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Lecture 2
Anthropometrics Data & Biometrics o Human Factors & Ergonomics in Product & Process
Design
Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng. o Anthropometrics Data & Biometrics
Professor, Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering (IMSE)
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering o Discussion
16 January 2018
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018
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Circulatory System
Digestive System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018
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The Human Body Systems The Human Body Bones
The human skeleton is the
The skeletal system is 206 bones that are connected by tendons,
ligaments and cartilage. The skeletons job is to help us move, and internal framework of the
is also part of blood cell production and calcium storage . The teeth body. It is composed of
are also part of the skeletal system, but are not bones per se. 270 bones at birth – this
total decreases to 206
The body’s muscular system is an intricate design of some 650 bones by adulthood after
muscles that helps movement, blood flow and other bodily some bones have fused
functions. There are different types of muscle: skeletal muscle – together. The bone mass in
connected to bone, and helps with voluntary movement; smooth the skeleton reaches
muscle – inside our organs which move substances through maximum density around
organs, and cardiac muscle – our heart muscle that pumps blood.
age 30
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human body.
Menu
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Muscular System List & Function The Human Body Systems
Muscles contract The endocrine system is eight major glands that secrete
(shorten) and hormones into the blood. These hormones regulate various bodily
provide movement. functions, such as metabolism, growth and sexual function.
Support.
The immune system defends the body against bacteria, viruses
Heat production and other pathogens that may be harmful.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and
lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body’s defences.
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The reproductive system allows humans to become more – to 1. Human urinary system:
reproduce.
2. Kidney, 3. Renal pelvis, 4. Ureter,
The urinary system is the waste disposal unit – whereby
5. Urinary bladder, 6. Urethra. (Left side
foods that have been broken down is exited from our bodies.
with frontal section)
The skin, or integumentary system, is the body’s largest 7. Adrenal gland
organ. The skin eliminates waste (perspiration), and keeps
Vessels: 8. Renal artery and vein, 9.
us warm and cool – regulates body temperature. The skin is
Inferior vena cava, 10. Abdominal aorta,
also a defence against bacteria, viruses and other
11. Common iliac artery and vein
pathogens. . In addition to skin, the integumentary system
Transparent: 12. Liver, 13. Large
includes hair and nails.
intestine, 14. Pelvis
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The Urinary System The Human Body Vital Organs
The human brain is the body’s control center, which receives and sends signals
Latin: Systema urinarium to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is
responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of
Urinary system in the male. the world.
Urine flows from the kidneys The human heart is a responsible for pumping blood throughout our body.
The job of the kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. The
via the ureters into the bladder kidneys take waste or urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other
where it is stored. When substances to make urine.
urinating, urine flows through The liver has many functions, including detoxifying of harmful chemicals,
breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile and production of blood-
the urethra (longer in males, clotting proteins.
shorter in females) to exit the The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and
body transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also
remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale.
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The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like
vessels!
surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning.
An adult's heart pumps nearly 4,000 gallons of blood
Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body.
each day!
Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000
Your heart beats some 30 million times a year! times a day!
The average three-year-old has two pints of blood in
The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus
their body; the average adult at least five times more!
muscle in the buttocks.
A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in the
heart closing as they push blood through its chambers.
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See What Happens When
Skeletal System Cool Facts!
You Have No Muscles
The human hand has 27 bones; your face has 14!
The longest bone in your body? Your thigh bone, the
femur -- it's about 1/4 of your height. The smallest is
the stirrup bone in the ear which can measure 1/10 of
an inch.
Did you know that humans and giraffes have the same
number of bones in their necks? Giraffe neck vertebrae
are just much, much longer!
You have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints
in your body.
http://www.stritch.luc.edu/lumen/index.cfm
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018 reid.pittsfield.net/UserFiles/.../1%20A%20The%20Human%20Body%20Intro.ppt
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ERGONOMICS
ERGON --> WORK
Introduction to Human Factors and NOMOS --> LAW
The Laws to be Observed at Work
Ergonomics:
“The scientific discipline concerned with understanding of interactions
Definitions of Ergonomics, Disciplines, among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession
that applies theory, principles, methods and data to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance”
Aims, and Benefits Ergonomics means literally the study or measurement of
Work. In addition to work as labour for monetary gain, work
also includes: Sports & Leisure activities; Domestic work; Education
and training; Health and social services
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Definitions Of Ergonomics Disciplines In Ergonomics
ECONOMICS LAW MANAGEMENT
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Multidisciplinary teams are unable to Industrial Control excessive physical load Safe load lifting and carrying techniques
Ind. Medical
develop a cohesive care plan as each team Officer Social Designer Avoid physical and muscular fatigue Adopt proper techniques in manual materials
member uses his or her own expertise to Psychologist
Adequate rest pauses handling
develop individual care goals. In contrast,
Arrangement of static and dynamic work
each team member in an interdisciplinary
team build on each other's expertise to ETC,…………
achieve common, shared goals.
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Who is a human operator?
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How does human factors positively impact
Human Factors and Human System Integration
design?
