Window Louver Structure Calculation Sheet

HO CHI MINH CITY URBAN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Ben Thanh -Suoi Tien Section (Line 1)
Contract Package -2: Civil (Elevated and Deport)
WINDOW -LOUVER
STRUCTURE CALCULATION SHEET
tp.HCM -09/2018
Index
A Material and loading information
1) General information
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Material
1.3 Standard application
1.4 Deflection limittation
2) Design load
B Calculation for window
1) Modeal and force analyze
1.1 Model and loading
2) Analyze force
2.1 Model
2.2 Frame force
2.3 Reaction result
3) Checking vertical frame (M1)
3.1 Checking stress
3.2 Checking deflection
4) Checking Horizontal frame (V1)
4.1 Checking stress
5) Checking connection detail
5.1 Drop-in) /Wedge anchor bolt
5.2 Checking screw connected anchor bolt to Horizontal frame
5.3 Checking bearing plate (connection screw to Horizontal frame)
C Calculation for Louver
1) Selection frame to calculation
2) Parameter of louver
2.1 Frame
2.2 Louver leaf
3) Checking for louver leaf
3.1 Modal for analyze force
3.2 Loading
3.3 Force
3.4 Checking Stress
3.6 Checking screw connection
4) Checking for louver frame
4.1 Dead load
4.2 Windload
4.3 Analyze force
4.4 Checking stress
5) Checking connection detail
5.1 Wedge anchor bolt or drop-in
5.1.1 Force
5.1.2 Shearing load ration
5.1.3 Tensile force
5.2 Check screw connection anchor bolt to horizontal frame
5.2.1 Force
5.2.2 Checking tensile stress
5.2.3 Checking shearing stress
5.3.1 Force
5.4 Checking steel plate (connection screw to Horizontal frame)
5.4.1 Force
6) Checking glass
6.1 Information of glass panel
6.2 Loading
6.3 Checking
7) Reference document
6.1 TCXDVN 2737 - 1995: Load and effects -Design standard
6.2 Aluminum -Design -Manual -2010 (The Aluminum Association)
6.3 UMRTL1-CP2-STGN-CSA-SPE-00003 - Clause 9.3.3
Ho Chi Minh City Urban Railway Construction Project. Window -louver structure calculation sheet
Contract Package -2 :Civil (Elevated and Deport)
Project : The Metro line CP1
Iterm : Window and louver

Title CALCULATION SHEET FOR WINDOW AND LOUVER
Location Substation -Deport - Transformer station
1> General information
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this calculation is to verify the parameter of frame and glass for its integrity, strength and stability
verification. The result of this conclusion is that the structure considered adequate with the design criteria requirement.
1.2 Material
Steel SS400
Yield stress fy1 2,400 kg/cm 2
Shearing stress fv1 1,500 kg/cm 2
Modulus of elasticity E 2,100,000 kg/cm 2
Aluminium 6063-T5
Yield stress fy2 1,125 kg/cm 2
Shearing stress fv2 914 kg/cm 2
Modulus of elasticity E 710,030 kg/cm 2
Concrete
Yield stress fy3 240 kg/cm 2
Modulus of elasticity E 200,000 kN/m 2
Glass
Mass per unit volum γ2 2452 kg/m 3
Thickness h 0.008 cm
Modulus of elasticity E2 71,700,000 kN/m 2
Modulus of elasticity Eg 71,700,000 kN/m 2
Modulus of Shear G 29,600,000 kN/m 2
Modulus of Rupture R 41,400 kN/m 2
1.3 Standar for application
- TCXDVN 338 - 2005: Steel structure -Design standard

- TCXDVN 2737 - 1995: Load and effects -Design standard
- American Architect Manufactures Association (AAMA)
- Allowable stress design (ASD)
- Aluminum -Design -Manual -2010 (The Aluminum Association)
1.4 Deflection limitations
1) Max Deflection for windload : L/175 (L<4110)

2) Max Deflection for windload : L/240 +6.35mm (L>4110)
2> Design load
2.1 Dead load

Dead load is seft weight of steel glass.Loading direction is gravity .
g g=γ2*h 19.62 kg/m 2
Seftweight of aluminium calculated by Software
2.2 Wind load

Wind loads (WL) calculated as per TCVN 2737 :1995
Because Height of project is lower than 40m, so we only consider with static wind load.
The standard value of wind load static component W at the height Z above the reference level is determined by the
formula
Standard static load of wind as per formula w w =w0*k*c
Where
w0 : The velocity pressure, according to the map in appendix D and Article 6.4
The project in Ho Chi Minh City is area II.A
w0 95 kg/m2
k : The factor of wind pressure variation with height ,from table 5 (base on area II ,height of Z )
1/33
k 1.18
c : aerodynamic factor ,from table 6.
+ Facing with the wind c+ 0.8
+ Sheltered from the wind c- 0.6
coefficient of surplus load is taken equal to 1.2
+ Standard static load of wind in facing with the wind case w+ 89.68 kg/m2
+ Standard static load of wind in Sheltered from the wind case w- 67.260 kg/m2
+ Assumed static load of wind in facing with the wind case w+* =(w+)*(n) 107.62 kg/m2
+ Assumed static load of wind in sheltered the wind case w-* =(w+)*(n) 80.71 kg/m2
+ n :The reliable coefficient of load of wind n 1.2
3.1.3 Wind Load Combination

CB 1= 1.0(w+*) +1.0(w-*) CB1 188.33 kg/m2
For strengh stress
For deflection CB 1* =1.0(w+) +1.0(w-) CB1* 156.94 kg/m2

2a> Calculation for Window
3> Model and force analysis
3.1.Model and loading
2/33
3/33
4/33
Model of frame:
List of glass seftweight load distributed to Frame List of wind load provide to Frame
3.2.Analyze force
Using SAP 2000 version 14 to analyze frame force
3.2.1 Model
5/33
3.2.2 Frame Force
Frame force - Frame 2

Moment bending 9803 kgfcm
Shearing load 178.6 kgf
Deflection 0.81 cm

Deflection 1.423 cm
6/33
Deflection 0.024 cm
Reaction
7/33
Point label
Point displacement
Joint reaction
4 Checking vertical frame (M1) ,frame 2 as per model

M1 parameter
Sc (cm 3 ) I (cm 4 )
L(cm) b(cm) h(cm) x (cm) y(cm)
Scx Scy Ix Iy
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) =(8)/(5) (7)=(9)/(4) (8) (9)
166 6 7.95 6.19 5.82 30.69 9.03 178.6 55.9
4.1 Checking stress

a. Actual stress
Momen max Mmax = 9803 kgfcm
2
Fb Fb =Mmax /Scx = 319.45 kgf/cm
b. Allowable stress
b.1 General section

refer Table 2-20 /Aluminium -Design -Manual -2010 (the Aluminium Association) /page VI-29
a (Short side Length) 6 cm

b (Long side Length) 7.95 cm
t1 (Short side Thickness) 0.3 cm
t2 (Long side Thickness) 0.3 cm
8/33
Torsion constant
J
4
85.4560011 cm
refer Aluminium -Design -Manual -2010 (the Aluminium Association) /page II-12
Slenderness S S =(2*Lb*Scx)/(CbIy*J)^1/2 = 15.29

where Cb Buckling constant = 93.00
Table 1-1 /Aluminium -Design -Manual -2010 (the Aluminium Association) /page VI-7
Slenderness limited
S1 =138 ,S2=3820
S =15.29 <S1
=> Allowable stress is :
f b1 f b1 =17.5-0.917*S 1/2 = 13.9 ksi
2
= 979.6 kgf/cm
b.2 Flange section (Element -uniform compression)
a = 5.4 cm
t1 = 0.3 cm
Slenderness S S=a/t = 18
Slenderness limited (flat elements supported on both edge)

