Carino, John Kyle October 9, 2018

Dela Cruz, Renz MWF-ABC 12-1 p.m

CHARLES DARWIN

SCIENCE/MAN
Charles Darwin was the first scientist to publish a coherent theory of Evolution by Natural selection. He
wasn't the first to intuitively suspect that species evolved from a common ancestor, but he was the first
to publish a coherent theory and bring forth evidence for it. The theory of evolution by natural selection,
first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms
change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an
organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring.
Evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science,
supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology,
genetics and developmental biology.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Scientists use Darwin theory to develop new technologies.
evolution is no longer simply a narrative of life. Scientists have begun using it as a tool to develop new
technologies.
By doing so, they have improved law enforcement, created smarter computer programs and are
remaking the field of medicine. There have been quirkier applications, such as cleaner clothes, too.

SOCIETY
A Secular View of Life�Darwin founded a new branch of life science, evolutionary biology. Four of his
contributions to evolutionary biology are especially important, as they held considerable sway beyond
that discipline. The first is the nonconstancy of species, or the modern conception of evolution itself. The
second is the notion of branching evolution, implying the common descent of all species of living things
on earth from a single unique origin. Up until 1859, all evolutionary proposals, such as that of naturalist
Jean- Baptiste Lamarck, instead endorsed linear evolution, a teleological march toward greater
perfection that had been in vogue since Aristotle’s concept of Scala Naturae, the chain of being. Darwin
further noted that evolution must be gradual, with no major breaks or discontinuities. Finally, he
reasoned that the mechanism of evolution was natural selection.
These four insights served as the foundation for Darwin’s founding of a new branch of the philosophy of
science, a philosophy of biology. Despite the passing of a century before this new branch of philosophy
fully developed, its eventual form is based on Darwinian concepts. For example, Darwin introduced
historicity into science. Evolutionary biology, in contrast with physics and chemistry, is a historical science
—the evolutionist attempts to explain events and processes that have already taken place. Laws and
experiments are inappropriate techniques for the explication of such events and processes. Instead one
constructs a historical narrative, consisting of a tentative reconstruction of the particular scenario that
led to the events one is trying to explain.
SIGMUND FREUD
MAN
Through the development of a novel observational method, Sigmund Freud made possible the collection
of reliable data about man's inner life. The scientific hypotheses he formulated about these formed the
initial version of psychoanalysis. Many of these first thoughts have had to be revised in the light of
subsequent scientific findings about the operations of the central nervous system, but even these
refuted propositions often had much heuristic value. Despite the passage of a whole century, many
Freudian hypotheses have retained their scientific standing. Most important among these was Freud's
realization that human thought is usually unconscious. His understanding of the role of the automatic
repetition of basic patterns of behavior, of the fateful consequences of early childhood emotional
vicissitudes in structuring enduring mental dispositions, and of the distinction between two distinct
modes of thinking are the most significant among his many contributions.Sigmund Freud emphasized
the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the
unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of
psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious.

SOCIETY
As Freud expanded his sphere of inquiry to include basic questions about moral and political life, he
inspired intellectuals and artists to take his theories about conflict, desire, and the unconscious into new
areas. These theories seemed to many to open promising new avenues for understanding the successes
and failures of modern society. Others thought that these routes led straight to deception -- or worse.
The first part of this section deals with the professional expansion of psychoanalysis and the critical
reaction to that expansion. Next the exhibition examines Freud's theories of society, from his speculation
on its origins to his views of the contemporary world.The violent crises that shook the world at the end
of Freud's life are the subject of the final part of this section.

SCIEND AND TECHNOLOGY

The digitized collection documents Freud's founding of psychoanalysis, the maturation of psychoanalytic
theory, the refinement of its clinical technique, and the proliferation of its adherents and critics. Many
facets of Freud's life and work are reflected, including his early medical and clinical training; his
relationship with family, friends, colleagues, students, and patients; his association with early
psychoanalytic societies; his perspectives on analytical training; and his numerous writings.

Copernicus

Heliocentrism- Some time before 1514 Copernicus made available to friends his "Commentariolus"
("Little Commentary"), a manuscript describing his ideas about the heliocentric hypothesis.[e] It
contained seven basic assumptions (detailed below).[73] Thereafter he continued gathering data for a
more detailed work.

About 1532 Copernicus had basically completed his work on the manuscript of Dē revolutionibus orbium
coelestium; but despite urging by his closest friends, he resisted openly publishing his views, not wishing
—as he confessed—to risk the scorn "to which he would expose himself on account of the novelty and
incomprehensibility of his theses."[68]
In 1533, Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered a series of lectures in Rome outlining Copernicus's
theory. Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals heard the lectures and were interested in the
theory. On 1 November 1536, Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg, Archbishop of Capua, wrote to
Copernicus from Rome:

Some years ago word reached me concerning your proficiency, of which everybody constantly spoke. At
that time I began to have a very high regard for you... For I had learned that you had not merely
mastered the discoveries of the ancient astronomers uncommonly well but had also formulated a new
cosmology. In it you maintain that the earth moves; that the sun occupies the lowest, and thus the
central, place in the universe... Therefore with the utmost earnestness I entreat you, most learned sir,
unless I inconvenience you, to communicate this discovery of yours to scholars, and at the earliest
possible moment to send me your writings on the sphere of the universe together with the tables and
whatever else you have that is relevant to this subject ...[74]

By then Copernicus's work was nearing its definitive form, and rumors about his theory had reached
educated people all over Europe. Despite urgings from many quarters, Copernicus delayed publication of
his book, perhaps from fear of criticism—a fear delicately expressed in the subsequent dedication of his
masterpiece to Pope Paul III. Scholars disagree on whether Copernicus's concern was limited to possible
astronomical and philosophical objections, or whether he was also concerned about religious objections.
[f]

https://www.loc.gov/collections/sigmund-freud-papers/?fa=subject%3Ascience
%20%26%20technology&st=list

https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html

https://www.ucg.org/the-good-news/charles-darwin-evolution-of-a-man-and-his-ideas

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism

http://foxtalesint.com/index.php/20-programs/history-in-person/119-charles-darwin-and-his-
revolutionary-idea

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/freud03.html#obj124

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus