric damage and its effect was The animals were fasted for 24 h prior to the
reported to be due to its antioxidant property (9). It is experiment. Under light ether anesthesia, the
believed in the traditional medicine that consump- abdomen was opened by midline incision below the
tion of garlic can cure stomach problems (10). xiphoid process and the stomach was exposed.
However, clinical studies carried out with different Glacial acetic acid (0.05 ml) was added to the
garlic preparations indicate that garlic irritates cylindrical mould of 6.0 mm diameter placed tightly
gastric mucosa and can produce gastric lesions (11). over the anterior serosal surface of the stomach and
Further, garlic extracts were reported to inhibit the this was allowed to remain over there for 60 sec. The
effect of prostaglandin E, a cytoprotective agent in acid solution was removed by rinsing the mould with
stomach (12). normal saline twice or thrice to avoid damage to the
Since, garlic is widely used as spice and also as surrounding tissues. The stomach was placed back
medicine for the treatment of various diseases, the carefully and the abdominal wall was closed. The
present study was undertaken to evaluate its effect animals were treated with vehicle, different doses of
on the development and healing of experimentally raw garlic juice or ranitidine once daily for 10 days
induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. after induction of ulcer while the control group
received only vehicle. Rats were sacrificed on the
Materials & Methods 10th day, stomach was removed and cut opened
along the greater curvature.
Collection of plant material and preparation of raw The stomach samples were scanned using a
garlic juice: computer scanner and the total mucosal area and
The raw garlic bulbs were purchased from local total ulcerated area were measured using public
market. Peeled garlic bulbs were crushed using domain image processing and analysis program
mortar and pestle and then strained through fine developed at the National Institutes of Health, USA.
filter. The juice that came out was collected. The The PC version of the program was downloaded free
juice obtained was subjected to preliminary from Scion (http://www.scioncorp.com) (Scion
phytochemical analysis (13). Image for Windows, Release Beta 4.0.2). The scale
was set at 6.1 pixels per millimeter.
Experimental animals: The ulcer index was determined using the formula
Male albino Wistar rats weighing between 200- (17).
250 g were used. Institutional Animal Ethics Ulcer index = 10/X
Committee approved the experimental protocol.
Animals were maintained under standard conditions Where X = Total mucosal area / Total ulcerated area.
in an animal house approved by committee for the The ulcers were given scores based on their intensity
purpose of control, and supervision on experiments as follows
on animals (CPCSEA). 0 = no ulcer, 1 = superficial mucosal erosion, 2 =
deep ulcer or transmural necrosis, 3 = perforated or
Treatment: penetrated ulcer.
The animals were grouped into four groups
consisting of six animals each. The first group 2. Pylorus ligation induced ulcers (Shay rat) (18,
served as control and received saline (1 ml/kg, p.o.). 19):
The second group and third group received low dose The animals were fasted for 36 h before pylorus
of raw garlic juice (250 mg/kg, p.o.) and high dose ligation with water ad libitum. Normal saline
(1ml/rat, p.o.) was administered twice daily to all the were administered 30 min prior to subjection of
animals. Under light ether anesthesia, the abdomen stress. The animals were placed in a restraint cage
was opened by midline incision below the xiphoid and the cage was placed at a temperature of 20C for
process. The pyloric portion of the stomach was 3 h. After 3 h, the animals were sacrificed by over
slightly lifted out and ligated, avoiding damage to its dose of ether anesthesia and the stomach was
blood supply. The raw garlic juice, ranitidine or isolated and cut opened along the greater curvature
normal saline was administered intraduodenally The ulcer index was determined.
immediately after pylorus ligation. The stomach was
placed back carefully and the abdominal wall was Duodenal ulcer:
closed with sutures. Animals were sacrificed 6 h Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcers (29):
after pylorus ligation. Duodenal ulcers were induced by administering
The stomachs were isolated and the content of cysteamine hydrochloride (400 mg/kg, p.o.) twice at
the stomachs were collected and centrifuged. The an interval of 4h. Raw garlic juice or ranitidine (50
volume of the gastric juice was measured and this mg/kg, p.o.) were administered 30 min prior to each
was used for estimation of free acidity and total dose of cysteamine hydrochloride. After 24 h, all the
acidity (20), pepsin content (21), and total proteins animals were sacrificed by over dose of ether ane-
(22). The ulcer index was determined as mentioned sthesia and the duodena were excised carefully and
above and the gastric mucus content was estimated cut opened along the antimesentric side. The duod-
(23). enal ulcer area (mm2), ulcer score and ulcer index
were determined.
3. Healing of indomethacin induced gastric ulcers The ulcers were given scores based on their
(24): intensity as follows:
The gastric ulcers were induced by administering
indomethacin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) for 5 days, during this 0 = no ulcer, 1 = superficial mucosal erosion, 2 =
period the animals were fed normally. The animals deep ulcer or transmural necrosis,
were then treated either with misoprostol (100 3 = perforated or penetrated ulcer.
