Differential equation First order: Applications:

(Exact method)
Order: Growth and decay:
Mdx + Ndy = 0
dy x = amount at any time
y' Dy .... 1st order ∂M ∂N dx
dx = → Exact ! = rate of change of the amount
∂y ∂x dt
d2 y
y'' D2 y .... 2nd order Integrating exact D.E. dx dx
dx 2 ∝ x → = kx
dt dt
Degree: ∫ ( Mdx + Ndy = 0)
highest exponent of the highest dx
order solution: ∫ ( dt = kx )
∂M
C >> arbitrary constant ∫ ∂ x + ∫ N ( x=0)dy = C ln(x) = kt + ln(c )
or ln(x) − ln(c) = kt
example:
∂N
∫ M ( y=0)dx + ∫ =C
(x'')3 + (x')4 = 7
order = 2
∂y ln ( xc ) = kt → e kt
=
x
c
degree = 3 example:
integrate x = ce
kt
3 2 2
(2x – xy – 2y + 3)dx – (x y + 2x)dy = 0
1.) Find the DE of the family's of M = 2x3 – xy2 – 2y + 3
lines w/ slope m N = – (x2y + 2x) Newton's law of cooling

solution: ∂M ∂N dT
= 2 xy - 2 , = 2xy - 2 → Exact! ∝ T −T m
∂y ∂x dt
y = mx + b
dy = mdx ∂N T −T m = ce kt
mdx – dy = 0 Ans. ∫ M ( y=0)dx + ∫ ∂ y =C

m here is given therefore it should [ 2 x4

4 ] [
+ 3x + -
x2 y2
2 ]
- 2 xy = C T = temperature of the body
not be eliminated
Tm = temperature of medium
______________________________
* assume constant for large
First order: (linear form) environtment
2.) find the family of lines passing
through (3, -1) y ' + P(x ) y = Q(x ) linear in y
or Chemical solutions:
solution:
x ' + P( y )x = Q( y ) linear in x
y – y1 = m(x – x1) x
integrating factor ( λ ) C = concentration =
y + 1 = m(x – 3) → eq'n 1 V
dy = mdx → eq'n 2 x = amount of chemical at any time
(but m here must be eliminated) λdx = e∫ P (x)dx dx V = volume at any time
λdy = e∫
P( y)dy
dy
equating eqn's 1 and 2 V = V o + (Q in − Q out ) t
y + 1 = (dy/dx)(x – 3) to solve linear form: dx x
(y + 1)dx – (x – 3)dy = 0 Ans. multiply λdx (linear in y)
or λdy (linear in x) to the whole
dt
= Q in C in − Q out
V ( )
equation, now it becomes an exact QinCin = constant, eq'n linear in x!
* don't eliminate what is given D.E., solve using exact method multiply to e∫ P (t )dt dt