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Characteristics of a structure:
• Designed to carry loads in space
• Usually supported either on the ground or on
another structure with reaction forces generated
at the support points (exceptions, e.g. aeroplane)
• Applied loads and reactions cause forces to be
generated within the members of the structure
• Structural members must not collapse or
deform excessively under these forces
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• Material selection
• Size + shape of structural units
• Interface with other structures
• Safety
2
Types of Forces
Static Load:
Dynamic Load:
Impact Load:
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Factor of Safety: to allow a margin of safety in
design to cover the uncertainty assoc. with a load,
the load is multiplied by a factor of safety
e.g. Permanent Actions: BS = 1.4, EC = 1.35
Variable Actions: BS = 1.3, EC = 1.5
Idealisation of Loads
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2. Uniformly Distributed Load: known as a UDL.
Supports
Defn: the contact points via which forces are
transmitted within or between structures. Type of
support is very important in determining how the
structure carries the loads.
Types of Supports:
1. Pinned Support –
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2. Roller Support –
3. Fixed Support –
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1 N = the force required to impart an acceleration
of 1 m/s to a mass of 1 kg (i.e. 1 N = 1 kg m/s2).
Object placed on structure => imparts a vertical
force (its weight) equal to its mass x acceleration
due to gravity (9.81 m/s2), i.e. P = m x g
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Force Resolution
A 40 KN
15 KN
25 KN
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Equilibrium of Forces
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A system is in static equilibrium if the sums of all
the forces and all the moments at one point are
equal to zero.
For 3-d system: Σ Px = 0 Σ Mx = 0
Σ Py = 0 Σ My = 0
Σ Pz = 0 Σ Mz = 0
where, Px is the component of any force in the x-
direction, and Mx is the moment of a force P about
the x-axis, etc.
θ 30°
45°
10 KN
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Moments:
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Moments due to Distributed Load:
Find the total force and assume it acts at the mid-
point of the UDL.
3kN/m 12 kN
A
4m 2m 2m
Therefore, MA = 12 kN x 2 m = 24 kNm
Or,
Load, F = W.x = 3x
MA = 3x.d
= ∫ F dx x
4 4
x=4 => MA = ∫ 0 3x dx = [3x /2]0 = 24 kNm
2
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Moment on Retaining Wall due to Soil Pressure:
-non-uniformly distributed load
5m
12 kN/m A
FR = Area of = ½(12)(5) = 30 kN
FR will act at centroid of , located 1/3 of the
height above the base, i.e. 5/3 m above the base.
Ö MA = 30 kN . 5/3 m = 50 kNm
Exercise:
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Free Body Diagrams
V1 V2
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Determination of Reactions
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• Pinned support at A => prevents vert. + horiz.
deflections but allows beam to rotate. Reaction
provided by support will be RA at some angle θA
but simpler to consider its components HA + VA.
• Roller support at B => Allows rotation and
horiz. movement, therefore provides only vert.
reaction, VB. Prevents upwards and downwards
movement at B.
• Fixed support at C => prevents vert. + horiz.
deflections at C. Also prevents rotation.
Therefore, in addition to vert. + horiz. reactions,
VC + HC, moment reaction, MC, is also induced.
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librium eqns must equal the no. of unknown
reactions
• For 2-d structures – 3 equilibrium eqns are
available => statically determinate set will
comprise 3 unknowns
• Less than 3 reactions => not enough unknowns
to satisfy the 3 eqns => structure is unstable
• More than 3 reactions => eqns cannot be
completely solved. System said to be statically
indeterminate or redundant. E.g. 5 unknowns,
assign 2 values and solve, soln entirely dependent
on chosen values. Redundant systems can be
solved but requires sophisticated techniques.
Examples:
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Calculation of Reactions
40 kN/m 60 kN
A B
5m 2.5 m
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Draw free body diagram:
60 kN
40 kN/m
HA
VA VB
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Internal Forces in Structures
• For structure to transmit external loads to
ground, internal forces must be developed
• Aim of design is to produce structure capable of
carrying all these internal forces
• Internal forces at a pt. can be found by splitting
at the pt. and drawing free body diagrams.
P1 P2
A B
P1 S P2
M
HA T T
VA M S VB
Axial Force:
• Act along the axis of the member.
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• May be tensile or compressive.
• Tensile – always pull inwards from member
ends and are taken as +ve
• Compressive – always push outwards towards
member ends and are taken as -ve
P T T P
Cut
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•
Warren Truss
Howe Truss
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• For 2-d truss to be statically determinate eqn
below must be satisfied
b + r = 2j
• b + r < 2j : structure is unstable or a mechanism
– insufficient forces to hold members in place –
free to collapse or move uncontrollably
• b + r > 2j : structure is statically indeterminate
or redundant – not enough eqns to find all forces
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Resolution at Joints:
There are various methods of calculating member
forces in a truss, Resolution at Joints is simplest.
10 kN 20 kN 10 20
B C B C
TAB
A
A D D
E HA E
VA VD
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1) Find support reactions:
ΣPx = 0 : HA = 0
ΣMD = 0: (20)(0.5) + (10)(1.5) – (VA)(2) = 0
=> VA = 12.5 kN
ΣPy = 0 : 12.5 + VD – 10 – 20 = 0
=> VD = 17.5 kN
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Joint D:
TCD
Vert: 17.5 + TCDSin60° = 0
60°
=> TCD = -20.21 kN TDE
Horiz: -TDE –TCDCos60° = 0 17.5
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Joint C:
Vert: -20 – TCESin60° -TCDSin60° = 0 20
TBC
=> TCE = -20 – (-20.21)Sin60°
60° 60°
Sin60° TCE TCD
=> TCE = -2.88 kN
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