S1 = 25.6 ,S2=50
S =18 < S1=25.6

f b2 = 9.7 ksi
2
682.9 kgf/cm
b.3 Web section (Element -flexural compression)
b = 7.95 cm
t2 = 0.3 cm
Slenderness S S=h/t2 = 26.5

S1 = 62.9 ,S2=119
S =26.5 < S1=62.9

f b3 = 12.6 ksi
2
887.0 kgf/cm
9/33
b.4 Allowable stress is min of (f b1 ;f b2 ;f b3 ) = 682.9 kgf/cm 2
b.5 Stress ratio

F b/ (1.33*f b ) = 0.4 < 1=> OK !
L = 262
< 4115
Actual deflection δa = 1.423 cm
δaw L/175 = 1.497 cm
Deflection ratio
= 0.950 < 1=> OK !
5 Checking Horizontal frame (T1) ,frame 6 as per model

T1 parameter
Sc (cm 3 ) I (cm 4 )
Scx Scy Ix Iy
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) =(8)/(5) (7)=(9)/(4) (8) (9)
95.5 7.95 6 4.2 3 83.00 125.71 249 528
4.1 Checking stress

a. Actual stress
2
b. Allowable stress
b.1 General section

a (Short side Length) 6 cm

Torsion constant
J
4
85.4560011 cm

Slenderness limited
S1 =138 ,S2=3820
S =15.29 <S1
f b1 f b1 =17.5-0.917*S 1/2 = 14.9 ksi
2
= 1052.4 kgf/cm
10/33
b = 7.95 cm
t1 = 0.3 cm
Slenderness S S=a/t = 26.5

S1 = 25.6 ,S2=50
S1 < S=26.5<S2

f b2 f b2 =11.8-0.083*S = 9.60 ksi
2
675.9 kgf/cm
a = 5.4 cm
t2 = 0.3 cm
Slenderness S S=h/t2 = 18

S1 = 62.9 ,S2=119
S =26.5 < S1=62.9

f b3 = 12.6 ksi
2
887.0 kgf/cm
b.4 Allowable stress is min of (f b1 ;f b2 ;f b3 ) = 675.9 kgf/cm2
b.5 Stress ratio

F b/ (1.33*f b ) = 0.0 < 1=> OK !
L = 95.5
< 4115
Actual deflection δt = 0.024 cm
δc L/175 = 0.546 cm
Deflection ratio
= 0.044 < 1=> OK !
5> Checking Connection detail
5.1 Wedge anchor bolt
11/33
5.1.1 Loading
Fx (F1) 0.96 kgf Axial load
Fy (F2) -244.4 kgf Shear load
Fz(F3) 53.27 kgf Shear load
Wedge bolt parameter

We use FWB (Fischer wedge bolt)
Type Code diameter (mm) (KN) (KN)

FWA 12x100 45648 10 5.8 5.8
Combination shearing load affect to bolt is Fc
Fc =(F12 +F22)1/2 250 kgf
allowable shearing load 580 kgf
5.1.2 Shear load ratio Fc/Fs 0.431 < 1=> Ok
Tensile load T 53.27 kgf

5.1.3 Tensile load ratio T/Fs 0.092 < 1=> Ok
12/33
5.1.4 Checking Concrete
Concrete for lintel beam is B20
fctm Tensile strength of concrete = 1.57 Mpa

16 kg/cm2
Length of anchorage bolt embedded to concrete

L = 7 cm
Square face of cone
S = ((Pi* d1)+(Pi*d2))*h/2 = 178.13 cm2
Tensile strength of concrete ability
[Na] =fctm *S = 2850.05 Kgf
[Na] > T => OK
Allowable tensile testing for anchorage bolt embeded in concrete is
Pt =1.5T = 79.9 Kgf
13/33
5.2 Check screw connected anchor bolt to Horizontal frame
4 screw
Ф4.2
5.2.1 Loading
Tensile load T 53.27 kgf
Combination load (Fc) 250 kgf
Screw Size 4.8

Number of screw : n 4
Refer UMRTL1-CP2-0000-QUA-MAT-00457-A
Allowable share of steel screw strength S1 680 kgf
Allowable share of steel screw strength with 4 ea [S] =S1*n*k 1904 kgf
Allowable Tensile of steel screw strength T1 1190 kgf
Allowable Tensile of steel screw strength with 4ea [T] =T1*n*k 3332 kgf
Where :n : Number of screw
k : Screw working coeffficient k 0.7
5.2.2 Checking Tensile ratio T/ [T] 0.02 < 1=> Ok
5.2.3 Checking Shearing ratio Fc/[S] 0.131 < 1=> Ok

14/33
5.3.1 Loading
Shearing load ,shearing load is F 3 load as per mention above F3 53.270 kgf
Tensile load is combination load F c as per mention above Fc 250.138 kgf
Size of bearing plate b 7 cm

t 0.2 cm
Cross section of bearing plate Ab 1.40 cm 2

2
Actual shearing stress fs =F3/Ab 38.1 kgf/cm
Allowable shearing stress

2
2400.0 kgf/cm
Shearing stress ratio 0.0159 < 1=> Ok
5.3.3 Checking Tensile stress

Actual tensile stress fs =Fc/Ab 179 kgf/cm 2
Allowable Tensile stress fb2

2
2400 kgf/cm
Tensile stress ratio 0.07 < 1=> Ok
5.4 Checking steel plate
5.4.1 Force
F1 0.96 kgf F3 53.27 kgf

+ Tensile load ,shearing load is F 2 load as per mention above F2 244.4 kgf
+ Shearing load is combination load F c as per mention above Fc =((F1)2+)F3)2)1/2 53.279 kgf
+ Momen bending M = F3*5,5 293.0 kgfcm

t 0.5 cm
Section modulus of bearing plate Wb 0.33 cm 3

Actual shearing stress fs =Fc/Ab 13.3 kgf/cm 2

2
1500.0 kgf/cm

Actual tensile stress fs =F1/Ab 61 kgf/cm 2
Allowable Tensile stress fb2 1500 kgf/cm 2
15/33
5.4.4 Checking bending stress

Actual bending stress fs =M/W b 879 kgf/cm 2
Allowable bending stress fb2 2400 kgf/cm 2
Bending stress ratio 0.37 < 1=> Ok
C. Calculation for louver
1> Select Frame to calculation

We will check for the best dangerous case .
We select louver for installation at opening
2> Parameter of louver
2.1 Louver leaf
16/33
2.2 Frame (Horizontal /Vertical )
17/33
3> Checking for Louver leaf
3.1 Model for analyze force
We consider louver leaf working as per a signle beam with supporting 02 end is fix hinge
3.2 Loading
3.2.1 Dead load

