Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic

references to support the research:

1 Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.

Calculate the loss tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10kHz. Calculate again at
100MHz.

Solution:
The dry soil parameters are𝜎 = 10−4 𝑠𝑚⁄𝑚 ∈𝑟 = 3
There is the lost tangent to 10 kHz
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 60
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
Which gives an angle of losses of:δ = tan−1(60) = 89°
When you change the frequency to 100MHz, you get:
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 0 − 006
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 108 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
δ = tan−1(0.006) = 0.3°
2 What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic
waves propagation?
They are those waves that do not need a material means to spread. They include, among
others, visible light and radio waves, television and telephony. All propagate in vacuum
at a constant speed, very high (300 0000 km / s) but not infinite.

3 Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics

and good conductors.
Maxwell's equations give rise to harmonic solutions which were first found by James
Clerck Maxwell in 1884. Based on these solutions Maxwell predicted the existence of
electromagnetic waves and discovered that signals can be transmitted over long distances
without necessarily having physical means for transmission.
In the year of 1887, Einrich Hertz discovered the waves predicted by Maxwell and
showed that electricity can be transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, which
propagate at the speed of light and have many of their properties.
This is the principle of wireless telephony, radio, TV, telemetry, among many other
wonders of modern life.
It is possible to find equations that describe the behavior of fields in free space in the
absence of volumetric load or electric conduction currents, under these conditions,
Maxwell's equations are reduced.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every

type of radiation.
X-rays are used to see through some objects and not others, taking advantage of the
difference in absorption between different matter (medical diagnoses, for example). Also
in high energy physics and astronomy - black holes and neutron stars emit R-X, allowing
its study. Its frequency is conventionally accepted: 30 PHz <f <50 EHz
Ultraviolet rays are EM radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the
visible spectrum. This part of the spectrum corresponds to frequencies: 750 THz <f <300
PHz The sun is a very important source of ultraviolet radiation. This type of radiation,
artificially created has applications such as, sterilization of instruments and certain
equipment, germicidal lamps for swimming pools or other environments, tanning lamps,
etc.
Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than R-Xs. These are the most energetic photons.
Although they do not have a clear lower limit for their wavelength, it is usually accepted
that they are in the frequency range: 3 EHz <f <30 ZHz They are used in astronomy to
study objects or regions of high energy and, in general, in research of high energy physics.
Also as radiotherapy of some types of cancer, with the well-known "cobalt bomb".
The lasers are EM radiation in the range, generally, of the visible spectrum (He-Ne laser
of 638 nm, Nd-YAG laser of 1.06 mμ, etc.), although they can also be located in infrared
(CO2 laser of 30 μm) and even in the ultraviolet.
Specific characteristics of laser light is that it is a monochromatic, coherent and
collimated light. The applications are innumerable. In dentistry and other medical-
surgical specialties, for readers-recorders of CD's and DVD's, etc.
Radio ondas o Radio Frecuencia (RF) refer to the portion of the EM spectrum in which
EM waves can be generated by alternating currents that feed an antenna Radios waves
are used for data transmission, via modulation, television, mobile phones, wireless
networks, commercial broadcasting stations, amateur radio, microwave ovens, etc.
The bands ELF, SLF, ULF and VLF, together, are known as Audio Frequency (AF).

Radiación visible. -
Electromagnetic waves whose frequencies are between 4.6 x 1014 Hz and 6.7 x 1014 Hz
constitute a region of the spectrum that is of special importance to us, since this radiation
is capable of stimulating human vision, since it deals with the light waves or light. This
is a very narrow region of the spectrum, so our eyes are not able to perceive most of the
radiation that makes up the spectrum.
The lower frequencies of the visible radiation give us the sensation of the red color. - By
increasing the frequency of the waves we will have successively, those corresponding to
the colors orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and at the end of the visible region, the
color violet.
The Infrared covers the part of the spectrum from approximately 300 GHz (1 mm) to
385 THz (780 nm). It is divided into three regions:
Far infrared 300GHz <f <30THz
The lower part of this range can be qualified as a microwave.
Average infrared 30THz <f <120THz
Near Infrared 120THz <f <385THz

ELFs are used by the US Navy to communicate with submerged submarines. The VLF
band is also used for the same purpose, but when the ship is near the surface (about 20 m
or less).
UHF, SHF and EHF, popularly known as Microwaves (MO). Mobile telephony (GSM,
DCS and UMTS 14) operates in this frequency spectrum band. Other applications:
microwave ovens (2.45 GHz), radars for police traffic control (10 GHz), airport radars
(15-100 GHz), Wi-Fi 15, etc.
SLF is typical in transport and distribution lines (50 or 60 Hz). 10 KHz is frequent in
radionavigation (VLF band). Induction cookers work in the range of 25-40 KHz (VLF-
LF bands).
The bands LF (long wave), MF (medium wave), HF (short wave) and VHF (FM
radio and TV), are commonly known as Radio Frequency (RF). In addition to
broadcasting, other applications are heating by dielectric hysteresis - welding, melting
and softening of plastics (13.56 MHz - 27.12 MHz - 40.68 MHz), induction heating, etc.

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and
the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by
the letter n.
The inverse of the refractive index is also a characteristic parameter of the different
means of propagation and is called speed factor:
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1.

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?
plane wave

By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are approximately flat in a
localized region of space. For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an
antenna produces a field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is to say that,
at a distance far from the source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be
considered as such electrodynamics are used to easily model the behavior of the wave.

non-plane wave

magnetic medium

it is a device that stores information in the middle of magnetic waves. Magnetic media
are hard drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes.
Bibliographic references
http://teleformacion.edu.aytolacoruna.es/FISICA/document/fisicaInteractiva/O
ndasbachillerato/ondasEM/ondasEleMag_indice.htm

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press. 513-519. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

The following video explains the main electromagnetic parameters associated

with the medium and the wave, in order to recognize how a medium could be
characterized for a specific transmission system.

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&
AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49