Bi Metallic Corrosion PDF

BRITISH STANDARD PD 6484:1979
CONFIRMED
MARCH 1990
Commentary on
corrosion at bimetallic
contacts and its
alleviation
Licensed copy:Faber Maunsell, 17/11/2005, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
UDC 620.193.7:620.197
PD 6484:1979
Cooperating organizations
The Iron and Steel Standards Committee, under whose direction this
Published Document was prepared, consists of representatives from the
following Government department and scientific and industrial organizations:
British Cast Iron Research Association

British Constructional Steelwork Association
British Internal Combustion Engine Manufacturers’ Association
British Ironfounders’ Association
British Railways Board
British Steel Industry*
British Steel Industry — Wire Section
Concrete Society Limited
Council of Ironfoundry Associations
Department of Industry (National Physical Laboratory)
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Engineering Equipment Users’ Association
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Greater London Council
Institute of British Foundrymen
Institute of Marine Engineers
Institute of Quality Assurance
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Institution of Production Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers

International Tin Research Institute*
Lloyd’s Register of Shipping*
Ministry of Defence*
National Association of Drop Forgers and Stampers
Oil Companies Materials Association
Process Plant Association
Royal Institute of British Architects
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Limited
Steel Casting Research and Trade Association
Water-tube Boilermakers’ Association
The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the
following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the
preparation of this Published Document:
Aluminium Federation
BNF Metals Technology Centre
Cambridge University Library
Copper Development Association
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Electronic Engineering Association
Sir John Cass College
Zinc Development Association
Individual manufacturers
This Published Document,
having been prepared
under the direction of the
Iron and Steel Standards
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Executive Board Amendments issued since publication
on 30 March 1979
© BSI 02-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
document:
Committee reference ISE/68
Draft for comment 69/4244
ISBN 0 580 10509 1

PD 6484:1979
Contents
Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1 Scope 1
2 Conditions affecting corrosion at bimetallic contacts 1
3 Prevention of bimetallic corrosion 2
Section 2. Tables
4 Tabulated data on the behaviour of bimetallic couples 3
Table 1 — Additional corrosion of aluminium and aluminium alloys
resulting from contact with other metals or carbon 5
Table 2 — Additional corrosion of aluminium bronzes and silicon
bronzes resulting from contact with other metals or carbon 6
Table 3 — Additional corrosion of brasses including high tensile
(HT) brasses (manganese bronze) resulting from contact with other
metals or carbon 7
Table 4 — Additional corrosion of cadmium resulting from
contact with other metals or carbon 8
Table 5 — Additional corrosion of cast irons resulting from

Table 6 — Additional corrosion of cast iron (austenitic) resulting
from contact with other metals or carbon 10
Table 7 — Additional corrosion of chromium resulting from
Table 8 — Additional corrosion of copper resulting from
Table 9 — Additional corrosion of cupro-nickels resulting
Table 10 — Additional corrosion of gunmetals, phosphor bronzes
and tin bronzes resulting from contact with other metals or carbon 14
Table 11 — Additional corrosion of lead resulting from contact
with other metals or carbon 15
Table 12 — Additional corrosion of magnesium and magnesium
alloys resulting from contact with other metals or carbon 16
Table 13 — Additional corrosion of nickel resulting from
Table 14 — Additional corrosion of nickel-copper alloys resulting
Table 15 — Additional corrosion of nickel-chromium-iron alloys
Table 16 — Additional corrosion of nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloys resulting from contact with other metals or carbon 20
Table 17 — Additional corrosion of nickel silvers resulting from
Table 18 — Additional corrosion of soft solders resulting from
Table 19 — Additional corrosion of stainless steel (austenitic, with
approximately 18 % chromium) resulting from contact with other
metals or carbon 23
Table 20 — Additional corrosion of stainless steel (martensitic,
with approximately 13 % chromium) resulting from contact with
other metals or carbon 24
© BSI 02-1999 i
PD 6484:1979
Page
Table 21 — Additional corrosion of steels (carbon and low alloy)
Table 22 — Additional corrosion of tin resulting from contact with
other metals or carbon 26
Table 23 — Additional corrosion of zinc and zinc base alloys resulting
ii © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Foreword
Of the many types of corrosion problems encountered in industry, that arising

from the interaction between different metals and alloys is one of the most
troublesome and complex. It is a subject on which most engineers and designers
welcome guidance, but it is difficult to provide this comprehensively in a single
document because of the many possible combinations of different metals and
alloys that can be in contact, and the wide range of environmental conditions to
which they may be subjected in service.
It should be appreciated, therefore, that a document of this nature cannot cover
every possible environmental factor that may be encountered in practice. The
information given is founded on the very considerable experience of the members
of the committee, but it is not claimed to be infallible. In some respects the
information is either still incomplete or is offered with some reservations.
Recommendations on the subject were originally published in 1955 by HMSO in
an Inter-service Metallurgical Research Council document entitled “Prevention of
corrosion at bimetallic contacts”, prepared under the guidance of a special panel
which included members of the Corrosion and Electro-deposition Committee (a
committee of the Inter-service Metallurgical Research Council).
That document was produced primarily for the guidance of service designers, but,
as the subject is one of wide importance, the recommendations and their detailed
presentation have been revised and amplified, and are now published by BSI
under the direction of the Non-Ferrous Metals Standards Committee.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 27 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
© BSI 02-1999 iii

iv
blank
PD 6484:1979
Section 1. General An apparent exception to the necessity for the two

metals to be in electrical contact for corrosion to
1 Scope occur is when a more noble metal corrodes slightly
and dissolves in water that subsequently flows over
This document gives guidance to designers, to help
a less noble metal. The more noble metal may then
them to avoid situations in which corrosion may deposit on the less noble metal, thus forming a true
arise from the interaction of different metals and bimetallic contact. For example, copper can dissolve
alloys at bimetallic contacts.
very slightly in some natural waters and may then
It comprises two sections. Section 1 gives details of deposit on low alloy or carbon steels, aluminium
conditions affecting corrosion at bimetallic contacts or zinc.
and methods of alleviating it, and section 2 consists
Bimetallic corrosion may also be experienced when
of annotated tables indicating the degree of two dissimilar metals, not in direct contact, are
additional corrosion likely to occur at bimetallic nevertheless connected electrically.
contacts exposed to atmospheric and aqueous
environments. 2.2 The electrolyte and its effects. The severity
of bimetallic corrosion is dependent on the
The document does not deal with other
conductivity of the electrolyte solution.
environments, such as those encountered in
For example, other things being equal, sea water,
chemical engineering, where the effects may be being a highly conducting solution, gives rise to
different, and it does not refer to situations where more severe bimetallic corrosion than most fresh
contact between certain metals, even below their
waters, which are generally of lower conductivity.
melting point, may lead to some interpenetration

and consequential embrittlement. Rain water, in a clean rural atmosphere, has a low
conductivity, but in polluted atmospheres, it can
The metals and alloys are identified in the tables by
dissolve fuel combustion products, or sea-salts in
their generally accepted descriptions, but it will be marine environments, to give a water of moderately
appreciated that many variations in composition high conductivity.
and condition are found in practice. For further
information on the behaviour of particular alloys, Similarly, a film of moisture condensed from the air
reference should be made to the appropriate can, like rain-water, dissolve contaminants and
development association, trade association, provide conditions for bimetallic corrosion to take
manufacturer or supplier. In the case of defence place. In addition, contaminants already present on
stores, further information may be obtained from the metal surface, such as finger prints or residues
the appropriate branch of the Ministry of Defence. of processing solutions, may absorb moisture from
the atmosphere which, although humid, has not
2 Conditions affecting corrosion at actually reached the dewpoint.
bimetallic contacts Bimetallic corrosion is more severe under immersed
conditions than in the atmosphere. In the latter, the
2.1 Introduction. When two different metals are in severity of attack is influenced to a large extent by
electrical contact and are also bridged by water the time that the bimetallic contact remains wet,
containing an electrolyte (e.g. water containing salt, which is dependent upon many factors such as the
acid, combustion product), current flows through presence of spray, the degree of sheltering from
the solution from the anodic or baser metal to the direct rainfall, and the retention of moisture in
cathodic or nobler metal. As a result, the nobler crevices. The effectiveness of drainage and the
metal tends to be protected, but the baser metal may speed of evaporation are particularly relevant
suffer greater corrosion. In the past, schedules of factors. The areas of the metals that remain wet in
electrode potentials have been published which the vicinity of the contact can also have an
have been of value in drawing the attention of important effect (see 2.4). In atmospheric
designers to the dangers of bimetallic corrosion. conditions, bimetallic corrosion is usually localized
Such schedules can, however, be misleading, since in the vicinity of the line of contact.
the potential difference between metals, although it
is the prime driving force of the corrosion current, is
not a reliable guide to the rate and form of corrosion
suffered at any particular contact. In particular,
statements claiming that specific differences of
potential are safe or unsafe, are unreliable.
© BSI 02-1999 1
PD 6484:1979
Whilst the recommendations in this document are b) by preventing the formation of a continuous
valid for most natural environments, they are no bridge of electrolyte solution between the two
substitute for particular experience of behaviour in metals, i.e. breaking the electrolytic path.
a specific environment under consideration. Under immersed conditions, a) may be possible if
For example, some substances which may be insulation is not precluded by a need for electrical
present merely as traces in the environment can bonding. For example, a base metal nut and bolt
have a profound effect on behaviour at bimetallic should be fitted with an insulating bush and
contacts. The corrosion at the junction may be washers where it passes through a nobler plate.
accelerated or reduced substantially and it is even Complete insulation is essential in such a case and
possible for “normal” behaviour to be reversed. therefore the bush is vital. Method b) may be
Additional corrosion may occur at crevices where effected by the application of paint or plastics
the supply of oxygen at interfaces between joined coating to the immersed parts of the metal.
components is limited. This is not bimetallic Where protection is sought by this means and it is
corrosion, but its effects at bimetallic joints can be impracticable to coat both metals, then it is
as detrimental as true bimetallic corrosion. Cases preferable to coat the more noble one.
where the crevice effect may be significant are noted 3.2 Metallic coatings. (See also 2.5.) Significant
in the tables. bimetallic corrosion may be avoided by applying to
2.3 Condition of the metal or alloy. In a corrosive one of the metals of the couple, a coating of the
environment, a metal or alloy can behave slightly other, or (more commonly) a coating of another
differently depending on its condition, e.g. its state metal chosen for its compatibility, or sometimes by
of heat treatment or the amount of cold work it has coating both metals with a single suitable metal.
undergone. Hence an article of one material, but The effectiveness of these methods depends on the
with different parts in different physical conditions, continuing integrity of the coating, although this is
might be expected to show quasi-bimetallic less important if the coating is applied to the more
corrosion. Such effects have been ignored in noble metal; this is therefore the practice to be
compiling the tables. adopted wherever practicable. If the coating has to
2.4 Area relationships. The risk of corrosion be applied to the less noble metal, any pores or
under immersed conditions at a bimetallic junction breaks in the coating caused by damage or by
is greatest if the area of the more noble metal is corrosion will concentrate the attack at the
large compared with the area of the less noble relatively small bared areas of the less noble metal.
metal. It is especially important in these cases that the
2.5 Metallic coatings. (See also 3.2.) Many metals, coating is given protection, e.g. by passivation
e.g. chromium, tin, nickel, cadmium, zinc, treatment, paints, jointing compounds.
aluminium, are commonly used as protective An example of a compatible metal applied to a more
coatings on another metal. Some of these coatings noble metal of a couple is the use in the aircraft
are more noble and some less noble than the industry of cadmium coatings on stainless steel in
substrate. Both kinds protect initially by excluding contact with aluminium alloys. Similarly, brass in
the environment from the substrate and should contact with aluminium alloys can be prevented
therefore be as free from pores as possible. If the from damaging the latter by coating the brass with
substrate is exposed, as at pores, cut edges or where zinc or cadmium.
the coating has corroded, a bimetallic cell is created. The complete coating of an assembly with a single
If the coating is more noble, corrosion of the suitable metal is especially appropriate to smaller
substrate may then be increased. If the coating is components composed of two or more different
less noble (sacrificial), the substrate may be metals or alloys.
protected until the coating is locally consumed or
3.3 Non-metallic coatings (excluding paint).
until the corrosion is restrained by the formation of
Non-metallic coatings are useful in particular cases,
scale or inhibitive corrosion products.
e.g. anodizing of certain aluminium alloys.
3 Prevention of bimetallic corrosion 3.4 Jointing compounds. Jointing compounds
should be able to exclude water, should not dry or
3.1 Insulation. The basic principle underlying the crack and should not be corrosive. If formulated
prevention of corrosion arising from dissimilar with an adequate corrosion inhibitor, they may
metals in contact is to prevent the flow of the suffice for moderate conditions, but subsequent
corrosion currents. This may be achieved: painting is also advisable. Jointing compounds also
a) by insulating the dissimilar metals from each protect against crevice corrosion.
other, i.e. breaking the metallic path, or
2 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
3.5 Paints and other organic coatings. The In selecting the appropriate column for an
application to the assembled joint of an overall paint atmospheric environment, it has to be remembered
system, suitable for the specific environment, is that there may be localities within a region that
effective. The combination of a jointing compound have “microclimates” vastly different from the
and subsequent painting is better than either alone. environmental characteristics of the region as a
Thick, water-resisting plastics or mastic coatings, whole. A region designated “rural” may have local
where they can be used, are useful. environments more closely resembling an industrial
3.6 Cathodic protection. As indicated in 2.1, atmosphere at sites close to and downwind of
a metal may be protected or have its rate of factories. Similarly, a site near the sea, but close to
corrosion reduced by being coupled to a more shore installations may, with appropriate
corrodible metal. This is commonly referred to as prevailing winds, have the characteristics of an
sacrificial protection and is one form of cathodic industrial rather than a marine atmosphere.
protection. Similar protection may be achieved by Because of this and other factors (briefly referred to
applying an e.m.f. in the appropriate direction from in 2.2) that result in localized conditions of
a suitable anode. Bimetallic corrosion of two increased severity, it is advisable to study the
dissimilar metals in contact may sometimes be precise conditions prevailing at the actual site
prevented by joining them electrically either to an before deciding on the appropriate environment
anode and impressing an e.m.f. on the system, or by column.
coupling them electrically to a third metal which is 4.3 Metals for which there are no individual
sufficiently corrodible to protect them both. In all tables. The metals and alloys a) to e) listed below do
cases, the metals and the anode must be immersed not in general suffer additional corrosion by contact
in the electrolyte solution and be in electrical with other metals nor with each other, and for this
contact with each other. It is advisable to seek reason have no tables of their own. They can,
informed advice when applying cathodic protection however, affect the performance of other metals
methods. with which they are in contact, and are therefore
included in the “metal in contact” column of the
Section 2. Tables tables of all the other metals. Carbon behaves in a
similar manner.
4 Tabulated data on the behaviour of a) Gold
bimetallic couples b) Platinum
4.1 Description of tables. The data are set out in c) Rhodium
a series of tables, each table being devoted to the
d) Silver
behaviour of one metal or alloy, or in some cases
similar groups of metals or alloys, when coupled to e) Titanium and titanium alloys
other metals or to carbon. Explanatory notes The following metals, f) to k), also have no tables of
accompany each table. their own, neither are they included in the “metal
It is emphasized that the ratings for behaviour in contact” columns, since little is known of their
given in the tables refer to the additional corrosion behaviour in contact with other metals or with each
caused by bimetallic effects; a favourable rating other.
does not imply that no protection is necessary. f) Molybdenum
The severity of the additional corrosion that can be g) Niobium
caused by bimetallic effects is related to the h) Tantalum
environment and to other effects such as relative
i) Tungsten
areas (as indicated in 2.2 and 2.4). In the tables, five
broad classes of environment, three atmospheric j) Zirconium
and two immersed, are listed. No individual tables are included for hard solders,
4.2 Guidance in the use of the tables. To find the brazing filler metals or weld filler metals, since
data on the behaviour of a couple, the behaviour these materials cover wide ranges of composition.
against each other of the two metals or alloys Some general guidance may be obtained by
comprising the couple has to be sought. Thus, in reference to the tables showing alloys closest in
every case two tables have to be consulted, together composition to the alloys concerned, but for more
with the accompanying notes. Failure to do this specific information, the manufacturer of the
could result in the choice of a couple in which, under particular alloy should be consulted.
the conditions of service envisaged, one member of
the couple could be sacrificially corroded at an
unacceptable rate.
© BSI 02-1999 3
PD 6484:1979
4.4 Further information. If circumstances arise

which are not obviously covered by the information
given in the two appropriate tables, further advice
should be obtained from the appropriate
development association, trade association,
manufacturer or supplier. In the case of defence
stores, further information should be obtained from
the appropriate branch of the Ministry of Defence.
Advice on corrosion matters may also be obtained
from the Corrosion Advice Bureau of the British
Steel Corporation and the Metals Users
Consultancy Service of the BNF Metals Technology
Centre.
4 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 1 — Additional corrosion of aluminium and aluminium alloys resulting

from contact with other metals or carbon
Environmenta
Atmospheric Immersed
See also Metal in contact Rural Industrial/urban Marine Fresh Sea
table water water
Aluminium and aluminium alloysb
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 1 3 3 3 3
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass (manganese bronze) 1 3 3 3 3
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 (0) 0
Carbon 1 2 3 (3) 3
5 Cast irons 0 1 2 1 3
6 Cast iron (austenitic) 1 (2) (3) (2) (3)
7 Chromium 1 1 2 (2) (3)
8 Copper 1 3 3 3 3
9 Cupro-nickels 1 3 3 3 3
Gold (1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes 1 3 3 3 3
11 Lead 0 0 0 to 3 (2) 3
12 Magnesium and magnesium alloysc 0 1 2 1 2
13 Nickel (1) 2 3 (2) (3)
14 Nickel-copper alloys 1 3 3 3 3
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (1) (2) (3) (2) (3)

16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (1) (2) (3) (2) (3)
17 Nickel silvers (1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Platinum (1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Rhodium (1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Silver (1) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Solders (hard)d 1 1 to 2 1 to 3 (3) 2 to 3
18 Solders (soft)e 1 2 3 (2) 3
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades containing 0 1 2 2 3
approximately 18 % chromium)
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades containing approximately 13 % 0 1 2 2 3
chromium)
21 Steels (carbon and low alloy) 1 1 3 2 3
22 Tin (1) (2) (3) (2) (3)
Titanium and titanium alloys 0 1 2 2 3
23 Zinc and zinc base alloys 0 0 0 0 0
Key
0 Aluminium and aluminium alloys will suffer either no additional 2 Aluminium and aluminium alloys may suffer
corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional corrosion, usually fairly severe additional corrosion and
tolerable in service. protective measures will usually be necessary.
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys will suffer slight or moderate corrosion 3 Aluminium and aluminium alloys may suffer
which may be tolerable in some circumstances. severe additional corrosion and the contact
should be avoided.
General notes. Ratings in brackets are based on very limited evidence and hence are less certain than other values shown.
The table is in terms of additional corrosion and the symbol 0 should not be taken to imply that the metals in contact need no
protection under all conditions of exposure.
a Rating 3 does not necessarily mean that the combination of metals is not used in practice, but it does mean that precautions should
be taken to avoid a corrosion path between the two metals. For example, a wrought iron or steel anchor chain/cable is successfully
used on an aluminium alloy hull in sea water, the corrosion path being avoided by a simple insulated coupling between the two
metals. Aluminium is also successfully used in contact with steel under marine environments if the steel is coated with metallic
aluminium.
b
Crevice corrosion can occur between contacting aluminium surfaces, particularly under marine or industrial exposure conditions.
This can be countered by a coat of zinc chromate primer on the contacting surfaces.
c
Magnesium is anodic to aluminium, but under marine conditions the strongly alkaline corrosion products can cause corrosion of
the aluminium.
d
Solders containing heavy metals such as copper or silver can cause corrosion of aluminium in the presence of a good electrolyte.
Optimum corrosion resistance is obtained with a zinc-aluminium solder and optimum joint efficiency is obtained with pure
aluminium, or aluminium-manganese alloys. Brazing, sometimes referred to as hard soldering, can utilize an aluminium-silicon
brazing rod, and so minimize the occurrence of galvanic corrosion. Residues of halide-containing fluxes should be thoroughly
removed from the joint.
e Solders containing lead, and to a lesser extent tin, can cause corrosion of aluminium in the presence of a good electrolyte. A tin-zinc
solder is preferred to a tin-lead solder. Residues of halide containing fluxes can provide the good electrolyte and such fluxes should
be thoroughly removed from the joint.
© BSI 02-1999 5
PD 6484:1979
Table 2 — Additional corrosion of aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes resulting from
contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
Atmospheric Immerseda
See also Metal in contact Rural Industrial/urban Marine Fresh Sea water
table water
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys 0 0 0 0 0
Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 0 0 0 0
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbonb 0 1 1 2 3
6 Cast iron (austenitic) 0 0 0 0 0
7 Chromium 0 0 1 1 1
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Gold 1 1 2 2 3

11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
12 Magnesium and magnesium alloys 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys 0 0 0 1 1
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 0 0 1 1
17 Nickel silvers 0 0 0 0 0
Platinum 1 1 2 2 3
Rhodium 1 1 2 2 3
Silver 0 1 1 1 2
Solders (hard) 0 0 0 0 0
18 Solders (soft) 0 0 0 0 0
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades
containing approximately 18 % chromium) 0 0 0 1 1
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades containing
approximately 13 % chromium) 0 0 0 1 1
22 Tin 0 0 0 0c 0c
Key
0 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes will suffer either no 2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes may suffer
additional corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional fairly severe additional corrosion and protective
corrosion, usually tolerable in service. measures will usually be necessary.
1 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes will suffer slight or 3 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes may suffer
moderate additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some severe additional corrosion and the contact should be
circumstances. avoided.
General note. The table is in terms of additional corrosion and the symbol 0 should not be taken to imply that the metals in contact
need no protection under all conditions of exposure.
a In immersed conditions, the effects will depend on a number of factors including relative areas of the two metals, the velocity of
water flow and the degree of aeration.
b Carbon residues formed during manufacture or during fabrication can cause serious corrosion in many environments.
c
A coating of tin on copper and copper alloys may, over a period of time, depending on coating thickness and service temperature,
become transformed by diffusion into a coating of copper-tin intermetallic compound. This alloy coating will be less likely to suffer
additional corrosion, but it may promote additional corrosion of metals in contact with it, including any exposed substrate metal.
6 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 3 — Additional corrosion of brasses including high tensile (HT) brasses

(manganese bronze)a resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
Atmospheric Immersedb
table water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzesc 0 0 0 0 1
Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbond 0 1 1 2 3
8 Copperc 0 0 0 0 0
9 Cupro-nickelsc 0 0 0 0 1
Gold 1 1 2 2 3
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzesc 0 0 0 0 1

11 Lead 0 0 0 0 1
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 1
Platinum 1 1 2 2 3
Rhodium 1 1 2 2 3
Silver 0 1 1 1 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 1 1
containing approximately 18 % chromium)
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades containing 0 0 0 1 1
22 Tin 0 0 0 0e 0e
Key
0 Brasses will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the most 2 Brasses may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion
only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable in service. and protective measures will usually be necessary.
1 Brasses will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion which 3 Brasses may suffer severe additional corrosion and
may be tolerable in some circumstances. the contact should be avoided.
a
Manganese bronzes are more correctly termed high tensile brasses.
b In immersed conditions, the effects will depend on a number of factors including relative areas of the two metals, the velocity of
c
Brasses subject to dezincification and used in waters in which this occurs will suffer additional corrosion rating “1”.
d
Carbon residues formed during manufacture or during fabrication can cause serious corrosion in many environments.
e
© BSI 02-1999 7
PD 6484:1979
Table 4 — Additional corrosion of cadmiuma resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
table water
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 1 to 2
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 to 1 1 0 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
(manganese bronze)
Cadmium
Carbon 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 0 to 2 2 to 3
5 Cast irons 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
6 Cast iron (austenitic) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
7 Chromium 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
8 Copper 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
9 Cupro-nickels 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Gold (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3

bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 (0 to 2)
13 Nickel 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 3)
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 3)
17 Nickel silvers 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
Platinum (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Rhodium (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Silver (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Solders (hard) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 1 to 2
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 1 to 2
21 Steels (carbon and low alloy) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2
22 Tin 0 0 to 1 1 1 1 to 2
Titanium and titanium alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (0 to 2) (1 to 3)
Key
0 Cadmium will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the 2 Cadmium may suffer fairly severe additional
most only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable corrosion and protective measures will usually be
in service. necessary.
1 Cadmium will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion 3 Cadmium may suffer severe additional corrosion and the
which may be tolerable in some circumstances. contact should be avoided.
a
Cadmium is frequently used as a sacrificial coating on other metals. Additional corrosion will reduce the life of the coating.
8 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 5 — Additional corrosion of cast irons resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
table water water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 to 1 1 1 1 2
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2) (3)
Cast ironsa
6 Cast iron (austenitic) 0 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 2
7 Chromium 0 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 2
8 Copper 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
9 Cupro-nickels 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
Gold 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3

bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2 2
13 Nickel 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 2 to 3
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
17 Nickel silvers 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
Platinum 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
Rhodium 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
Silver 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
Solders (hard) 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 2 to 3
18 Solders (soft) 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 2 to 3
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2) (3)
21 Steels (carbon and low alloy) 0 0 0 0 0 to 1
22 Tin 0 0 1 1 0 to 2
Titanium and titanium alloys 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2 2 3
Key
0 Cast irons will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the 2 Cast irons may suffer fairly severe additional
most only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable corrosion and protective measures will usually be
1 Cast irons will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion 3 Cast irons may suffer severe additional corrosion and the
which may be tolerable in some circumstances. contact should be avoided.
a
No risk of galvanic corrosion exists unless one of the cast iron components has a layer of graphitic corrosion residue.
© BSI 02-1999 9
PD 6484:1979
Table 6 — Additional corrosion of cast iron (austenitic)a resulting from contact with other
metals or carbon
Environment
table water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 0 (1) 0 1 to 2b
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass
(manganese bronze) 0 0 (1) 0 1
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon (1) (1) (2) 1 2 to 3b
Cast iron (austenitic)
7 Chromium 0 0 (1) 0 (1)
8 Copper 0 0 (1) (0 to 1) 1 to 2b
9 Cupro-nickels 0 0 (1) (0 to 1) 1 to 2
Gold (1) (1) (2) 1 2 to 3b
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 (1) (0 to 1) 1 to 2

bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 (1) 0 1 to 2b
13 Nickel 0 0 (1) 0 1 to 2
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 0 (1) 0 1 to 2b
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys 0 0 (1 to 2) 0 1 to 2b
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (1 to 2) 1 1 to 2b
17 Nickel silvers 0 0 (1) 0 1 to 2b
Platinum (1) (1) (2) 1 2 to 3b
Rhodium (1) (1) (2) 1 2 to 3b
Silver (1) (1) (2) 1 2 to 3b
Solders (hard) 0 (0) (1) (0) 1 to 2b
18 Solders (soft) 0 (0) (1) (0) 1 to 2b
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 (1) (0) 1 to 2b
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 0 0 (1) (0) 0 to 2b
22 Tin 0 (0) (1) (0) 1 to 2
Titanium and titanium alloys 0 (1) (1) (1) 1 to 2b
Key
0 Austenitic cast iron will suffer either no additional corrosion, 2 Austenitic cast iron may suffer fairly severe additional
or at the most only very slight additional corrosion, usually corrosion and protective measures will usually be
tolerable in service. necessary.
1 Austenitic cast iron will suffer slight or moderate additional 3 Austenitic cast iron may suffer severe additional corrosion
corrosion which may be tolerable in some circumstances. and the contact should be avoided.
a
Austenitic cast iron is also referred to as nickel cast iron.
b
The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of nickel cast iron (austenitic) is small in relation to the area of the
second alloy forming the couple.
10 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 7 — Additional corrosion of chromiuma resulting from contact with other metals or
carbon
Environment
table water water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon — — — — —
Chromium
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Gold — — — — —
11 Lead — — — — —
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
Platinum — — — — —
Rhodium — — — — —
Silver — — — — —
Solders (hard) — — — — —
18 Solders (soft) — — — — —
22 Tin — — — — —
Titanium and titanium alloys — — — — —
Key
0 Chromium will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the 2 Chromium may suffer fairly severe additional
most only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable in corrosion and protective measures will usually be
service. necessary.
1 Chromium will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion 3 Chromium may suffer severe additional corrosion
which may be tolerable in some circumstances. and the contact should be avoided.
General notes. Dashes indicate that no evidence is available and no general guidance can be given.
a Data relates to chromium as plated in deposits of 75 4m to 125 4m thickness.
© BSI 02-1999 11
PD 6484:1979
Table 8 — Additional corrosion of copper resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
table water water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbonb 0 1 1 2 3
Copper
Gold 1 1 2 2 3
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 1
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys 0 0 0 1 0 to 1
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 0 0 1 0 to 2c
Platinum 1 1 2 2 3
Rhodium 1 1 2 2 3
Silver 0 1 1 1 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 0 to 0 to 2c
containing approximately 18 % chromium) 2c
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades containing 0 0 0 1 0 to 1
22 Tin 0 0 0 0d 0d
Key
0 Copper will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the most 2 Copper may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion
only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable in service. and protective measures will usually be necessary.
1 Copper will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion which 3 Copper may suffer severe additional corrosion and
may be tolerable in some circumstances. the contact should be avoided.
a
In immersed conditions, the effects will depend on a number of factors including relative areas of the two metals, the velocity of
water flow and the degree of aeration. With increasing velocity of water flow, copper tends to become less noble whilst
nickel-chromium-iron, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys and stainless steels tend to become more noble.
b Carbon residues formed during manufacture or during fabrication can cause serious corrosion in many environments.
c
The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of copper is small in relation to the area of the second alloy forming the
couple or when the velocity of sea water flow is high.
d
12 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 9 — Additional corrosion of cupro-nickels resulting from contact with other metals or
carbon
Environment
table water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbonb 0 1 1 2 3
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Cupro-nickelsc
Gold 1 1 2 2 3
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 0 0 0 to 2 0 to 2d
Platinum 1 1 2 2 3
Rhodium 1 1 2 2 3
Silver 0 1 1 0 1
Solders (hard)e 0 0 0 0 0
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 0 to 2 0 to 2d
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Key
0 Cupro-nickels will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the 2 Cupro-nickels may suffer fairly severe additional
service. necessary.
1 Cupro-nickels will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion 3 Cupro-nickels may suffer severe additional corrosion
which may be tolerable in some circumstances. and the contact should be avoided.
a In
immersed conditions, the effects will depend on a number of factors including relative areas of the two metals, the velocity of
b
c
90/10 cupro-nickel is less noble than the 70/30 alloy. It may suffer slight additional corrosion in contact with the 70/30 alloy and
may suffer slightly more than the 70/30 alloy in contact with other metals.
d The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of the second alloy forming the couple is large in relation to the area of
the cupro-nickel and when the velocity of sea water flow is high.
e
Brazing alloys containing phosphorus should not be used with cupro-nickel.
© BSI 02-1999 13
PD 6484:1979
Table 10 — Additional corrosion of gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes resulting from
Environment
table water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbonb 0 1 1 2 3
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Gold 1c 1c 2c 2 3
Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0

13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 2
Platinum 1c 1c 2c 2 3
Rhodium 1c 1c 2c 2 3
Silver 0c 1c 1c 1 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 2d
22 Tin 0 0 0 0e 0e
Key
0 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes will suffer either 2 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes may
no additional corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional suffer fairly severe additional corrosion and
corrosion, usually tolerable in service. protective measures will usually be necessary.
1 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes will suffer slight or 3 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes may
moderate additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some suffer severe additional corrosion and the contact
circumstances. should be avoided.
a In immersed conditions, the effects will depend on a number of factors including relative areas of the two metals, the velocity of

b
c
These ratings refer to outdoor exposure. The combinations are used in electrical contacts indoors (including inboard in ships) and
no corrosion is usually encountered.
d The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of the second alloy forming the couple is large in relation to the area of
the gunmetal and when the velocity of sea water flow is high.
e
additional corrosion, but it may promote additional corrosion of metals in contact with it including any exposed substrate metal.
14 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 11 — Additional corrosion of leada resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
See also Metal in contact Rural Industrial/urban Marineb Fresh Sea
table waterc water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 0 1 0 to 1 1
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2
6 Cast iron (austenitic) — — (0) (0) 0
7 Chromium (0) (0) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 1)
8 Copper 0 0 1 0 to 1 1
9 Cupro-nickels 0 0 1 0 to 1 1
Gold — — (0 to 1) (0 to 1) 1
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1
Leadd
13 Nickel 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys — — — — 0 to 1
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys — — — — 0 to 1
17 Nickel silvers 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1
Silver (0) (0) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 1)
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades (0) (0) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 1)
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades containing (0) (0) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) 0 to 1
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Key
0 Lead will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the most 2 Lead may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion and
only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable in protective measures will usually be necessary.
service.
1 Lead will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion which 3 Lead may suffer severe additional corrosion and the
may be tolerable in some circumstances. contact should be avoided.
Dashes indicate that no evidence is available and no general guidance can be given.
a The information relates to massive lead, with or without small quantities of alloying additions, and to coatings substantially
composed of lead on other metals.
b
Where two figures are given, the higher figure applies in the presence of spray.
c
Effect is variable. Bicarbonates, sulphates and silicates in concentrations usually present in supply waters minimize the effect.
Rise of temperature and aeration may enhance the effect.
d
Lead may be subject to crevice corrosion. Such corrosion may also occur at contacts with other metals which do not otherwise
stimulate corrosion.
© BSI 02-1999 15
PD 6484:1979
Table 12 — Additional corrosion of magnesium and magnesium alloysa resulting from contact
with other metals or carbon
Environment
Atmospheric Immersedc
table water water
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloysd 1 1e 2e 1 3e
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmiumf 0 1 1 1 2
Carbon (2) 2 3 2 3
6 Cast iron (austenitic) (1) (2) (3) (2) (3)
8 Copper 2 2 3 2 3
9 Cupro-nickels (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
Gold (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
11 Lead (1) (1) (2) — —
Magnesium and magnesium alloysg
13 Nickel 2 2 3 2 3
14 Nickel-copper alloys (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
17 Nickel silvers (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
Platinum (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
Rhodium (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
Silver (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
Solders (hard) (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)
18 Solders (soft) (1)h (1)h (2) — —
22 Tin 1 1 2 1 2
23 Zinc and zinc base alloysf 0 1 1 1 2
Key
0 Magnesium and magnesium alloys will suffer either no additional 2 Magnesium and magnesium alloys may suffer fairly
corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional corrosion, severe additional corrosion and protective measures
usually tolerable in service. will usually be necessary.
1 Magnesium and magnesium alloys will suffer slight or moderate 3 Magnesium and magnesium alloys may suffer severe
additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some additional corrosion and the contact should be
a
Magnesium is the least noble of all structural metals and is corroded galvanically by contact with all other structural metals in
the presence of an electrolyte. Cadmium and zinc are the only safe contacts in other than mild environments.
b Magnesium alloys are not normally used in immersed conditions irrespective of galvanic contacts.
c
In conducting waters, the relative areas of the magnesium and the contact metal would have some influence.
d
Aluminium-copper alloys accelerate the corrosion of magnesium alloys more than other aluminium base materials.
e
With the couple magnesium-aluminium, corrosion of the more noble metal aluminium can also occur, caused by alkali liberated at
its surface by the galvanic corrosion. See Table 1 on aluminium and aluminium alloys.
f If the cadmium or zinc are plated coatings on more noble metals, the life of the contact will depend on the thickness of the plate
and its durability in the environment.
g Magnesium alloys do not suffer from crevice corrosion (as a result of exclusion of air), but corrosion at crevices may be more rapid
than elsewhere owing to the accumulation of dirt and slow evaporation of water.
h
Flux residues containing chloride provide a local electrolyte which could promote galvanic attack.
16 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 13 — Additional corrosion of nickel resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
See Metal in contact Rural Industrial/urban Marine Fresh Sea
also water water
table
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 0 0 to 1 0 0 to 2a
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 2) (0 to 1) 2 to 3a
7 Chromium 0 0 1 0 (1)
8 Copper 0 0 0 to 1 0 0 to 2a
9 Cupro-nickels 0 0 1 0 0 to 2a
Gold 1 1 2 1 2 to 3
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 0 to 1 0 0 to 2a

bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 0 (0 to 2) 0 0 to 2a
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys 0 0 (0 to 2) 0 0 to 2a
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 2) 0 0 to 2a
17 Nickel silvers 0 0 0 to 1 0 0 to 1a
Platinum (1) (1) (1 to 2) (1) 2 to 3a
Rhodium (1) (1) (1 to 2) (1) 2 to 3a
Silver (1) (1) (1 to 2) (1) (2 to 3)
Solders (hard) 0 0 0 0 0 to 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 to 1 0 1 to 2a
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 0 0 0 0 0
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Titanium and titanium alloys 0 0 1 0 1 to 2
Key
0 Nickel will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the 2 Nickel may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion and
most only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable protective measures will usually be necessary.
in service. 3 Nickel may suffer severe additional corrosion and the
1 Nickel will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion contact should be avoided.
which may be tolerable in some circumstances.
a The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of nickel is small in relation to the area of the second alloy forming the
couple.
© BSI 02-1999 17
PD 6484:1979
Table 14 — Additional corrosion of nickel-copper alloys resulting from contact with other
metals or carbon
Environment
table water water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 1 to 2a
7 Chromium 0 0 0 0 0 to 1a
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Gold 0 0 (1) 0 1 to 2a
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel-copper alloys
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 0 to 2a
Platinum 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 1 to 2a
Rhodium 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 1 to 2a
Silver 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 (0 to 2)
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 0 0 to 1a
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Titanium and titanium alloys 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 1 to 2
Key
0 Nickel-copper alloys will suffer either no additional corrosion, or 2 Nickel-copper alloys may suffer fairly severe additional
at the most only very slight additional corrosion, usually corrosion and protective measures will usually be
tolerable in service. necessary.
1 Nickel-copper alloys will suffer slight or moderate additional 3 Nickel-copper alloys may suffer severe additional
corrosion which may be tolerable in some circumstances. corrosion and the contact should be avoided.
a
The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of nickel copper alloys is small in relation to the area of the second
alloy forming the couple.
18 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 15 — Additional corrosion of nickel-chromium-iron alloys resulting from contact with

other metals or carbon
Environment
table water water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 0 to 2a
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 0 0 (1) (1) 2 to 3a
7 Chromium 0 0 0 0 (0 to 1)a
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0 to 2a
9 Cupro-nickels 0 0 0 0 0 to 2a
Gold 0 0 (1) (1) 1 to 2a
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 0 to 2a

bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 0 0 0 0 to 2a
Nickel-chromium-iron alloys
17 Nickel silvers 0 0 (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (1 to 2)
Platinum 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 2 to 3a
Rhodium 0 0 (0 to 1) (1) 2 to 3a
Silver 0 0 (0 to 1) (1) 2 to 3a
Solders (hard) 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 1 to 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 to 2
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 0 0 0 0 0
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Titanium and titanium alloys 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 (1 to 2)
Key
0 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys will suffer either no additional 2 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys may suffer fairly severe
corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional corrosion, additional corrosion and protective measures will
usually tolerable in service. usually be necessary.
1 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys will suffer slight or moderate 3 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys may suffer severe
additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some additional corrosion and the contact should be avoided.
circumstances.
a
The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of nickel-chromium-iron alloy is small in relation to the area of the
second alloy forming the couple.
© BSI 02-1999 19
PD 6484:1979
Table 16 — Additional corrosion of nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys resulting from

Environment
table water water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 0 0 0 0 0 to 2a
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Gold 0 0 0 0 0 to 1a
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys
Platinum 0 0 0 0 0 to 1a
Rhodium 0 0 0 0 0 to 1a
Silver 0 0 0 0 0 to 1a
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Key
0 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys will suffer either no 2 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys may suffer
additional corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional fairly severe additional corrosion and protective
corrosion, usually tolerable in service. measures will usually be necessary.
1 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys will suffer slight or 3 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys may suffer
moderate additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some severe additional corrosion and the contact should be
a
The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy is small in relation to the area
of the second alloy forming the couple.
20 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 17 — Additional corrosion of nickel silversa resulting from contact with other metals or
carbon
Environment
Atmospheric Immersedb
table water water
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbonc 0 1 1 2 3
8 Copper 0 0 0 0 0
Gold 0 to 1d 0 to 1d 0 to 2d 2 3
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 1
13 Nickel 0 0 0 0 0
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys 0 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 2e
Nickel silvers
Platinum 0 to 1d 0 to 1d 0 to 2d 2 3
Rhodium 0 to 1d 0 to 1d 0 to 2d 2 3
Silver 0d 0 to 1d 0 to 1d 1 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 0 0 0 to 1 0 to 2e
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Key
0 Nickel silvers will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at 2 Nickel silvers may suffer fairly severe additional
the most only very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable corrosion and protective measures will usually be
1 Nickel silvers will suffer slight or moderate additional 3 Nickel silvers may suffer severe additional corrosion
corrosion which may be tolerable in some circumstances. and the contact should be avoided.
a
Nickel silver is the generic term for brasses in which a substantial proportion of copper is replaced by nickel.
b Inimmersed conditions, the effects will depend on a number of factors including relative areas of the two metals, the velocity of
c Carbon residues formed during manufacture or during fabrication can cause serious corrosion in many environments.
d
These ratings refer to outdoor exposure. The combinations are used in electrical contacts indoors (including inboard in ships) and
no corrosion is usually encountered.
e
The higher value of the range shown applies when the area of nickel silvers is small in relation to the area of the second alloy
forming the couple and when the velocity of sea water flow is high.
© BSI 02-1999 21
PD 6484:1979
Table 18 — Additional corrosion of soft soldersa resulting from contact with other metals or
carbon
Environment
See also Metal in contact Rural Industrial/urban Marineb Fresh Sea
table waterc water
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloysd 0 0 0 0 0
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes (0) (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (0 to 1) (2)
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 0 0 to 1 1 1 to 2
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon (0) (0 to 1) (0 to 2) (0 to 2) (0 to 2)
6 Cast iron (austenitic) (0) (0) (0) (0) 0
7 Chromium (0) (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2)
8 Copper 0 0 to 1 1 to 2 0 to 2 1 to 2
9 Cupro-nickels 0 0 to 1 1 to 2 0 to 2 1 to 2
Gold (0) (0 to 1) (1 to 3) (1 to 3) (3)
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 (0 to 1) 1 1 to 2
bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 0 to 1 0 to 2 0 to 2 1 to 2
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 0 to 1 1 to 2 0 to 2 1 to 2
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys — — 0 to 1
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys — — — — 0 to 1
17 Nickel silvers 0 0 to 1 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2
Silver — — — — —
Solders (soft)
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades (0) (0) 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades (0) (0) 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2
22 Tin 0 0 0 0 0
Key
0 Soft solders will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the 2 Soft solders may suffer fairly severe additional
service. necessary.
1 Soft solders will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion 3 Soft solders may suffer severe additional corrosion and
which may be tolerable in some circumstances. the contact should be avoided.
a
Information relates mainly to the use of tin-lead solders as jointing materials. In general the behaviour of other tin-lead surfaces
such as those of coatings on other metals will be similar, but the consequences of additional corrosion will not be as serious for them
as they are with the area ratios existing in soldered joints. The effects on additional corrosion of solder compositions in the range
commonly used are usually small. Reference may be made to the tables dealing with tin and with lead for additional information
about the extreme ends of the possible composition range. Residue of halide-containing fluxes used in soldering are likely to
increase corrosion risks. When strongly corrosive fluxes are used, the joint should be thoroughly cleaned after soldering.
The application of a tin or a tin-lead coating to the second metal is often a suitable means of protection; this has an additional
advantage in that the use of corrosive fluxes in soldering may be avoided.
b
Where two figures are shown, the higher figure applies in the presence of spray.
c
Effect variable, Bicarbonates, sulphates and silicates, in the concentration usually present in supply waters, minimize effect. Rise
of temperature and aeration may enhance effect. The design of joint is also important, a lapped or capillary joint may be
satisfactory where an open fillet would be destructively corroded.
d In a joint made with tin-lead solder, although the bulk of the solder is not affected, serious corrosion at the interface between
solder and aluminium alloy may occur. A tin-zinc solder is to be preferred.
22 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 19 — Additional corrosion of stainless steel (austenitic, with approximately 18 %

chromium) resulting from contact with other metals or carbona
Environment
table water
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys 0 0b 0 (0) 0
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 1c (0 to 1) bc —
0 to 1d
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 1c (0 to 1)bc — 0 to 1d
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 (0) 0
Carbon — — — — 1d
5 Cast irons 0b 1b — (0) 0
6 Cast iron (austenitic) — (0) — (0) 0d
7 Chromium 0 (0) (0) (0) (0)
8 Copper 0 1bc (0 to 2)bc — 0 to 3d
9 Cupro-nickels 0 1bc (0 to 2)bc — 0 to 3d
Gold — — — — —
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin (0) (0) (0) (0) (0 to 1)d
bronzes
11 Lead 0 — 0 — 0 to 1
12 Magnesium and magnesium alloys (0) 0 (0) (0) 0

13 Nickel — — (0) — 0d
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 0 to 1 0 to 1bc — 0 to 2d
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys — — — — 0 to 2d
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys — — — — 0 to 2d
17 Nickel silvers — — — — 0 to 1d
Silver — — — — —
Solders hard — — — — 0 to 1d
18 Solders softe — — — (0) 0d
Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 0 0 0 to 1 (0) 0d
21 Steels (carbon and low alloy) 0b 0b 0 to 1b (0)b 0bd
22 Tin — — — — (0 to 1)d
23 Zinc and zinc base alloys 0b 0 0 (0) 0
Key
0 Austenitic stainless steels will suffer either no additional 2 Austenitic stainless steels may suffer fairly severe
corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional corrosion, additional corrosion and protective measures will
usually tolerable in service. usually be necessary.
1 Austenitic stainless steels will suffer slight or moderate 3 Austenitic stainless steels may suffer severe additional
additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some corrosion and the contact should be avoided.
circumstances.
a
Crevice corrosion may occur.
b
Corrosion products from the metal in contact may be deposited on the stainless steel, at best discolouring the stainless steel and
at worst promoting corrosion of the stainless steel under the deposit.
c Effect will depend on relative areas over which water, e.g. rain or condensation, may be retained.
d
Effect depends on relative areas. If the area of stainless steel is small in relation to that of the coupled metal there may be
considerable extra corrosion. If the areas are equal there may be some effect. If the area of stainless steel is relatively large there
would not normally be any extra corrosion though pitting may be more likely to occur.
e
Residues of fluxes containing halides used in soldering are likely to increase corrosion rates. When strongly corrosive fluxes are
used the joint should be thoroughly cleaned after soldering.
© BSI 02-1999 23
PD 6484:1979
Table 20 — Additional corrosion of stainless steel (martensitic, with approximately 13 %

chromium) resulting from contact with other metals or carbona
Environment
table water water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes (0) (0 to 1)bc (0 to 1)bc — 1 to 3d
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass (0) (0 to 1)bc (0 to 1)bc — 1 to 3d
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon — — — — 3d
5 Cast irons (0) (0)b (0)b 0 to 1 0 to 1d
7 Chromium (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
8 Copper — (0 to 1)bc (0 to 1)bc — 1 to 3d
9 Cupro-nickels — (0 to 1)bc (0 to 1)bc — 1 to 3d
Gold — — — — —
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin (0) (0)b (0)b (0) 1 to 3d
bronzes
11 Lead (0) (0) (0) — 1d