Louver selfweight
p1 p1 =A1*γ1*n 0.70308 kg/m
A1 : Cross section of louver
γ1 :Alu weight of volumn 2700 kg/m3
n :coefficient of dead load 1.2
3.2.2 Wind load
Wind load as per calculated above w 188 kg/m2
The area in facing with the wind B 0.10 m
=> Wind load affect to surface of louver leaf is

p2 p2=B*W 19.06 kg/m
3.3 Member force
3.3.1 Moment bending
+ Dead load case ML =p1*L2/8 0.11 kgm
+ windload case ML ML =p2*L2/8 2.99 kgm
3.3.2 Shearing load
+ Dead load case QL =p1*L/2 0.39 kg
+ windload case QL =p2*L/2 10.68 kg

L :span 1.12 m
3.3.3 Reaction load
+ Dead load case R1 =p1*L/2 0.39 kg
+ windload case R1 =p2*L/2 10.68 kg

L :span 1.12 m
18/33
3.3.4 Deflection
+ Dead load case f1 =5*p1*L4 /384 EIY 0.14 cm
+ windload case f2 =5*p2*L4 /384 EIY 0.367 cm

L :span 1.12 m
3.4 Checking stress

Parameter of L1
Sc (cm 3 ) I (cm 4 )
Scx Scy Ix Iy
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) =(8)/(5) (7)=(9)/(4) (8) (9)
115 2.10 7 3.3 3 0.10 4.55 0.3 15
r (cm) = 1.6
3.4.1 Actual stress
Momen max Mmax = 298.9 kgfcm
2
Fb Fb =Mmax /Scy = 65.76 kgf/cm
3.4.2 Allowable stress
3.4.2.1 General section

Flexural compression -Open shape lateral torsion buckling
a (Short side Length) 2.1 cm
Slenderness S S =(Lb)/(r*Cb1/2) = 7.45

Slenderness limited
S1 =95 ,S2=119
S =7.45 <S1
f b1 f b1 =17.5-0.917*S 1/2 = 15.0 ksi
2
= 1055.8 kgf/cm
3.4.2.2 Flange section (Element -uniform compression)
a = 2.1 cm
t1 = 0.15 cm
Slenderness limited (flat elements supported on one edge)

S1 = 8.2 ,S2=19
S1=8.2<S =14 < S2=19

f b2 f b1 =11.8-0.26*S = 8.16 ksi
2
574.5 kgf/cm
19/33
3.4.2.3 Web section (Element -flexural compression)
h = 6.9 cm
t2 = 0.15 cm
Slenderness S S=h/t2 = 46

S1 = 62.9 ,S2=119
S =46 < S1=62.9

f b3 = 12.6 ksi
2
887.0 kgf/cm
3.4.2.4 Allowable stress is min of (f b1 ;f b2 ;f b3 ) = 574.5 kgf/cm 2
3.4.2.5 Stress ratio

F b/ (1.33*f b ) = 0.1 < 1=> OK !
Actual deflection δt = 0.367 cm
L = 1120 <4100
Allowable deflection δc =L/175 = 0.64 cm
Deflection ratio δt /δc = 0.573 < 1=> OK !
3.6 Checking screw connection
3.6.1 Loading
Shearing load is reaction of hinge (R1 /R2),as per calculated above
Reaction load 10.7 kgf
Screw Size 4.8 (2ea)
Number of screw : n 2
Allowable share of steel screw strength with 4 ea [S] =S1*n*k 952 kgf
20/33
where : n :Number of screw

k :Screw working coefficient k 0.7
4> Checking for Louver frame
4.1 Dead load

Seftweight of aluminium frame calculated by Software
The loading from louver leaf transfer to vertical frame is reaction of fix hinge as per calculated above
Reaction of hinge is same with shear loading :
g1* = 0.39 kg
We provide louver leaf selfweight load to distributor load to frame. As per drawing there is 8 leaf /meter.So louver leaf sw is
g1 g1=(g1*)*8 = 3.150 kg/m
4.2 Wind load
Wind load as per calculated above
w = 188.33 kg/m2
W*B1 = 107.34696 kg/m

B1 = 0.57 m
W*B2 = 222 kg/m

B2 = 1.18 m
21/33
4.3.Analyze force
Using SAP 2000 version 14 to analyze frame force
4.3.1 Model
Model Dead load Wind load
4.3.2 Frame force - Frame
Deflection 1.46 cm
22/33
4.3.3 Point load
4.4 Checking Stress

Parameter of Vertical frame V1
Sc (cm 3 ) I (cm 4 )
Scx Scy Ix Iy
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) =(8)/(5) (7)=(9)/(4) (8) (9)
274 4.5 9.4 2.25 5 129.00 54.40 645 122.4
4.4.1 Checking stress

a. Actual stress
2
b. Allowable stress
b.1 General section

a (Short side Length) 4.5 cm

Torsion constant
J
4
65.9 cm

Slenderness limited
S1 =138 ,S2=3820
S =81.62 <S1
23/33

fb1 fb1 =17.5-0.917*S 1/2 = 9.2 ksi
2
= 648.8 kgf/cm
a = 4.5 cm
t1 = 0.3 cm

S1 = 25.6 ,S2=50
S =15 < S1=25.6

f b2 = 9.7 ksi
2
682.9 kgf/cm
b = 9.4 cm
t2 = 0.3 cm
Slenderness S S=h/t2 = 31.3

S1 = 62.9 ,S2=119
S =31.3 < S1=62.9

f b3 = 12.6 ksi
2
887.0 kgf/cm
b.4 Allowable stress is min of (f b1 ;fb2;fb3) = 648.8 kgf/cm 2
b.5 Stress ratio

Fb/(1.33*fb) = 0.2 < 1=> OK !
4.4.2 Checking deflection
L = 274
< 4115
Actual deflection δa = 1.46 cm
δaw L/175 = 1.566 cm
Deflection ratio
δaw /δt = 0.932 < 1=> OK !
5> Checking Connection detail
24/33
5.1 Wedge anchor bolt
25/33
5.1.1 Force We select reaction of point 2 for checking

Fx (F1) 0 kgf
Fy (F2) 14.82 kgf
Fz(F3) 304.14 kgf
Wedge bolt parameter

We use FWB (Fischer wedge bolt)
Allowable shear load

Type Code diameter (mm) allowable axial
(KN)
(KN)
FWA 12x100 45648 10 5.8 5.8
Combination shearing load affect to bolt is Fc
Fc =(F12 +F32)1/2 304 kgf
allowable shearing force Fa 580 kgf
5.1.2 Shear load ratio Fc/Fa 0.524 < 1=> Ok
Tensile load T T=F3 14.82 kgf

5.1.3 Tensile load ratio T/Fs 0.026 < 1=> Ok
26/33
5.1.4 Checking Concrete
Concrete for lintel beam is B20
fctm Tensile strength of concrete = 1.57 Mpa

