CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

MECHANIZATION

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Ar. Samarth chaturvedi ADITI GOENKA

B.ARCH 5TH YEAR

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14ARCH016
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS .............................................................. 3

EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT .................................................................... 3

1.POWER SHOVEL ........................................................................................................................................ 4

TYPES OF POWER SHOVEL ....................................................................................................................... 4
SIZE OF POWER SHOVEL .......................................................................................................................... 4
APPLICATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 5
2. BACKHOE ............................................................................................................................................... 5
SPECIFATION OF BACKHOE LODER ...................................................................................................... 6
APPLICATION................................................................................................................................................. 6
3. BULL DOZER ............................................................................................................................................. 6
TYPES ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
BULLDOZERS –TRACKED-DELTA DRIVE ............................................................................................. 9
Advantages of delta drive: .................................................................................................................. 9
Disadvantages of delta drive: ............................................................................................................ 9
BULLDOZERS- WHEELED .......................................................................................................................... 9

CONSTRUCTION VEHICLE ................................................................................................................ 10

4. DUMPERS ................................................................................................................................................. 10
5.TRAILER..................................................................................................................................................... 11
TYPES OF TRAILERS .................................................................................................................................. 11

MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS .......................................................................................... 12

6. CRANES .................................................................................................................................................... 12
TYPES OF CRANES ..................................................................................................................................... 12
STATIONARY OR DERRICK CRANES ................................................................................................................ 12
MOBILE CRANES .............................................................................................................................................. 12
TOWER CRANES ............................................................................................................................................... 13
OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES ..................................................................................................................... 13
7.CONVEYORS ............................................................................................................................................ 15
ADVANTAGES .............................................................................................................................................. 15
TYPES ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
BELT CONVEYOR .................................................................................................................................................... 15

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS ...................................................................................................... 16

8.CONCRETE MIXERS ............................................................................................................................... 16

TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXERS ........................................................................................................................ 16
PAN TYPE MIXTURES ................................................................................................................................ 17
9.COMPACTORS ......................................................................................................................................... 17
10.PAVERS ................................................................................................................................................... 18

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INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
The activities involved in construction projects where the magnitude of work is
on a large scale, speedy work and timely completion of work with quality control
is essential. In order to achieve this mechanization of work has to be done,
where construction machinery and equipment play a vital role. Several
equipments are used for both small and large scale projects.

Construction equipment can be categorized in to 4 main sections based on

purpose and use, they are:
1. Earth Moving equipment
2. Construction vehicle
3. Material Handling Equipment
4. Construction Equipment

EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT

 Bull dozer
 Power shovel  Trenchers
 Back hoe  Excavators
 Drag line  Graders
 Clam shell  Loaders
 Scrapers

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1.POWER SHOVEL
 To excavate the earth and to load the trucks
 Capable of excavating all types of earth except hard rock
 size varies from 0.375m3 to 5m3 .
 The basic parts of a power shovel consist of the mounting (crawler track
or rubber tyred wheel), cab, boom, dipper stick, dipper and hoist line.

TYPES OF POWER SHOVEL

Type of power shovel is described by its mounting –

1. If it is mounted on crawler track, it is called crawler-mounted power shovel.
2. If it is mounted on rubber tyred wheels it is referred as wheel-mounted power
shovel.

SIZE OF POWER SHOVEL

Size of power shovel is indicated by the size of dipper generally expressed in cubic meters. They are
available in size 3/8, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼, 1 ½, 2 and 2 ½ cubic meter which come under the category of

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standard power shovels. Modern bucket (dipper) capacity ranges from 8 cubic metre to 80 cubic
metre.

The shovel operates using several

main motions: • hoist - pulling the
bucket up through the bank (i.e. the
bank of material being dug) • crowd
- moving the dipper handle out or in
to control the depth of cut and when
positioning to dump • swing -
rotating the shovel between digging
and dumping • propel - moving the
shovel unit to different locations or
dig positions

APPLICATIONS
• Suitable for close range of work
• Capable of digging very hard materials,
• can remove big sized boulders.
• It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel banks, clay pits,
digging cuts in road works, road-side berms, etc.

2. BACKHOE
A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating
equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two part
articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front
loader.

