*the defending Philippine and US
FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY
Finals PHIST Reviewer 2nd Edition-
Roy Vincent C. Dubouzet
Chapter 14
*second world war- september 1,1939
*a conference was held in washington
dc between secretary of state cordell
hull and japanese ambassador
kichisaburo nomura; secretary hull
handed a formal note to japan
proposing a non-aggressive treaty
among the pacific powers and
demanding the withdrawal of japanese
troops from china, vietnam, cambodia,
and laos
The Background
*the attack at pearl harbor was an
attempt by japan to knock the US fleet
in a single strike in order to expand
the japanese influence in the pacific.
*GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY
SPHERE- Japan’s movement to control
Asia’s natural resources.
*President Rooosevelt addressed a
personal appeal to emperor hirohito of
japan in a last minute effort to stop
the impending Japanese-American
war. Hirohito's reply was the sneak
attack on Pearl Harbor.
*December 8,1941- japan attacked
pearl harbor without first declaring
war.
*Atlantic Charter- this document
stated the eight war aims of the
democracies against the axis powers;
president franklin roosevelt and
winston churchill meet aboard the
prince of wales at placentia bay.
Outbreak of the War
December 20- the main invasion force
under the command of of lieutenant
general Masaharu Comma landed in
lingayen,
troops were under the command of
Gen Douglas MacArthur.
Retreat to Bataan
*Gen MacArthur retreated all USAFFE
forces along with President Quezon
and his cabinet into the Bataan
Peninsula to avoid capture by the
Japanese.
*Manila was left in the care of
Secretary Jorge B. Vargas who was
appointed by Quezon as Mayor, to Jose
P, Laurel and other offices of the
Commonwealth.
*December 26,1941- Gen Douglas
MacArthur declared Manila an open
city, but the japanese did not respect
such declaration and sent bombers to
manila.
*January 2,1942- manila became an
occupied city.
*Malinta Tunnel served as the seat of
the Philippine Commonwealth
Government.
*December 30- the second
presidential inaugural ceremony of the
Commonwealth was held at the
Malinta Tunnel.
*Justice Jose Abad Santos
administered the oath of office to
Quezon and Osmena as Vice
President. US High Commissioner
Francis Sayre witnessed this with
members of Quezon's war cabinet and
Gen MacArthur.
Commonwealth in Exile
*President Quezon fled to the US, on
the night of February 20,1942 he and
his party secretly left Corregidor and
went to Australia via Del Monte Airfield
in Cagayan de Oro.
*General MacArthur left for Australia,
but he named Gen Jonathan
Wainwright as commander of the
USAFFE, in Melbourne he gave his
famous pledge: "I came through and I
shall return."
*President Quezon moved the
Commonwealth to the US where it
functioned in Washington for almost 2
1/2 years.
Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
*aid from the US seemed impossible
because of the EUROPE FIRST policy;
this demoralized the Bataan
defenders.
*April 9, 1942- Gen Edward King
surrendered.
*"Bataan has fallen, but the spirit they
made and stand-cannot fall."
Death March
*more than 70,000 filipino and
american soldiers including 16
generals laid down their arms at
bataan to undertake the famous death
march.
*Mariveles- San Fernando, Pampanga
*200 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos
perished.
*The survivors were taken to Camp
O'Donnel in Capas,Tarlac where they
were confined in concentration camps
in which many more died of starvation
and disease.
Fall of the Philippines
*11,000 defenders of Corregidor held
out against intense Japanese
bombardment.
*Gen Wainwright ordered the
American flag lowered in Corregidor in
the hope of avoiding a massacre.
*Gen Homma warned Wainwright to
execute all prisoners of war unless all
American and Filipino forces
surrender; he agreed.
*May 6,1942- Gen Wainwright
surrendered to Gen Homma; nearly
12,000 filipino and american soldiers
were taken as prisoners.
*guerilla allies were still unconquered.
Chapter 15
Japanese Military Administration
*Gen Masaharu- commander-in-chief
of the japanese imperial forces
proclaimed the end of american
occupation.