16 kg/cm2
Length of anchorage bolt embedded to concrete

L = 7 cm
Square face of cone
S = ((Pi* d1)+(Pi*d2))*h/2 = 178.13 cm2
Tensile strength of concrete ability
[Na] =fctm*S = 2850.05 Kgf
[Na] > T => OK
Allowable tensile testing for anchorage bolt embeded in concrete is
Pt =1.5T = 22.2 Kgf
5.2 Check screw connected anchor bolt to Horizontal frame
4 screw
Ф4.2
4 screw
Ф4.8
5.2.1 Force
Tensile load (T) is F3 304.14 kgf
Shearing load is combination load of F1 and F2 Fc =(F1)2+(F2)2)1/2 15 kgf
Screw Size 4.8 4 (4ea)
Allowable share of steel screw strength with 4 ea [S] 2720 kgf
27/33
Allowable Tensile of steel screw strength T1 1190 kgf
Allowable Tensile of steel screw strength with 4ea [T] 4760 kgf
5.2.2 Checking Tensile ratio T/ [T] 0.06 < 1=> Ok
5.3.1 Force
Shearing load ,shearing load is F 3 load as per mention above F3 304.140 kgf
Tensile load is combination load F c as per mention above Fc =(F1)2+(F2)2)1/2 14.82 kgf

t 0.2 cm
Section modulus of bearing plate Wb 0.03 cm 3

2
Actual shearing stress fs =F2/Ab 380.2 kgf/cm

2
1500.0 kgf/cm

Actual tensile stress fs =Fc/Ab 19 kgf/cm 2
Allowable Tensile stress fb2

2
2400 kgf/cm
5.4 Checking steel bracket (connection screw to Horizontal frame)
28/33
5.4.1 Force
Tensile load ,shearing load is F 2 load as per mention above F2 14.820 kgf
Shearing load is combination load F c as per mention above Fc =((F1)2+)F3)2)1/2 304.140 kgf

t 0.5 cm

Actual shearing stress fs =Fc/Ab 76.0 kgf/cm 2

2
1500 kgf/cm

Actual tensile stress fs =F1/Ab 4 kgf/cm 2
Allowable Tensile stress fb2 1500 kgf/cm 2
6> Checking glass panel
6.1 Information of glass panel
Height 2.6 m
Width 1m
Thickness 0.008 m
6.2 Loading
Wind load WL 188.33 Kgf/m2

1.9 kPa
6.3 Checking
We using software "Window glass Design 2004 -Version 1.12 -Copyright @2002 SDG,Inc" to analyze
6.3.1 Load resistance
Load resistance of glass ,8mm thickness is 9.25 kPa
Wind load is 1.9 kPa
The load resistance of glass is greater than specify load => Glass enough for using (refer figure below)
29/33
6.3.2 Deflection :
L = 2600 mm
Actual deflection δa = 8.49 mm
Allowable deflection δaw L/150 = 17.333 mm
( Refer :UMRTL1-CP2-STGN-CSA-SPE-00003 - Clause 9.3.3)
Deflection ratio
δaw /δt = 0.490 < 1=> OK !
30/33
6.4 Conclusion :
Base on the design information of glass and loading ,The glass enough for using.
33/33
31/33
32/33
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Aluminum -Design -Manual -2010 (The
Aluminum Association)
Extract tables
ALUMINUM
ADESIGN
LUMINUM
MD ESIGN
ANUAL
MANUAL

Copyright © 2010, The Aluminum Association, Inc. All rights reserved

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The Aluminum Association, Inc.
Chapter B Design Requirements
B.1 Section Properties B.2 Loads and Load Combinations
Section properties for many shapes are given in this B.2.1 Building-Type Structures
Manual in Part V. Formulas for calculating section proper-
For building-type structures, ASCE 7 Section 2.3 pro-
ties are also given in Part V.
vides LRFD load combinations and ASCE 7 Section 2.4
Nominal (rather than minimum) dimensions are used
provides ASD load combinations.
to calculate section properties. This is because safety or
resistance factors account for the fact that actual dimen-
sions may be less than nominal dimensions, within the tol- B.2.2 Bridge-Type Structures
erances prescribed by the material specifications required Aluminum highway bridges may also be designed using
by Section A.3. AASHTO (1991) for ASD and AASHTO (1998) for LRFD.
The torsion constant J may be determined as follows:
B.2.3 Other Structures
a) For open shapes J = Σ (1/3 − 0.2t/b)bt3 for the rectangles
comprising the shape where b is the larger dimension Loads for structures other than building- and bridge-
and t is the smaller dimension of each rectangle. The type structures may be determined from specifications that
term for rectangles with b/t > 10 may be approximated address such structures. For example, AASHTO’s Standard
by bt3/3. Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs,
4A2mt Luminaires, and Traffic Signals (2009) may be used to deter-
b) For closed shapes of uniform thickness, J = ____ s where mine the loads for structures within its scope.
Am = the mean of the areas between the inner and outer
boundaries, s is the length of the boundary at mid- B.3 Design Basis
thickness, and t is the boundary thickness.
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allow-
For rectangular tubes with side dimension a with thick- able Strength Design (ASD) are equally acceptable in this
ness t1 and side dimension b with thickness t2 (see Specification.
Figure CB.1.1)
B.3.1 Limit States
2t2t1(a – t2)2 (b – t1)2
J = ________________
t2(a − t2) + t1(b – t1) A limit state is a condition in which a structure or compo-
nent is judged to be no longer useful for its intended service
2t(a – t)2 (b – t)2 (serviceability limit state) or to have reached its ultimate
If t1 = t2 = t, J = ________________ .
a + b – 2t load-carrying capacity (strength limit state). An example of
a serviceability limit state is a deflection beyond which the
c) For shapes containing open parts and closed parts, J is structure is unfit for service. An example of a strength limit
the sum of J for the open parts and J for the closed parts. state is member buckling of a column.
B.3.2 Required Strength

This Specification permits the use of elastic analysis only
in determining required strengths.
B.3.2.1 Design for Strength Using Load and

Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Design by LRFD requires that equation B.3-1 be satis-
fied; that is, the required strength determined from the LRFD
load combinations does not exceed the design strength.
The design strength φRn is the product of the resistance
factor φ and the nominal strength Rn. Resistance factors are
less than or equal to 1.0 and account for unavoidable devia-
tions of the actual strength from the nominal strength and
for the manner and consequence of failure.
The basis for load and resistance factor design is given
by Ellingwood, et al. (1982). The resistance of the struc-
Figure CB.1.1 ture R and the load effect Q are modeled as statistically
CROSS-SECTIONAL NOTATION independent random quantities as shown in Figure CB.3.1.
II-12 January 2010

January 2010
Table 1-1
BUCKLING CONSTANTS (UNWELDED) (Continued)
Thickness Bc Dc Cc Bp Dp Cp Bt Dt Ct Bbr Dbr Cbr Btb Dtb Ctb Bs Ds Cs
Alloy Temper Product* in. ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
5454 O Extrusions up thru 5.000 13.3 0.058 152 15.6 0.074 140 15.4 0.475 495 20.7 0.113 122 23.1 1.117 144 9.4 0.035 181
H111 Extrusions up thru 0.500 18.0 0.092 131 21.3 0.118 120 20.8 0.709 376 28.3 0.181 104 31.2 1.668 118 15.5 0.073 141
H111 Extrusions 0.501 to 5.000 18.0 0.092 131 21.3 0.118 120 20.8 0.709 376 28.3 0.181 104 31.2 1.668 118 15.5 0.073 141
H112 Extrusions up thru 5.000 14.5 0.066 146 17.0 0.084 135 16.8 0.531 458 22.6 0.129 117 25.1 1.249 136 9.4 0.035 181
O Sheet & Plate 0.020 to 3.000 13.3 0.058 152 15.6 0.074 140 15.4 0.475 495 20.7 0.113 122 23.1 1.117 144 9.4 0.035 181
H32 Sheet & Plate 0.020 to 2.000 27.7 0.175 105 33.1 0.229 96 31.8 1.249 254 44.1 0.352 84 47.7 2.939 89 21.9 0.123 119
H34 Sheet & Plate 0.020 to 1.000 31.4 0.212 99 37.6 0.277 90 36.0 1.473 227 50.2 0.427 78 54.0 3.465 82 24.7 0.147 112
5456 O Sheet & Plate 0.051 to 1.500 21.6 0.121 119 25.7 0.156 110 24.9 0.901 499 34.1 0.240 95 37.4 2.120 104 15.5 0.073 141
H116 Sheet & Plate 0.188 to 1.250 31.4 0.212 99 37.6 0.277 90 36.0 1.473 227 50.2 0.427 78 54.0 3.465 82 28.4 0.182 104
H32, H321 Sheet & Plate 0.188 to 0.499 31.4 0.212 99 37.6 0.277 90 36.0 1.473 227 50.2 0.427 78 54.0 3.465 82 28.4 0.182 104
H116 Plate 1.251 to 1.500 29.0 0.187 103 34.6 0.245 94 33.2 1.322 244 46.1 0.376 82 49.8 3.112 86 26.5 0.164 108
H32, H321 Plate 0.501 to 1.500 29.0 0.187 103 34.6 0.245 94 33.2 1.322 244 46.1 0.376 82 49.8 3.112 86 26.5 0.164 108
H116, H32, H321 Plate 1.501 to 3.000 29.0 0.187 103 34.6 0.245 94 33.2 1.322 244 46.1 0.376 82 49.8 3.112 86 24.7 0.147 112
6005 T5 Extrusions up thru 1.000 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
6005A T61 Extrusions up thru 1.000 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
6061 T6, T651 Sheet & Plate 0.010 to 4.000 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
T6, T6510, T6511 Extrusions All 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
T6, T651 Rod & Bar up thru 8.000 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
T6 Drawn Tube 0.025 to 0.500 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
T6 Pipe All 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.300 61 43.2 1.558 141 66.8 0.666 67 64.8 4.458 55 27.2 0.141 79
T5 Extrusions 0.500 to 1.000 16.2 0.065 102 18.2 0.077 97 18.0 0.484 290 26.4 0.165 106 26.9 1.384 100 11.0 0.036 124
T52 Extrusions up thru 1.000 17.3 0.072 99 19.5 0.086 93 19.2 0.529 275 28.3 0.184 103 28.8 1.513 95 11.8 0.040 120
T6 Extrusions & Pipe All 27.6 0.145 78 31.4 0.175 74 30.5 0.978 189 46.1 0.382 81 45.7 2.800 70 19.0 0.082 95
6066 T6, T6510, T6511 Extrusions All 51.4 0.366 57 59.0 0.451 54 56.1 2.206 112 88.3 1.011 58 84.1 6.313 47 35.7 0.212 69
6070 T6, T62 Extrusions up thru 2.999 51.4 0.366 57 59.0 0.451 54 56.1 2.206 112 88.3 1.011 58 84.1 6.313 47 35.7 0.212 69
6082 T6, T6511 Extrusions 0.200 thru 6.000 42.9 0.280 63 49.2 0.343 59 47.0 1.745 131 73.2 0.763 64 70.6 4.995 52 29.8 0.162 76
VI-7
Table 2-19
ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR BUILDING-TYPE STRUCTURES (UNWELDED)
Allowable Stresses F/V (k/in2) Section F/ V 6061 – T6, T6510, T6511 Extrusions
Axial Tension 6061 – T6 Pipe
axial tension stress on net D.2b 19.5 6351 - T5 Extrusions
effective area Fty = 35 k/in2 E = 10,100 k/in2
axial tension stress on gross D.2a 21.2 Fcy = 35 k/in2 kt = 1
area Ftu = 38 k/in2
Tension Compression
Flexure
elements in uniform stress F.8.1.1 19.5 see B.5.4.1 thru B.5.4.5 and E.4.2
elements in flexure F.8.1.2, F.4.1 27.6 27.6 see also F.4.2
round tubes F.6.1 24.2 24.8 see also F.6.2
rods F.7 27.6 27.6
Bearing
bolts or rivets on holes J.3.7a, J.4.7 39.0
bolts on slots, pins on holes, J.3.7b, J.7 25.9
flat surfaces
Slenderness F/ V for F/ V for F/ V for
Axial Compression S S ≤ S1 S1 S1 < S < S2 S2 S ≥ S2
all shapes member buckling E.3 kL/r 20.3 – 0.127 S 66 51,352 /S2
Flexural Compression
open shapes lateral-torsional F.2.1 Lb/(ryeCb1/2) 23.9 – 0.124 S 79 86,996 /S2
buckling
closed shapes lateral-torsional F.3.1 2LbSc/(Cb(IyJ)1/2) 23.9 – 0.238 S1/2 1685 23,599 /S
buckling
rectangular bars lateral- F.4.2 (d/t)(Lb/(Cbd))1/2 40.5 – 0.928 S 29 11,420 /S2
torsional buckling
round tubes local buckling F.6.2 Rb/t 39.3 – 2.702 S1/2 55 26.2 – 0.944 S1/2 141 3,776 /[S(1+S1/2/35)2]
Elements—Uniform Compression
flat elements supported on B.5.4.1 b/t 21.2 6.7 27.3 – 0.910 S 12 2,417 /S2
one edge in columns
whose buckling axis is not
an axis of symmetry
flat elements supported on B.5.4.1 b/t 21.2 6.7 27.3 – 0.910 S 10.5 186 /S
one edge in all other
columns and all beams
flat elements supported on B.5.4.2 b/t 21.2 20.8 27.3 – 0.291 S 33 580 /S
both edges
flat elements supported on B.5.4.4 λs 21.2 17.8 23.9 – 0.149 S 66 60,414 /S2
both edges and with an
intermediate stiffener
curved elements supported B.5.4.5 Rb/t 21.2 27.6 26.2 – 0.944 S1/2 141 3,776 /[S(1+S1/2/35)2]
on both edges
flat elements—alternate B.5.4.6 λeq 21.2 33.3 27.3 – 0.182 S 52 928 /S
method
Elements—Flexural Compression
flat elements supported on B.5.5.1 b/t 27.6 49.3 40.5 – 0.262 S 77 1,563 /S
both edges
flat elements supported on B.5.5.2 b/t 27.6 9.2 40.5 – 1.412 S 19 4,932 /S2
tension edge, compression
edge free
flat elements supported on B.5.5.3 b/t 27.6 110.5 40.5 – 0.117 S 173 3,502 /S
both edges and with a
longitudinal stiffener
flat elements—alternate B.5.5.4 λeq 27.6 32.0 40.5 – 0.403 S 50 1,016 /S
method
Elements—Shear
flat elements supported on G.2 b/t 12.7 35.3 16.5 – 0.107 S 63 38,665 /S2
both edges
VI-28 January 2010