OPERATIONS
1. Digging action result from the drag or pull of bucket towards the machine.
2. The boom is set at desired angle
3. The hoist cable is pulled in and the drag cable is released thus moving the
bucket to required position.
4. By pulling the cable the bucket is filled.
5. The bucket is lifted by raising the boom and then swinging to dumping
position.
Also known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel
• It is used to excavate below the natural surface on which it rests.
• Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and also for grading
works, which requires precise control of depths.
• The basic parts are boom, Jack boom, Boom foot drum, Boom sheave, Stick
sheave, Stick, Bucket and Bucket sheave

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SPECIFATION OF BACKHOE LODER
Product description:

Specifications:
 Fuel Efficient with two work modes – Power & Economy
 Higher reaches & higher breakout forces
 Backhoe bucket of 0.26 cu.m
 Loader bucket of 1.2 Cu.m.

APPLICATION
• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine level, such as,
trenches, footings, basements etc.
• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding the use of
manual effort for dressing the excavated the surface.
 It posses the positive digging action and accurate lateral control.
ADVANTAGE OF BACKHOE
1. It can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions,
light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging
holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.
2. The backhoe bucket can also be replaced with powered the achievement such
as a breaker, grapple, auger, or a stump grinder.

3. BULL DOZER
• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material from one place to
another.
• The tractor can be of the crawler or the wheeled type.
• Classification of bull dozer
1. Position of blades

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a) Bull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the direction of movement
b) Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the direction of
movement.
2. Based on mountings a)Wheel mounted b)Crawler mounted 3. Based on the
control a) Cable controlled b) Hydraulically controlled
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous Tracked tractor) with a substantial metal
plate used (known as blade) fitted to push large amounts of soil, sand, dirt or
other materials when construction or remodeling and usually push on the back
with a claw mechanism (Known as ripper) to loosen densely-compacted
materials

Applications
Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations
1. For spreading the earth fill
2. For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky terrains.
3. Clearing construction sites.
4. Maintaining haul roads
5. Clearing land from the trees and stumps
6. back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the earth from one
place to another

Types
Crawler Dozer & Wheeled Dozer
A bulldozer is a - large powerful tractor, also called as crawler tractor equipped
with a substantial (large) metal plate (known as a blade) in front used to push
large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material (flattens areas of
ground) during construction or conversion work - and typically equipped at the
rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted
materials. The term "bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean any heavy

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equipment (sometimes a loader and sometimes an excavator), - but precisely,
the term refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade. They
are generally used in farms where soils are difficult to cultivate, such as heavy
clays, or where seasons are shorter and wet conditions predominate.

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BULLDOZERS –TRACKED-DELTA DRIVE

Advantages of delta drive:

due to elevated engine and drive risk of getting dust (mud) in is less longer
operation (life) time increased bulk clearance
Disadvantages of delta drive: higher costs of manufacturing more
components, longer crawler belt.

BULLDOZERS- WHEELED

Generally has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system

and has a hydraulic, articulated steering system. The blade is
mounted forward of the articulation joint, and is hydraulically
actuated.
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Construction Vehicle
 Tippers
 Dumper
 Trailers
 Tankers

4. DUMPERS
A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building
sites. Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper
is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver,
while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load.

They are normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a
site tractor. Modern dumpers have payloads of up to 10 tones and usually steer
by articulating at the middle of the chassis.

 High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks

 Short chasis
 Strong bodies
 Loading, hauling and dumping is done very fast as compared to other
equipment
 Suitable for short hauls on rough roads
 Specially where a shuttle movement is required

A dump truck is a vehicle designed to transport bulk material, often in

construction. It has a open jump ahead with the driver seat , and consist of a
large boxlike body to contain materials. A dumper usually has 4 Wheels, where
the entire load and the movement depends on it.

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 5.TRAILER

 A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle. Commonly, the

term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials.
 Some trailers are made for personal (or small business) use with practically any powered
vehicle having an appropriate hitch, but some trailers are part of large trucks called semi-
trailer trucks for transportation of cargo.
 Certain can be towed by commonly accessible pickup truck or van, which generally require
no special permit beyond a regular driver's license.