*Major Gen Tagaki Wachi imposed
martial law
*"for every japanese killed, 10
prominent filipinos will pay with their
lives"
*the use of radios were banned/ or
were reconditioned
*January 23- Gen Homma ordered
Jorge Vargas as the Chairman of the
Executive Commission.
*The national government was
renamed the Central Administrative
Organization composed of six
executive departments: interior,
finance, justice, agriculture and
commerce, education, health and
public welfare, and public works and
communication. Each of the
departments was headed by a
commissioner whose duty was to
“execute an administration within his
jurisdiction under the control of the
Chairman of the Executive
Commission.
*the organization of each department
and the courts of justice were to
remain substantially the same as
during the Commonwealth.
*the Council of State was created as
an advisory body.
Japanese-made Republic of the
Philippines.
*January 21,1942- Hideki Tojo will
gladly grant the Philippines its
Independence as long as it cooperated
and recognizes Japan’s program of
establishing a Greater East Asia co-
Prosperity Sphere. Tojo repeated this
offer in 1942.
*September 4- draft for the proposed
Constitution was approved and
ratified. The 1943 Constitution
provided for a unicameral National
Assembly, whose delegates were
chosen.
*after the ratification, the Kapisanan
sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas,
which was founded on December 30,
1942, prepared the establishment of
the Republic. The “KALIBAPI” was the
only party allowed by the Japanese.
*Director General of KALIBAPI- Benigno
Aquino
*greatest achievement of the
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: election of Dr.
Jose P. Laurel; as President of the
Republic of the Philippines.
*October 14, 1943-the new Republic
was inaugurated. The prayer of
invocations was said by the Right
Reverend Cesar Maria Guerrero,
Auxiliary Bishop of Manila.
*Jorge B. Vargas read the
announcement of the withdrawal of
the Japanese Military Administration.
*Laurel had some disagreements with
Japanese officials in the country, so
the Japanese authorities therefore
decided to form the Makabayang
Katipunan ng mga Pilipino which
would echo the interest of the
Japanese.
Life under the Japanese Regime
*economic activities were limited.
Industry, Commerce and trade
suffered a setback. Food, medicine,
and other basic necessities were in
short supply. It became necessary to
institute food rationing in the cities.
Limited quantities of rice produced
were confiscated by the Japanese
military to feed their men. Since there
was practically no production, most of
the people were engaged in the buy-
and-sell activities.
*Bigasang Bayan (BIBA)- organized the
procurement and distribution of rice
and cereals.
*National Distribution
Corporation(NADISCO)- ensured
reasonable distribution of prime
commodities.
*Life under the Japanese was difficult
and fearful.
*5 Mortal enemies- Japanese military,
disease, guerilla, hunger, and
Japanese-paid Filipino spies.
Guerilla Warfare
*The Guerilla movement included high
ranking officials of the puppet
government, they passed a number of
vital information to the guerillas about
Japanese military plans and activities.
*They arranged for the information
they gather to be radioed to
MacArthur’s headquarters in Australia.
*by the end of the war, Japanese
controlled only 12 of the 48 provinces.
*Hukbong Mapaglaya Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP)- organized in early
1942 by Luis Taruc, a communist party
member. This movement furnished the
major element of resistance in the
Central Luzon area.
*the CRP, Huks, and guerilla forces
and NOT the US liberated the country.
*because of them, MacArthur’s return
to the Philippines was facilitated.
Liberation of the Philippines
*In 1944, the US began its offensive
war against Japan.
*October 24, 1944- MacArthur along
with the new Commonwealth
president Sergio Osmena landed on
Leyte.
*January 9, 1945- MacArthur landed in
Lingayen, Pangasinan
*February 3, 1945- the American army
sliced through Central Luzon and
reached Manila.
*April 28, 1945- some Japanese
leaders along with President Laurel
and his cabinet escaped to Japan.
Surrender of Japan and End of World
War II
*US President Harry S. Truman and
Prime Minister Winston demanded the
unconditional surrender of Japan to
America.
*August 6, 1945- the bomb from a B-
29 bomber was dropped in Hiroshima.
*August 9, 1945- “Fat Man” was
dropped on Nagasaki instead of
Kokura; killed 150,000 people.
*August 14, 1945- Japan surrendered
unconditionally; this was made formal
on September 2 aboard the U.S.S.
Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
*After V-J Day, World War II, the most
devastating was in human history was
finally over.
Chapter 16
Sergio Osmena (Second President
Philippine Commonwealth August 1,
1944- May 28, 1946)
*February 27, 1945- Gen Douglas
MacArthur officially turned over the
Commonwealth Government to
President Sergio Osmena.
*restored the offices and increased the
members of the Supreme Court from
seven to eleven.
*People’s Court- Lorenzo Tanada as
chief prosecutor.
*Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU)-
extend relief to the population
*the US Congress appropriated
$100,000,000 for use by the Philippine
Government in its operating expenses
and to reconstruct what has been
damaged in the war.
*Parity Rights- the US Citizens shall
enjoy equal economic rights with
Filipinos; the right to dispose of,
exploit, develop, and utilize all
agricultural and timberlands in the
Philippines.
*Bell Trade Act- free trade between
the Philippines and the US until 1954;
after which Philippine products
entering the US would be taxed 5
percent each year until a full 100
percent tax shall be reached in 1974.
*November 15, 1945- 10th anniversary
of the Commonwealth Government.
Manuel Roxas (Last President of the
Commonwealth, First President of the
Third Philippine Republic, July 4, 1946-
April 15, 1948)
*When Osmena convoked Congress, it
proceeded to elect Manuel A. Roxas as
Senate President.
*April 23, 1946- Roxas was voted
president of the Commonwealth and
Elpidio Quirino was the vice-president.
*July 4, 1946- US President Harry
Truman proclaimed Philippine
Independence.
* Roxas changed the Commonwealth
to Republic
* Roxas only served as president for
two years because of sudden death.
*April 15, 1948- Roxas died of heart
attack just after delivering a speech at
Clark Air Base, Pampanga.
*Roxas established the Rehabilitation
Finance Corporation (RFC) to help the
Filipino People rebuild their homes and
industries.
*Roxas created the Central Bank to
conserve dollar revenues
*Republic Act No. 34- 70% for the
tenants and 30% for the landlords in
division of rice crops.
Elpidio Quirino (Second President of
the Third Philippine Republic, April
17,1948- December 30, 1953)
*he tried to open negotiations with
Huk Leader Luis Taruc but nothing was
accomplished, once more Central
Luzon became a war zone.
*his main goals were to obtain peace
and order and to minimize graft and
corruption
*decrease of mass support for the
Huks after atrocities and assassination
of Aurora Quezon.
*he established the Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing Administration
(ACCFA) to help farmers market their
crops and save their money.
*he established rural banks with low
interest rates.
*created government agencies to
handle labor problems
*concluded the Quirino-Foster
Agreement to further intensify the
economic development of the country.
Ramon Magsaysay (Third President of
the Third Philippine Republic,
December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957)
*a member of Congress from
Zambales, then became secretary of
defense.
*Nacionalista
*initiated a campaign to defeat the
insurgent military and at the same
time win popular support for the
government.
*styled himself as a man of the people
by inviting thousands of peasants and
laborers to tour the Malacanang
Palace.
*built bridges, roads, and irrigation
systems.
*established special courts for
landlord-tenant disputes.
*obtained the surrender of Luis Taruc
on May 1954
*he died in a plane crash near Mt.
Manunggal, Cebu while returning to
Manila.
Carlos P. Garcia (Fourth President of
the Third Philippine Republic, March
17, 1957- December 30, 1961)
*Filipino First Policy- centered of the
program of austerity
*many people were quite frustrated
with his Austerity program after his
big expenses and scandals entailed
financial losses to the government, all
these made his administration
unpopular.
*established a vigorous anti-Huk policy
*Reparations Agreement with Japan-
$550 million war damage to the
Philippines
*return of Carlos P. Romulo as
ambassador to Washington.
Diosdado Macapagal (Fifth President
of the Third Philippine Republic,
December 30, 1961- December 30,
1965)
*Liberal Pary
*centered on two things: Land Reform
Code and the changing of the
Independence Day Celebration from
July 4 to June 12.
*Land Reform Code- aimed to
establish the formation of family-sized
farms as the basis of Philippines’
agriculture; he declared 12 towns in
Central Luzon as Land Reform areas.