REFERENCES
TCXDVN 2737 - 1995: Load and effects -
Design standard
VIETNAM STANDARD TCVN 2737:1995
different one, but in the same line. So, we only mention a load (vertical or
horizontal) for each crane,
5.15 When we determine vertical sag, horizontal sag of the bridge girder and
horizontal transposition of column, we only define the effect of one most
disadvantageous crane.
5.16 When doing calculation basing on one bridge crane, the vertical and horizontal
loads, it is suggested to entirely be counted, no reduction. With two bridge
cranes, that load must be multiplied by the aggregate coefficient:
nth = 0.85 for the bridge crane which works lightly or averagely.
nth = 0.95 for the bridge crane which works hard and very hard
When doing calculation for 4 bridge cranes, the load caused by them must be
multiplied by the aggregate coefficient:
nth = 0.7 for the bridge crane which works few and averagely.
nth = 0.8 for the bridge crane which works hard and very hard
5.17 If there is one bridge crane working in one crane-way while the second one
does not during usage of project, the only load of the bridge crane is
considered.
5.18 When we define the fatigues strength of the bridge crane’s beam and their
relationship to the force-resistant structure, reduction of standard load needs to
be taken as the article 2.3.4.8. When we check a fatigues of beam’s abdomen at
the area where the vertical concentrated load effects to at one wheel of bridge
crane, the standard reduced value of a wheel’s vertical pressure needs to be
increased by multiplying the coefficient as noted in the article 5.8.
The bridge crane’s operation mode is decided by the design standard when
fatigue strength of structure is calculated.
6. Load of wind
6.1 Load of wind on projects consists of such elements as: pressure of normal (We),
frictional force (Wf) and pressure of normal (Wi). Load of wind on projects is
also considered as two elements – pressure of normal Wx and Wy.
6.1.1 Pressure of normal (We) on the exterior surface of projects and other
components’ structure.
6.1.2 The frictional force (Wf) has a tangency of exterior of the project and is in ratio
to an area of a flat-plan (for the saw-tooth roof, corrogate roof and roof with a
lantern or in ratio to a vertical plan (to the wall with part of balcony and other
same structure).
6.1.3 Pressure of normal Wf effects to the interior of walled – unclose house or house
with doorway whose door closes and opens occasionally or often opens
300
6.1.4 Pressure of normal Wx, Wy is defined basing on the resistibility plane of the
work under the direction of the axis X, Y. The work’s resistibility plane is a
projection of the work into the planes which are perpendicular to the
corresponding axis.
6.2 Load of wind includes two elements: static and live elements:
When we determine pressure of interior (Wf) as well as when we do calculation
for the multi-stories house whose height is less than 40m and a one story
industrial house whose height is less than 36m with a height ratio in a small
span which is less that 1.5 and built at the area of A, B, the live element of load
of wind does not need to be considered.
6.3 The static element’s standard value of wind load (W) at the height (Z) versus
the standard is determined as the formula:
W = Wo x k x c (5)
With:
Wo – value of pressure of wind is referred to the appendix D, article 6.4
k – The coefficient for a change of wind pressure basing on the height which is
referred to table 5
c – The pneumatic coefficient is referred to table 6
The reliable coefficient of load of wind (γ) is 1.2
6.4 Value of wind pressure (Wo) in the table 4
The appendix D shows the zoning of pressure of wind in Vietnam. The bold
interruptive lines is a border of the zone which is considered to be impacted by
storm lightly or heavily (accompanying with zone code is a sign of A or B)
The appendix E shows zoning of pressure of wind according to geographic
name.
The appendix F shows value of wind pressure with different supposed usage
time for different projects defined by the meteorological observation station in
mountain and island zone.
Table 4 – Value of wind pressure in the zoning map of wind pressure in Vietnam
Wind pressure zones in the map I II III IV V
Wo (daN/m2) 65 95 125 155 185
6.4.1 To the zone which is defined to be impacted by storm lightly (appendix D),
pressure of wind (Wo) is reduced 10 daN/m2 for the zone 1-A, 12daN/m2 for
the zone II-A and 15 daN/m2 for the zone III-A.
301
6.4.2 To the zone I, the value of wind pressure (Wo) is referred to the table 4, which is
used for house and project which are built at the mountain, hill, plain and
valley area
Other complicated area refer to the article 6.4.4
6.4.3 House and projects which are built at the mountain and island area with the
same height, terrain and at the meteorological observation station in the
appendix F, value of wind pressure calculated accordance with different
supposed usage time is taken under independent numeric value of this station
(table F1 and F2, appendix F)
6.4.4 House and project which are built at the complicated terrain (ravine, between
two parallel mountain ranges, mountain pass’s gates…), value of wind pressure
is used from the data of the meteorological observation station or the observed-
site result which is processed, including experience of project usage. So, the
value of pressure of wind (Wo(daN/m2) is defined as the formula:
W o = 0,0613 x V o2 (6)
With: V0 – speed of wind at the 10 meter height versus the standard (average
speed of 3 seconds surpass the standard one time for 20 years) is tantamount to
the terrain of B and Its unit is meter/second.
6.5 Value of the coefficient (k) which mentions change of pressure of wind based on
the height versus standard point and type of terrain refers to the table 5.
The terrain of A is a desolate one which has no or very few of high obstacles
which are not over 1.5 meter (airy beach, river, big lake, field of salt, field
without high trees…).
The terrain of B is a quite desolate one which has some scattered high obstacles,
which are not over 10 meters (suburb with a few houses, town, village, thin
forest or planted-newly forest, thinly planted area…)
The terrain of C is a thickly-obstacle one, has thick –set obstacles whose height
is from 10 meters onwards (in city, thick forest…)
What type of terrains the project is determined to belongs to if that terrain’s
nature does not change within a distance of 30h with h ≤60 meters and 2km with
h >60 meters, which is defined from wind facing plane of project (h is a height
of project)
Table 5 – the coefficient (k) on the change of wind-pressure versus the height and
terrain.
Type of terrain
A B C
Altitude Z, m
3 1.00 0.80 0.47
5 1.07 0.88 0.54
302
10 1.18 1.00 0.66

15 1.24 1.08 0.74
20 1.29 1.13 0.80
30 1.37 1.22 0.89
40 1.43 1.28 0.97
50 1.47 1.34 1.03
60 1.51 1.38 1.08
80 1.57 1.45 1.18
100 1.62 1.51 1.25
150 1.72 1.63 1.40
200 1.79 1.71 1.52
250 1.84 1.78 1.62
300 1.84 1.84 1.70
350 1.84 1.84 1.78
≥400 1.84 1.84 1.84
Note:
1) For the average height, the coefficient (k) is defined by interpolating linearly
the value of table 5.
2) When we determine load of wind for a certain project, different direction of
wind may have different terrains.
6.6 When the ground around the house and project is not flat, the standard point to
define height is determined as the appendix G.
6.7 Diagram of wind-load distribution on house, project or components and
pneumatic coefficient are defined as the instruction of table 6. The intermediate
value can be defined by a linear interpolation.
The arrow in the table 6 shows a direction of wind to house, project or segments. The
pneumatic coefficient is defined as follow:
6.7.1 To the individual faces or points of house and project, it is applied as the
pressure coefficient stated (from the diagram 1 to 33 of table 6).
The positive value of the pneumatic coefficient indicates that the direction of
wind-pressure goes into surfaces of project. The negative one goes out of the
project.
6.7.2 To the structures and components (in the diagram 34 to 43 of table 6); we use
the frontispiece drag coefficient cx and cy when we define an object’s general
303
resistant elements whose effects perpendicular to the wind way and correspond
the object’s projection area to the wind perpendicular plane; we use the lifting
coefficient cz when we determine the vertical elements of the object’s general
drag which is corresponding the object’s projection area to horizontal plane.
6.7.3 To the structure whose face meets wind at an angle of α versus a direction of
wind, it is counted the same as a coefficient (cn and ct) when we determine the
general obstacle elements of objects based on their axis direction and their area
of wind-met surfaces.
To the cases which have not included in the table 6 yet (other houses and
projects with the different direction of wind, the general obstacle elements of
objection with different directions), the pneumatic coefficient is followed to the
experimental data or specific instructions.
6.8 To the house and project with an open frame (window, door, ventilator, heaven’s
gate stated from the diagram 2 to 26 are distributed uniformly over the perimeter
or to the house with the fibre-cement wall and material through which the air can
go (not depend on the embrasures’ presence); when doing calculation of
structure of external wall, column, wind beam, glass transombar, value of the
pneumatic coefficient for the external wall is:
C = +1 with positive pressure
C = - 0.8 with negative pressure
The assumed load of wind for the internal wall is 0.4xWo; the load for the light
partition whose weight is not over 100 daN/m3 is 0.2xWo (but not less than
10daN/m3)
6.9 When doing calculation for the horizontal frame of the house whose lantern
directs longitudinally or is at the zenith with a > 4h (diagram 9, 10, 25, table 6),
load of wind which effects to the windward or leeward columns, frames as well
as the horizontal elements which load of wind impacts on the lantern is
considered.
To the house with saw-tooth roof (diagram 24, table 6) or with the lantern at the
zenith with a ≤ 4h, the frictional force (Wf) which replaces elements of
horizontal force and impacts on the second and more windward lantern is must
be counted. The frictional force (Wf) is defined as the formula:
W f = Wo x c f x k x S (7)
With:
Wo – wind pressure seen in the table 4, unit is daN/m2
cf - the frictional coefficient given in the table 6
k – the coefficient as the table 5
S – the flat projection area (for saw-tooth roof, corrugated roof or roof with
lantern) or the vertical projection area (for the wall with balcony’s part and the
same structure). Unit is m2.
304
Drawing of house, projects,

components and diagram of load of Instruction for determination of the coefficient of motive air Remarks
wind
1.
a) The vertical planes:
- Facing with the wind C = +0.8
- sheltered from the wind C = - 0.6
b) The vertical planes or the sloping
plane with an angle of 15o inside the
house of many lanterns or inside the
house with many different
complicated surfaces (if there is not
included in the equivalent diagram in
this table)
- A marginal or middle surface
emerging:
Facing with wind C = +0.7
Sheltered from the wind C = -0.6
- Other middle surfaces:
Facing with the wind C = -0.5
Sheltered from the wind C = -0.5
305
Appendix E
Table E1 – The pressure of wind at the administrative geographic name
Place-name Area Place-name Area

1. Ha Noi capital: - Chau Thanh district I.A
- Inner Ha Noi II.B - Chau Phu district I.A
- Dong Anh district II.B - Cho Moi district I.A
- Gia Lam district II.B - Phu Tan district I.A
- Soc Son district II.B - Tan Chau district I.A
- Thanh Tri district II.B - Tinh Bien district I.A
- Tu Liem district II.B - Thoai Son district I.A
2. Ho Chi Minh city: - Tri Ton district I.A
- Inner city II.A 5. Ba Ria – Vung Tau:
- Binh Chanh district II.A - Vung Tau city II.A
- Can Gio district II.A - Chau Thanh district II.A
- Cu Chi district I.A - Con Dao distict III.A
- Hoc Mon district II.A - Long Dat district II.A
- Nha Be district II.A - Xuyen Moc district II.A
- Thu Duc district II.A 6. Bac Thai:
3. Hai Phong city: - Thai Nguyen city II.B
- Inner city IV.B - Bac Can town I.A
- Do Son town IV.B - Song Cong town II.B
- Kien An town IV.B - Cho Don district I.A
- An Hai district IV.B - Bach Thong district I.A
- An Lao district IV.B - Dai Tu district II.A
- Cat Hai district IV.B - Dinh Hoa district I.A
- Dao Bach Long Vi district V.B - Dong Hy district I.A
- Kien Thuy district IV.B - Na Ri district I.A
- Thuy Nguyen district III.B - Pho Yen district II.B
- Tien Lang district IV.B - Phu Binh district II.B
- Vinh Bao district IV.B - Phu Luong district I.A
3. An Giang: - Vo Nhai district I.A
- Long Xuyen town I.A
- Chao Doc town I.A 7. Ben Tre:
- An Phu town I.A - Ben Tre town II.A
335
REFERENCES
UMRTL1_CP2_STGN_CSA_SPE_00003
9. ALUMINIUM DOORS, WINDOWS, PANELS, LOUVERS AND GRILLES
9.1 General
9.1.1 This section applies to aluminium doors, windows, panels, louvers and grilles.
9.2 Materials
9.2.1 Material shall follow Section 7 for metals and Section 8 for glazings.
9.2.2 Coating and painting shall follow latest approved document under Ref. UMRTL1-CP2-STGN-
CSA-SPE-00004 ‘Architecture Specificaton - Paint’
9.3 Workmanship
9.3.1 Aluminium windows, panels, louvers and grilles shall be supplied and installed by specialist
manufacturer agreed by the Employer’s Representatives.
9.3.2 Aluminium frames and sections shall be constructed from aluminium extrusions to the sizes
and sections indicated in drawings and shall be in accordance with structural resistance
including wind pressure detailed to TCXDVN and free from all defects impairing appearance,
strength or durability.
9.3.3 Curtain Wall
In accordance with drawings, workmanship to ensure to the following
- Curtain wall’s wind resistance performance shall be p=2.0 kpa with maximum deflection to be less
than L/150 and 20mm.
- Water tightness performance shall be maximum pressure 1.0kPa (average)
- Building movement capability due to wind load should be considered.
- Only minor damage on glazing sealant is acceptable and the other damages are not acceptable
under 1/200 movement between floors. Any damage on the main element shall not be acceptable
under 1/100 movement between floors.
Doc No: HCMC-242-STGN-CSA-SPE-00002-1E

Page 49/76
REFERENCES
Software
Introductory Tutorial
®
for SAP2000
Linear and Nonlinear Static and Dynamic
Analysis and Design of Three-Dimensional
Structures
ISO SAP041709M3 Rev. 0 Version 14

Berkeley, California, USA April 2009
Copyright
Copyright  Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2009.

All rights reserved.
The CSI Logo® and SAP2000® are registered trademarks of Computers and Structures,
TM
Inc. Watch & Learn is a trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc. Windows is a
registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Adobe and Acrobat are registered
trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
The computer program SAP2000® and all associated documentation are proprietary and
copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers & Structures,
Inc. Unlicensed use of this program or reproduction of documentation in any form,
without prior written authorization from Computers & Structures, Inc., is explicitly
prohibited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any

means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior explicit written
permission of the publisher.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:
Computers & Structures, Inc.

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Berkeley, California 94704 USA
Phone: (510) 649-2200

FAX: (510) 649-2299
e-mail: info@csiberkeley.com (for general questions)
e-mail: support@csiberkeley.com (for technical support questions)
web: www.csiberkeley.com
REFERENCES
STRENGTH CLASS FOR CONCRETE
EN 1992-1-1 EUROCODE 2
,-------
Strength classes for concrete Analytical relation

I Explanation
fek (MPa) 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 -I
Q)
0'"
(l)
fek,eube 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105 W
2.8
(MPa) ...lIi.
20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98 fern = fck+8(MPa) en
(MPa)
fern
...,,.....
(l)
::s
fetm 1,6 1,9 2,2 2,6 2,9 3,2 3,5 3,8 4,1 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 fcu~=n ~oXfCK :::;C50/6o c:o
,.....
(MPa) fe'm=2, 12·ln(1 +(fcrrl1 0» ::T
> C50/60 Q)
::s
Q.
fetk ,0,05 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,5 2,7 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,4 fctk ;o,05 = 0,7xfctm Q.
(MPa) 5% fractile
...,
(l)
0...,
fetk ,Q,95 2,0 2,5 2,9 3,3 3,8 4,2 4,6 4,9 5,3 5,5 6,0 6,3 6,6 fctk ;0,95 = 1,3xfclm
(MPa) 95% fractile 3Q)
,.....
Ecm 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 44 Ecm 22[(fcrn }/10]0,3 O·
(fem in MPa)
::s
(GPa) 0
::T
Eci (%0) 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,25 2,3 2,4 2,45 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,8 see Figure 3.2 ...,
Q)
Q)
tAci)cc1 (%0) = 0,7 fcm O,31 :::; 2,8@lJ
,.....
0
£Cui (%0) 3,5 3,2 3,0 2,8 2,8 2,8 see Figure 3.2 ...,
(l)
for fek ~ 50 Mpa (ii'

cCIIl(oloo)=28+2Z[(98-fcm )/1QQt
,.....
0'
Ec2 (%0) 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 see Figure 3.3 en
for fek ~ 50 Mpa
1
8e 2(%0)=2,0 nR"1(fc, ..I:lf))O,53
d'
...,
0
(%0) 3,1 2,9 2,7 2,6 2,6 see Figure 3.3 0
Ecu2
for fck ~ 50 Mpa ::s
hcu2(%n)=2,6+35[(90-fck)/1 DOt ...,0 tfjt:ij
(l)
,.....
n 2,0 1 1,6 1,45 1,4 1,4 for fCk~ 50 Mpa (l) Zoo
n= 1,4+23,4[(90- fck )/1 DOt t-Itrj
~Z
cc3 (%0) 1,75 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,3 see Figure 3.4 ~t-I
I~
for fck~ 50 Mpa
~~
Ic;dil, J)= ,75+o,55[(fck-50)/4o]
..
t-I
~
~
I
t-I
ceu3 (%0) 3,5 3,1 2,9 2,7 2,6 2,6 see Figure 3.4 0 1
for fck ~ 50 Mpa o!7
~~
___ 0
hcul'/oo)=2,6+35[(90-fck)/1oo]4
N I
tfjO
(,0 ~~
REFERENCES
SUB MATERIAL

Window Louver Structure Calculation Sheet

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Window Louver Structure Calculation Sheet

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HO CHI MINH CITY URBAN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Ben Thanh -Suoi Tien Section (Line 1)

Contract Package -2: Civil (Elevated and Deport)

Project : The Metro line CP1

Iterm : Window and louver

1> General information

1.3 Standar for application

- TCXDVN 338 - 2005: Steel structure -Design standard

1) Max Deflection for windload : L/175 (L<4110)

2> Design load

2.1 Dead load

2.2 Wind load

3.1.3 Wind Load Combination

For deflection CB 1* =1.0(w+) +1.0(w-) CB1* 156.94 kg/m2

3> Model and force analysis

3.1.Model and loading

Using SAP 2000 version 14 to analyze frame force

3.2.2 Frame Force

Frame force - Frame 2

Frame force - Frame 1

Frame force - Frame 6

Moment bending 1204 kgfcm

Shearing load 63.53 kgf

4 Checking vertical frame (M1) ,frame 2 as per model

4.1 Checking stress

b.1 General section

a (Short side Length) 6 cm

Slenderness S S =(2*Lb*Scx)/(CbIy*J)^1/2 = 15.29

b.2 Flange section (Element -uniform compression)

Slenderness limited (flat elements supported on both edge)

S =18 < S1=25.6

=> Allowable stress is :

b.3 Web section (Element -flexural compression)

Slenderness S S=h/t2 = 26.5

Slenderness limited (flat elements supported on both edge)

S =26.5 < S1=62.9

=> Allowable stress is :

b.4 Allowable stress is min of (f b1 ;f b2 ;f b3 ) = 682.9 kgf/cm 2

b.5 Stress ratio

4.2 Checking deflection

5 Checking Horizontal frame (T1) ,frame 6 as per model

4.1 Checking stress

b.1 General section

a (Short side Length) 6 cm

Slenderness S S =(2*Lb*Scx)/(CbIy*J)^1/2 = 7.74

Slenderness S S=a/t = 26.5

Slenderness limited (flat elements supported on both edge)

=> Allowable stress is :

Slenderness limited (flat elements supported on both edge)

S =26.5 < S1=62.9

=> Allowable stress is :

b.4 Allowable stress is min of (f b1 ;f b2 ;f b3 ) = 675.9 kgf/cm2

b.5 Stress ratio

4.2 Checking deflection

Wedge bolt parameter

Type Code diameter (mm) (KN) (KN)

Combination shearing load affect to bolt is Fc

Fc =(F12 +F22)1/2 250 kgf

allowable shearing load 580 kgf

5.1.2 Shear load ratio Fc/Fs 0.431 < 1=> Ok

Tensile load T 53.27 kgf

5.1.4 Checking Concrete

Concrete for lintel beam is B20

fctm Tensile strength of concrete = 1.57 Mpa

Slenderness S S =(2LbScx)/(CbIy*J)^1/2 = 15.29

Slenderness S S =(2LbScx)/(CbIy*J)^1/2 = 7.74

S = ((Pi* d1)+(Pid2))h/2 = 178.13 cm2

+ Dead load case f1 =5p1L4 /384 EIY 0.14 cm

+ windload case f2 =5p2L4 /384 EIY 0.367 cm