µg/kg, p.o.), or with different dose of raw garlic
juice (250 mg/kg, p.o. or 500 mg/kg, p.o.) once daily The ulcer index was calculated using the
for 5 days after induction of ulcer while the control following equation (30)
group received only vehicle. Rats were sacrificed
and the stomachs were removed and they were cut
opened along the greater curvature and ulcer index
were determined.
Acetic acid- induced chronic gastric ulcer: more effective in reducing ulcer index (68.91%) than
The bulb juice of raw garlic produced significant high dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.) of garlic (41.35%).
reduction in ulcer index and ulcer score of 10 day Ranitidine was most effective producing almost 97%
old ulcer indicating that it augments healing. The reduction in ulcer index (Table-1).
low dose of raw garlic juice (250 mg/kg, p.o.) was
All the values are mean ± SEM, n=5 to 6. ***p<0.001 Vs control, ++p<0.01, +++p<0.01 Vs low dose.
Treatment Free acidity Total acidity Ulcer index Mucin content Pepsin content Total protein
Content (mEq/l) (mEq/l) (µmol/6 hr) (mg/ml) (µg/g)
Saline 65.4 ± 3.47 1O4 ± 3.61 0.55 ± 0.025 0.98 ± 0.130 0.26 ± 0.01 5.73 ± 0.42 (1 ml/kg, p.o.)
Garlic juice
*** *** *** *** ***
(250 mg/kg, p.o.) 30.8 ± 0.58 72.6 ± 1.03 0.16 ± 0.010 2.63 ± 0.143 0.16 ± 0.08 10.52 ± 0.50***
Garlic juice
(500 mg/kg, p.o.) 42.8 ± 0.80***++ 89 ± 2.47**++ 0.316 ± 0.01***+++ 1.91 ± 0.09++ 0.20 ± 0.04 ***+ 8.82 ± 0.22***+
Ranitidine
(50 mg/kg, p.o. 24.8 ± 1.68 *** 64.6 ± 1.93*** 0.10 ± 0.013*** 1.68 ± 0.24* 0.11 ± 0.07*** 13.57 ± 0.41***
All the values are mean ± SEM, n=5 to 6. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 Vs control, +p<0.05, ++p<0.01, +++p<0.001 Vs low dose.
Table 3: Effect on ulcer index in indomethacin and ethanol induced gastric ulcers.
Indomethacin Ethanol
induced induced
All the values are mean ± SEM, n=5 to 6. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, Vs control, ++p<0.01, +++p<0.001 Vs low dose.
Saline
(1 ml/kg, p.o.) 0.42 ± 0.025
Garlic juice
(250 mg/kg, p.o.) 0.17 ± 0.013***
Garlic juice
(500 mg/kg, p.o.) 0.27 ± 0.010***++
Ranitidine
(50 mg/kg, p.o.) 0.07 ± 0.008***
All the values are mean ± SEM, n=5 to 6. ***p<0.001 Vs control, ++p<0.01 Vs low dose.
Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers: to the high dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.) of garlic (Table-
Bulb juice of garlic showed a significant reduc- 3).
tion in ulcer index when compared to control
(p<0.001). The low dose of raw garlic juice (250 Ethanol and cold restraint stress induced ulcers:
mg/kg, p.o.) showed a significant reduction in free Both the doses of raw garlic juice showed a
acidity and total acidity (p<0.001), while the high significant reduction in ulcer index when compared
dose of raw garlic juice (500 mg/kg, p.o.) produced to control (p<0.001). In both the cases, the low dose
reduction only in total acidity (p<0.001) when of garlic juice was more effective in healing of
compared to control. The low dose of raw garlic ulcers when compared with high dose (Table-3 and
juice also showed a significant effect on mucin Table-4).
content, pepsin activity, and total protein and the
high dose was effective only in reducing pepsin Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcers:
activity and in increasing total proteins (Table-2). Both the doses of bulb juice of raw garlic
showed significant reduction in ulcer area and ulcer
Healing of indomethacin induced gastric ulcers: score when compared to control. The low dose of
The bulb juice of raw garlic increased the garlic (250 mg/kg, p.o.) was slightly more effective
healing of indomethacin induced gastric ulcers as than high dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.) in reducing the
shown by a significant reduction in ulcer index ulcer area and ulcer score. The ulcer was developed
(p<0.001). The low dose of garlic (250 mg/kg, p.o.) on the anti-mesenteric side of the duodenum (Table-
was significantly more effective (p<0.001) compared 5).
The results of the current study suggest that extract on contractions of rat gastric fundus and human
platelet aggregation. J Pharm Pharmacol 1984 Apr;
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