Emano, Marie Ann Terese S.

CE 69–Engineering Hydrology
BSCE – 4B Prof. Renaldo G. Juan

EXERCISE NO. 2 – Water Resources Engineering (WRE) Problems and Hydrology

From the given matrix of WRE problems to which hydrology can provide answers,
1. Discuss the parameters required to answer the question “How much water is
needed?” in the design and operation of the required facilities for Water Supply,
Irrigation, Hydropower, Navigation, and Pollution Control.

Reservoir inflow (input), Q, represented by the natural regime of streamflow

at the dam site. Mathematically it is represented by time series of flows and
parameters derived from them (mean, coefficient of variation,
coefficient of skewness, serial correlation coefficients, models of intra-
year distribution, etc.) and generalized characteristics (type of probabilistic
distribution and model of time behaviour).

The parameters that have great practical importance in water resources management and
planning for preliminary estimates of storage capacities as well as cases when economic data
for detailed optimization analysis of reservoirs when not available are occurrence-based
dependability, timebased dependability and quantity-based
dependability.
a. Occurrence-based dependability is given as:

where m is the number of failure years and n is the total number of years
considered. It is the frequency of occurrence of such failures.
b. Timebased dependability is the total duration of failures within the
whole period of reservoir
operation.

where T is the length of the whole period of reservoir operation, and change in T is
the duration of a single failure period.
c. quantity-based dependability is the most relevant to water
management and economic analysis of a given scheme of low-flow
regulation. it is the ratio of the actual amount of water delivered to the
amount that would be delivered if no failures occurred.

where change in W is the quantity of water not delivered during a single failure
period.
For irrigation, hydrologic parameters are evapotranspiration and Soil water content.
Evapotranspiration consists of evaporation from soil and water bodies and loss of water from plant
leaves, which is called transpiration. It is a major component of the hydrologic cycle and its
information is needed to design irrigation projects and for managing water quality and other
environmental concerns.

The status and fluxes of water in the terrestrial system are controlled by hydrological
processes, which mainly take place in a thin layer of soil covering the Earth surface.
Although the water content of this thin layer is only about 0.05% of the total fresh water on
Earth [Shiklomanov, 1993], it plays a decisive role in controlling the major hydrological,
biogeochemical, and energy exchange processes that take place at the land surface [Katul et
al., 2012]

2. Discuss the parameters of the hydrologic elements (minimum flow, annual yield, flood
peaks, flood volume, baseflow) to answer the question “How much water can be
expected?” for the recommendation studies and facilities required

Two parameters of this are the mean and the variance (or, derived from it, the
coefficient of variation) characterizing, respectively, central tendency and variability
of annual runoff. Estimates of these two parameters are easily obtained from empirical
data as well as estimates of their errors. central tendency and variability of annual
runoff.
The Coefficient of Variation of annual precipitation is an index of climatic
risk, indicating a likelihood of fluctuations in reservoir storage or crop yield from year
to year. CV is a measure of relative variability. It is the ratio of the standard deviation
to the mean (average).

The most evident and often the most important flood parameter is
its
peak discharge. Peak stream discharge is a hydrologic parameter that is very important
for the determination of flood risk, design of engineering works, and management of water
resources.
Flood elevation is the maximum elevation of water level encountered during the
flood. it is the most important characteristic since it decides whether the banks will be
overtoppedo Hydrologically, this characteristic is not the most suitable one for flood
evaluation since it varies from paint to point and is a characteristic of a given river cross-
section rather than one of the flood wave moving along the rivero Also, flood elevation is not
always the best indicator of flood harmfulnesso
REFERENCES:

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wqmchap12.pdf
http://people.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kumamoto_2014/lectures/2_3_baseflow.pdf
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000503/050381eo.pdf
http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/385504
https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/baug/ifu/hydrology-
dam/documents/lectures/hydrologie/lectures/HYI_HS17_Introduction_lecture_complete
.pdf
http://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1424715183.pdf