TYPES OF TRAILERS

 Travel trailer
 Semi-trailer
 Full-trailer
 Close-coupled trailer
 Motorcycle trailer
 Powered trailer mover
 Livestock trailer

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MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
 CRANES
 CONVEYORS
 FORKLIFTS
 HOISTS

6. CRANES

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or

chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to
move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and
transporting them to other places

It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus
move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly
employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in
the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the
manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

TYPES OF CRANES
Cranes are broadly classified as :

a. Stationary or derrick cranes

b. Mobile cranes
c. Overhead or gantry cranes
d. Traveller cranes
e. Tower cranes

Stationary or Derrick cranes

• Derrick cranes consist of a mast, a boom and a bull wheel on which the boom
rotates about a vertical axis and guys or supporting members.

• Electrically operated, diesel operated or diesel-electrically operated.

• The boom can revolve through 360º.

• This crane is used for heavy loads upto 200 tons.

Mobile cranes
• These cranes are mounted on mobile units which is either crawler type or
wheel type

• Truck cranes have high mobility while the crawler mounted cranes move
slowly.

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• Crawler mounted cranes are capable of moving on rough terrain.

Tower cranes
• Tower cranes are actually a derrick crane mounted on a steel tower.
• Tower cranes are usually used for industrial and residential high-rise buildings.
• These are commonly used for assembly of industrial plants with steel
structures.
• The main parts of tower crane are under carriage, slewing platform, tower with
operator’s cabin and jibs.
• The tower has a truss structure welded from steel bars and channels.

Overhead or gantry cranes

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• large service area,
• freedom from floor obstructions
• and three-way mobility,
• Widely used in erection, foundry, steel plants, storage yards and different
types of industrial works.
• These type of cranes consist of two main parts i.e., the bridge and the crab.
• The bridge consists of two main girders fixed at their end to end and capable
of moving on gantry rails.
• The crab consists of the hoisting gear mounted on a frame.
• The frame itself is mounted on another set of wheels and capable of travelling
across the main girder.

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7.CONVEYORS
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that
moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor
systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials,
which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries

ADVANTAGES
The Advantage of using conveyors are as follows:
1. It increases the output.
2. It facilitates continuity in operation.
3. It results in time saving.
4. There are no waiting periods

TYPES
1. Belt conveyor
2. Screw conveyor
3. Bucket conveyor
4. Aerial transport

Belt conveyor
• Used when large quantities of materials have to be conveyed over long
distances at fast speed.
• It consists of a belt running over a pair of end drums or pulleys and supported
at regular intervals by a series of rollers called idlers.
• These idlers are supported on a conveyor frame.
• The middle sag provided in the belt prevent the spilling of material.

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• Generally, rubber is most commonly used as conveyor belt.

The advantages of using belt conveyor are as follows:

1. It can handle light as well as heavy materials, dry or wet, fine or coarse etc.
2. It can and for distances to convey several thousand tons of material per hour
and for distances of distances of several kilometres.
3. It can carry material horizontally or inclined.
4. It is lighter in weight then other conveyors.
5. It gives controlled discharge of material and discharge can be controlled by
the speed of the belt

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
 TUNNELING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
 CONCRETE MIXERS
 COMPACTORS
 PAVERS
 SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
 ROAD ROLLER
 STONE CRUSHERS
 SLURRY&HEAVY DUTY PUMPS

8.CONCRETE MIXERS

A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that

homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water
to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the
components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used
so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers
ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.

Types of Concrete Mixers

There are two broad types of concrete mixers:

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 1. Batch mixers
 Drum Types Mixer
 Tilting drum mixers
 Non-tilting drum mixer
 Reversing drum mixer
 Pan Type Mixer
2. Continuous mixers

PAN TYPE MIXTURES

Pan Mixers with revolving star of blades are more efficient. They are suitable for stiff and lean mixes,
which present difficulties with most other type of mixers, mainly due to sticking of mortar in the
drum.

9.COMPACTORS

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste

material or soil through compaction.

In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate compactor,
the "Jumping Jack" and the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for
compacting crushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone
foundations or slabs.

The plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate and is suited for creating a
level grade, while the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping
jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or
gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers

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10.PAVERS

A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is an engineering

vehicle used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A
separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot asphalt mix, resulting a
smooth, even surface. The sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim
crushed stone to profile after rolling.

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