*Kasama System was replaced by the
Lease Hold system; the tenant farmer
pays only 25% of the harvest to the
owner of the land and keeps the rest.
*July 4- Philippine-American Friendship
Day.
Chapter 17
The Marcos Dictatorhip (1965-1986)
(6th president of the 3rd Philippine
Republic December 30, 1965-
February 25, 1986)
Marcos’ First Term (1965-1969)
*he promised to make the nation great
again in his inaugural speech of
December 30, 1965.
* his political venture began with his
election to the House of
Representatives in 1949 as a
congressman from Ilocos.
*he became senate president in 1963
and was married to Imelda Romualdez
from Leyte.
*He won the 1965 Presidential Election
as a Nacionalista candidate.
*stabilized financial status of the
government through intensified tax
collection.
Marcos’ Second Term (1969-1972)
*November 1969- Ferdinand Marcos
with his running mate Fernando Lopez
won for the second term as President
and Vice-President respectively.
*Marcos became the first president to
be re-elected.
*gained criticisms due to the
fraudulent 1969 presidential elections
*failed to curb the bribery and
corruption
*more general discontent because the
population grew faster than the
economy causing greater poverty,
violence, and criminality.
*the Communist Party of the
Philippines formed the New People’s
Army (NPA) and the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF).
*rise of student activism
*January 1970- most violent student
demonstration, Battle of Mendiola;
thousands of student demonstrators
tried to storm the gates on
Malacanang in which many of the
students died, injured, or imprisoned.
Proclamation of Martial Law
*January 1970- protests against the
constitutional commission which
allowed President Marcos to run for a
third term.
*June 1971- the Constitutional
Convention convened to replace the
1953 Constitution.
*August 21, 1971- Plaza Miranda
Bombing; two hand grenades were
thrown at the stage of a liberal party
rally, eight people were killed and over
100 others were injured.
*A staged assassination attempt on
Secretary Defense Juan Ponce Enrile
and Plaza Miranda Bombing prompted
President Marcos to suspend the writ
of habeas corpus to maintain peace
and order.
*September 21, 1972- Marcos issued
Proclamation no. 1081, placing the
entire country under Martial Law; this
marked the beginning of Marcos’
dictatorship; congress was abolished
and he ruled the country by issuing
letters of instruction and presidential
decrees.
*September 23, 1972- announced the
main reason for martial law: to save
the nation from communist rule and
rebellion and to reform society.
*it was believed that the true reason
why Marcos declared martial law was
to perpetuate his rule over the
Philippines.
*Constitutional Authoritarianism- a
civilian king followed by Military
authorities.
*Marcos disregarded the constitution.
The New Society
*a new spirit of self-sacrifice for the
national welfare was necessary if the
country were to equal the
accomplishments of its Asian
neighbors.
*Resolution from the Top- deprived
significant portion of the old elite
power and patronage; the powerful
Lopez family was stripped off most of
its political and economic assets.
Important Decrees
*September 1972- the entire
Philippines a land reform area; by the
end of 1973, the number of land titles
issued free to poor farmers totaled
about 100,000.
*National Grains Authority(NGA)-
distribute grain to the people
*force government employees to work
efficiently and be polite to the public;
it punished lazy, dishonest,
discourteous, ignorant, and abusive
government employees and officials.
*the Proclamation of Martial Law
prevented the collapse of the
government.
*encouraged the people to make their
surroundings clean in order to improve
public health.
*Green Revolution Program
*encouraged the citizens to pay their
taxes.
The 1972 Constitutional Convention
*June 1971- a constitutional
constitutional convention was called to
replace the constitution of 1935.
*Eduardo Quintero exposed the
scandal of the Constitutional
Convention; of which he was harassed.
*national assembly would not be
convened
*martial was to continue
*encouraged the approval of the New
Constitution on January 17, 1973
*congress was abolished
*July 27, 1973- a national referendum
about Martial Law yielded 90.6%
approval.
The Fourth Republic
*shortly after lifting martial law, the
Interim Batasang Pambansa proposed
amandments to the constitution.
*April 7, 1981- the 1973 Constitution
became significantly different from the
original charter.
*the amended constitution established
a strong presidency in a mixed
presidential-parliamentary form of
government instead of democratic-
parliamentary.
*the president becomes the head of
state and chief executive
*he may run for as many six-year
terms as he wishes
Birth of the New Republic
*June 16, 1981- a presidential election
was held which many people did not
vote, Marcos won another six-year
term as president.
*June 30, 1981- President Marcos was
inaugurated into office.
The Fall of the Dictator
*the new society had little impact on
local and landless peasants
*the large, most productive and most
advance manufacturing enterprises
were gradually brought under the
control of Marcos Cronies
*Lopez’ broadcast networks,
newspapers, and Meralco were broken
up and distributed to Marcos loyalists
including Benjamin Romualdez
(Imelda’s brother) and Roberto
Benedicto
*Philippine Airlines was nationalized
and was turned into a private
commuter line for Imelda Marcos and
her friends on shopping excursions to
New York and Europe.
Ninoy Aquino’s Death
*Marcos created the Agrava Fact-
Finding Board to investigate the case.
*December 3, 1985- the Sandigan
Bayan handed down the decision; it
was Galman who was hired by the
communist who killed Aquino.
The Decline of the Economy
*after the investigation of the Aquino-
Galman murder case, the Philippine
economy went down with foreign
investors hesitating to review or
negotiate new ventures in the
Philippines.
*Labor unrest escalated
*There was a decline in export and
tourism
*The government was forced to
borrow money from the International
Monetary Fund
*Philippine Debt reached up to $26B.
*The failure of the recovery was due to
the lack of credibility of Marcos and
the rampant graft and corruption in
the government.
Chapter 18
1986 Snap Elections
*as the economy continued to decline,
the IMF, World Bank, the US, and the
Philippine’s Foreign creditors
pressured president Marcos to
institute reforms as a condition for the
grant of additional economic and
financial assistance.
*There was a clamor for a snap
elections, which President Marcos
believed needed a new mandate from
the people to carry out a national
economic recovery program.
*February 7, 1986- 1986 Snap
Elections; Marcos was almost sure of
winning because of his well-financed
political machinery and the divided
nature of the opposition.
*the divided opposition proposed that
Mrs. Corazon Aquino and Salvador
Laurel of the UNIDO should be the
standard bearer of the opposition.
*Mrs. Aquino geared for the campaign
period that lasted up to February 5,
1986.
*the 1986 Snap elections was the
most difficult in the history of the third
republic and yet the most
controversial and confusing election
ever held in the Philippines.
*National Movement for Free
Elections(NAMFREL) declared Mrs.
Aquino the winner.
*Commision on Elections (COMELEC)
declared Marcos the winner.
*February 25, 1986- Marcos was
inaugurated in Malacanang while Mrs.
Aquino was inaugurated in
Sampaguita Hall, Club Filipino,
Greenhills, San Juan.
The Enrile-Ramos Revolt and People
Power 1
*February 22- National Defense
Minister, Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy
Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos
severed tied with President Marcos
and announced their control of Camp
Crame and Camp Aguinaldo in Quezon
City.
*Col. Gregorio Honasan- leader of the
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
(RAM)
*February 24- an estimated 1,000,000
people through the appeal of Cardinal
Sin (voice of the revolution) kept vigil
at the barricaded area along Epifanio
de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) until the
morning of February 26.
Cory Aquino Proclamation and Marcos
Ouster
*Marcos took his oath as president for
the fourth consecutive term since
1965 on February 25, 1986.
*Senior Supreme Court Justice Claudio
Teehankee- swore Cory Aquino into
office as the seventh president and
first woman president of the
Philippines.
*Executive Order No. 1- filling in of
three key positions in her cabinet:
Salvador Laurel as Prime Minister, Juan
Ponce Enrile as Defense Minister, and
Gen. Fidel Ramos as Chief of Staff of
the new Armed Forces of the
Philippines.
*Marcos left the country in a chopper
for Paoay which ended up in Hawaii.
The Aquino Revolutionary Government
(11th president of the 3rd Philippine
Republic, February 25, 1986- July
1,1992)
(1986-1992)
*Pres. Aquino saw the need of
reorganizing the government upon her
assumption into power.