Human Factors in Design Considers Human
Limitations: Human Factors is a uniting and core component of Human Systems
Information Theory Integration (HSI)
Memory Resources
Human System Integration
Attention Resources
Compatibility Expectations A comprehensive, multidisciplinary, technical and management
Input Modalities process
Anthropometrics
Strength capability Integrates human considerations within the system development
Visual acuity process
Acoustic sensitivity
Ensures that the human contribution toward system performance
• This ensures that the final product/system/environment can be effectively utilized is consistently addressed throughout the system life cycle
by the end user, without exceeding their capabilities
• Failure to consider these factors can lead to: Human factors and HSI implement this approach through the
– User frustration; Fatigue; High error rates; Accidents; System failures human centered design process
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be done by observing users in their work environment, task analysis, surveys, and
Design Complete Evaluate Design Create Design focus groups.
Design
Human Centered Design Process implements consideration of the user throughout Engineer the product with your target clients in mind (tailor products to their needs
planning and design. and abilities).
An ISO standard has been updated: ISO 9241-210:2010 “Ergonomics of human-system
Heuristic Evaluation
interaction -- Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems”
Product evaluation that compares the design against established guidelines.
Standard provides a level of consistency in the way HCD is implemented, and focuses
severity of the error. How many users make mistakes and are they able to
recover? Usability Higher-Fidelity Human-in-the-
Inspection
Efficiency Prototypes Loop Evaluations
Objective measure yielded by time on task. How long does it take the user to Check for
complete the task? Often correlated with satisfaction. Consistency
and
Satisfaction/Perception Adherence to
Final
Satisfaction measures are subjective measures provided by the user. Standards
Prototype
Learnability (User-friendly)
How easy the system is to learn. Can be expressed by a learning curve and
typically is associated with error and efficiency rates over time to show trending
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Anthropometry Definition of Anthropometry
Anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos” whichmeans human and
“metron” which means measurement (Bridger,1995). The part of anthropology (study of humans) having to do with
According to Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), measurements of the human body to determine differences
anthropometry is body dimension measurement or other physical body in races, individuals, etc…
Source : Webster’s New 20th Century Dictionary (1970)
characteristics that relevant with the design of something that is used by people.
Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the measurement The study of human body measurements esp. on a
of human’s body dimension. comparative basis.
Anthropometry can be used as an ergonomics consideration in product design or Source: Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1993)
work system that needs human interaction. Anthropometry is a science that deals with the
measurement of size, weight, and proportions of the human
The ergonomics aspects in a facility build and design process are very important
body. It is empirical (experimentally derived) in nature and
factors in support the development of production service.
has developed quantitative methods to measure various
physical dimensions. (Chaffin, 1984)
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Anthropometry statics, where the measurements are Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20 years old for
men and 17 years old for women. And then it will decrease in age 60 years
taken to human body in static position. The measured
old.
dimension are taken linearly and in the body surface
b) Gender
Anthropometry dynamics, where the measurements Generally, men have bigger body dimension except for chest and hip.
are taken in various body position while moving, so it will c) Ethnicity
be more complex and difficult to measure Dimension variation may emerge, because of ethnic influence.
d) Work
Daily work activities also causing the differences in human body dimension.
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Human Anatomy Fundamentals: Advanced
Human Anatomy Fundamentals - Head Shape
Facial Features – Skull Depth
Mesaticephalic skulls are not
Brachycephaly (from
markedly brachycephalic or Dolichocephaly
Greek roots meaning
dolichocephalic. (derived from the
"short" and "head")
Ancient Greek
δολιχός, meaning
"long") is a
condition where
the head is longer
than would be
expected, relative
to its width.
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Anthropometrics Anthropometric table
Female Male
Anthropometric Data
Anthropometric table
Dimension, In
Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th
The data was gathered by measuring 1000 or more 1. Stature (height) Male 63.7 68.3 72.6
Female 58.9 63.2 67.4
people and recording the frequency of each piece of 2. Eye height Male 59.5 63.9 68.0
Female 54.4 58.6 62.7
data.
3. Shoulder height Male 52.1 56.2 60.0
Female 47.7 51.6 55.9
A frequency graph can then be plotted for each piece
4. Elbow height Male 39.4 43.3 46.9
of data, for example seated height F Female 36.9 39.8 42.8
5. Knuckle height Male 27.5 29.7 31.7
The distribution of the graph will have a bell shaped Female 25.3 27.6 29.9
curve which is called a normal distribution curve. 13.Chest depth Male 8.4 9.5 10.9
Female 8.4 9.5 11.7
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Ergonomic Design Approach
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Anthropometric Measuring Tools Anthropometric Measuring Tools
Tape
Anthropometer
Medical scale
LAFAYETTE SKIN FOLD CALIPER
Sliding Calipers: large Spreading Caliper
and small LAFAYETTE ANTHROPOMETER SET
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Organisational Ergonomics
Biometrics
... or macro ergonomics, is concerned with the
optimisation of sociotechnical systems, including their
organisational structures, policies, and processes.
Relevant topics include shift work, scheduling, job
satisfaction, motivational theory, supervision, safety
culture, teamwork, telework and ethics.
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Biometrics
Anthropometry Today
Biometrics
the automatic identification of a person
Nutrition and wellness based on his/her physiological or behavioral
Weight Training characteristics
Ergonomics
Verification vs. identification
dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure
when it is in any position other than the fixed ones. Verification: Am I whom I claim I am?
Everyday life involves confirming or denying a person's
Evolutionary Significance
claimed identity
Changes in humans overtime
Monitor growth in children Identification: Who am I?
Cranial Anthropometry
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breadth
Grocery Store Payment:
Fingerprint
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Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones
3- D Anthropometry
Lecture 2
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