13 Nickel (0) (0) (0) — 1 to 3d
14 Nickel-copper alloys (0) (0 to 1)bc (0 to 1)bc — 1 to 3d
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys — — — — 1 to 3d
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys — — — — 1 to 3d
17 Nickel silvers — — — — 1 to 3d
Silver — — — — —
Solders hard — — — — 1 to 3d
18 Solders softe — — — — 0 to 2d
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades (0) (0 to 1)c (0 to 1)c — 1 to 2d
Stainless steel (martensitic grades
21 Steels (carbon and low alloy) (0) (0 to 1)b (0 to 1)b (0 to 1)d (0 to 1)d
22 Tin — — — — 1d
23 Zinc and zinc base alloys 0 0b 0b 0 0
Key
0 Martensitic stainless steels will suffer either no additional 2 Martensitic stainless steels may suffer fairly severe
corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional additional corrosion and protective measures will usually
corrosion, usually tolerable in service. be necessary.
1 Martensitic stainless steels will suffer slight or moderate 3 Martensitic stainless steels may suffer severe additional
circumstances.
a
Crevice corrosion may occur.
b
Corrosion products from the metal in contact may be deposited on the stainless steel, at best discolouring the stainless steel and
at worst promoting corrosion of the stainless steel under the deposit.
c
Effect will depend on relative areas over which water, e.g. rain or condensation, may be retained.
d Effect depends on relative areas. If the area of stainless steel is small in relation to that of the coupled metal there may be
considerable extra corrosion. If the areas are equal there may be some effect. If the area of stainless steel is relatively large there
would not normally be any extra corrosion, though pitting may be more likely to occur.
e
Residues of fluxes containing halides used in soldering are likely to increase corrosion rates. When strongly corrosive fluxes are
used the joint should be thoroughly cleaned after soldering.
24 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 21 — Additional corrosion of steels (carbon and low alloy)a resulting from contact with
other metals or carbon
Environment
Atmosphericb Immersed
See also Metal in contact Rural Industrial/urban Marine Fresh water Sea
table water
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 2 to 3 2 to 3 3 3 3
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) 2 to 3 2 to 3 3 3 3
brass (manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 1 to 2 1 to 3 — — 3
5 Cast irons 0 to 1 0 to 1 2 0 to 1 0 to 2
6 Cast iron (austenitic) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 2) (1) 1 to 3
7 Chromium 1 1 2 1 to 2 1 to 2
8 Copper 1 to 2 1 to 2 (2 to 3) 3 2 to 3
9 Cupro-nickels 1 to 2 1 to 2 3 3 2 to 3
Gold — — — — —
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 1 to 2 1 to 2 3 3 3
bronzes
11 Lead 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 1
13 Nickel (0 to 1) 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
14 Nickel-copper alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) 1 to 3
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) 1 to 3
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) 1 to 3
Silver — — — — —
Solders hard 1 1 — 2 2 to 3
18 Solders soft 1 1 1 2 to 3 2 to 3
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other 1 — 2 to 3 2 2 to 3
grades containing approximately 18 %
chromium)
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 1 1 2 to 3 2 2 to 3
containing approximately 13 %
chromium)
Steels (carbon and low alloy)
22 Tin 1 1 1 1 1
Key
0 Carbon and low alloy steels will suffer either no 2 Carbon and low alloy steels may suffer fairly severe additional
additional corrosion, or at the most only very slight corrosion and protective measures will usually be necessary.
additional corrosion, usually tolerable in service.
1 Carbon and low alloy steels will suffer slight or 3 Carbon and low alloy steels may suffer severe additional
moderate additional corrosion which may be tolerable in corrosion and the contact should be avoided.
some circumstances.
a
The effect will depend on relative areas of the metals in contact. If the area of carbon steel or low alloy steel is equal to that of the
metal with which it is in contact, then the effect will be as shown in the table. If the area of the carbon steel or low alloy steel is
small in relation to the area of the other metal, then considerable extra corrosion may result. If the area of carbon steel or low alloy
steel is large then the effect may not be so marked.
b
Under atmospheric conditions other factors, such as area wetted, presence of spray, degree of shelter and crevices, will assume
importance.
© BSI 02-1999 25
PD 6484:1979
Table 22 — Additional corrosion of tina resulting from contact with other metals or carbon
Environment
b
table waterc waterc
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 1 1 to 2d 0 to 1 1 to 2d
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 1
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 0 (1) (2) (1) (2)
7 Chromium (0) (1) (1 to 2) (1) (2)
8 Copper 0 1 1 to 2d 1 2d
9 Cupro-nickels 0 1 1 to 2d 1 2d
Gold (0) (1) (2) (1) (2)
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 1
11 Lead 0 0 0 0 0
13 Nickel 0 1 1 to 2d 1 2d
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 1 1 to 2d 1 2d
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys — — — — 1
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys — — — — 1
17 Nickel silvers (0) (1) (1 to 2) (1) (2)
Silver (0) (1) (2) 1 2
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades (0) (0 to 1) (1 to 2) 1 2
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades containing (0) (0 to 1) (1 to 2) 1 2
Tine
Key
0 Tin will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the most only 2 Tin may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion and
very slight additional corrosion, usually tolerable in service, protective measures will usually be necessary.
1 Tin will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion which 3 Tin may suffer severe additional corrosion and the
may be tolerable in some circumstances. contact should be avoided.
a
Information relates either to massive tin or to complete tin coatings on other metals. Coatings of tin alloys behave differently:
tin-nickel alloy will not usually suffer additional corrosion from any contact, tin-zinc alloy will be affected rather like zinc and tin-
lead rather like soft solders. A coating of tin on copper or on copper alloys may become, in a time depending on the coating thickness
and service temperature, transformed by diffusion into a coating of copper-tin intermetallic compound. This alloy coating will be
less likely than tin to suffer additional corrosion but it may promote additional corrosion of many metals in contact with it
including any exposed substrate metal.
b
Where two figures are given, the higher figure applies in the presence of spray.
c Except when the area of tin is small, any additional corrosion is likely to take the form of an increase in the number of points of
local attack, many of which may be distant from the contact area. With increased temperature or with waters containing dissolved
salts, but depositing little or no scale, the effect may be enhanced.
d A rating of 2 should not be taken to imply that tin is an unsuitable protective coating for the metal.
e
For the immersed condition, crevice corrosion may occur.
26 © BSI 02-1999
PD 6484:1979
Table 23 — Additional corrosion of zinc and zinc base alloys resulting from contact with other
metals or carbon
Environment
table water water
1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 1 to 2
2 Aluminium bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
3 Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 to 1 1 0 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
(manganese bronze)
4 Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 0 to 2 2 to 3
5 Cast irons 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
6 Cast iron (austenitic) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
7 Chromium 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
8 Copper 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
9 Cupro-nickels 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Gold (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3

bronzes
11 Lead 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 (0 to 2)
13 Nickel 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
14 Nickel-copper alloys 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 3)
16 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 3)
17 Nickel silvers 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
Platinum (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Rhodium (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Silver (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Solders hard 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
18 Solders soft 0 0 0 0 0
19 Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 1 to 2
20 Stainless steel (martensitic grades 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 1 to 2
21 Steels (carbon and low alloy) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2
22 Tin 0 0 to 1 1 1 1 to 2
Titanium and titanium alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (0 to 2) (1 to 3)
23 Zinc and zinc base alloys
Key
0 Zinc and zinc base alloys will suffer either no additional 2 Zinc and zinc base alloys may suffer fairly severe
corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional additional corrosion and protective measures will usually
corrosion, usually tolerable in service. be necessary.
1 Zinc and zinc base alloys will suffer slight or moderate 3 Zinc and zinc base alloys may suffer severe additional
circumstances.
a
Zinc is frequently used as a sacrificial coating on other metals. Additional corrosion will reduce the life of the coating.
© BSI 02-1999 27
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BRITISH STANDARD PD 6484:1979

British Cast Iron Research Association

Institution of Structural Engineers

© BSI 02-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 10509 1

Table 5 — Additional corrosion of cast irons resulting from

Of the many types of corrosion problems encountered in industry, that arising

© BSI 02-1999 iii

Section 1. General An apparent exception to the necessity for the two

melting point, may lead to some interpenetration

4.4 Further information. If circumstances arise

Table 1 — Additional corrosion of aluminium and aluminium alloys resulting

15 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (1) (2) (3) (2) (3)

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes 0 0 0 0 0

Table 3 — Additional corrosion of brasses including high tensile (HT) brasses

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzesc 0 0 0 0 1

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 3

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 (1) (0 to 1) 1 to 2

12 Magnesium and magnesium alloys 0 0 0 0 0

water flow and the degree of aeration.

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 0 to 1 0 0 to 2a

Table 15 — Additional corrosion of nickel-chromium-iron alloys resulting from contact with

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 0 (0 to 1) 0 0 to 2a

Table 16 — Additional corrosion of nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys resulting from

Table 19 — Additional corrosion of stainless steel (austenitic, with approximately 18 %

12 Magnesium and magnesium alloys (0) 0 (0) (0) 0

Table 20 — Additional corrosion of stainless steel (martensitic, with approximately 13 %

11 Lead (0) (0) (0) — 1d

10 Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3

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