*Luis Villafuerte- chair of commission
on government reorganization;
abolition of Batasang Pambansa.
*issued executive order removing all
KBL local election officials and
replaced them with officers-in-charge.
*lifted the suspension of the writ of
habeas corpus.
*released political prisoners:
-Jose Ma. Sison-founder of the
Communist Party of the Philippines
-Commander Dante- founder of the
New People’s Army of the Philippines
-Col. Victor Corpus- former PC
Lieutenant who defected to the NPA.
*Jose W. Diokno- head of the
Commission on Human Rights.
The Freedom Constitution
*Proclamation No. 3-temporary
constitution for the Philippines; took
effect on March 25, 1986, provided for
the smooth transition of the
government under a new constitution.
Framing of the 1987 Consitution
*June 2, 1986- Independent
Constitution Commission(CONCOM) to
draft a new constitution.
*Cecilia Munoz Palma- president of the
Constitutional Commission.
*February 2, 1987- ratification of the
1986 Constitution.
*Proclamation No. 58- the new
constitution is in full force and effect.
*February 25, 1986- ratification of the
new constitution ended the
revolutionary government of Aquino
which was established.
*restoration of peace, democracy,
freedom, and justice
*partial recovery of the Marcos ill-
gotten wealth
*Stability of the government despite
six successive military coup attempts
*easier credit terms and better
conditions for repayment
*defeat of NPA and arrest of its
henchmen
*Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
*She inherited a 27-BILLION-DOLLAR
foreign debt, and a society suffering
from extreme poverty and moral
decay.
*May 11, 1992- first general election
under the 1987 Constitution.
COMELEC Chairman Christian Monsod
ensured an honest, and violence-free
elections.
Chapter 19
The Ramos Administration and his
Philippines 2000 (1992-1998) (12th
president of the 3rd Philippine
Republic, July 1, 1992-June 30, 1998)
*June 30,1992- Fidel Ramos was
inaugurated as the 12th president of
the Third Philippine Republic at the
Grandstand in Luneta. Joseph Estrada
was also sworn as his vice-President.
Ramos Program of Government
*5-point program- peace, stability,
economic growth and sustainable
development, energy and power
generation, environmental protection,
and a streamlined bureaucracy.
*100th / Centennial President
*Philippines 2000 Policy-a newly
industrialized country by the year
2000; it was during Ramos’ term that
the Philippines was cited for being one
of the tiger economies of Asia with
improved economic growth and
investments.
*September 1992- lift on the ban of
the Communist Party; he also
eliminated foreign currency restriction
to attract foreign investments to the
Philippines.
*he liberalized the Philippine economy
for it to surge toward industrialization.
*negotiated with MNLF head, Nur
Misuari to bring peace to Mindanao.
*September 21, 1996- a peace
agreement was signed with the MNLF.
*Presidential Anti-Crime Commission-
headed by Vice-Pres. Joseph Estrada.
*National Centennial Commission-
headed by Salvador Laurel; to take
charge of the celebration of the
Philippine independence.
*Filipino Act of 1995- gave better
protection for overseas foreign
workers.
Chapter 20
Joseph Estrada and the People Power 2
Estrada Administration (13th President
of the 3rd Philippine Republic, June 30,
2000- January 19, 2001)
*May 1998- Joseph Ejercito Estrada
became the 13th president of the
Philippines; a college dropout , Estrada
tried his fortune at acting and
succeeded.
*Erap- reverse of the Spanish “padre.”
*Estrada- street
*first FAMAS Hall of Fame Awardee for
best actor
*He entered politics as mayor of San
Juan (1969-1986).
*He became a awardee for Public
Administration and was also cited as
the Most Outstanding Mayor.
*He ran for senatorial seat and was
proclaimed in 1987. As a senator, he
chaired the Committee on Rural
Development and authored many bills.
*1992- he won as vice president under
the ticket Partido ng Masang Pilipino.
*He was given the task to head the
Presidential Anti-Crime
Commission(PACC), a superbody
mandated to go after organized crime
and their perpetrators.
*”I will not play politics, walang
kamag-anak, kaibigan, at kumpare.”
Estrada rose to power and was
considered as the idol of the masses.