INVESTIGATION OF ADHESION PROPERTIES BETWEEN ASPHALTIC-CONCRETE LAYERS JACOB ULAN,! MUSH LIVNEH? and YEHUDA ESHED? INTRODUCTION Interest in the adhesion properties of the various layers of flexible pave- ‘ments at their interface is discussed in the literature in relation to (a) the rational design of flexible pavements, and (b) the cracking mechanism of wsphaltic layers. Tt is customary to assume that, for rational design pur- poses, full adhesion exists in the interfaces, whereas for the development of crescent shaped cracks, the interfaces are of a smooth nature. It is note worthy that these two assumptions concerning the state of adhesion seem to be contradictory. However, as the development of crescent shaped cracks is related to weak points subjected to lateral forces, these two as- sumptions may be compatible. In any case, the validity of these assump- tions should be examined, and it may be stated that in real conditions, the state of adhesion is an intermediate one, ranging from full-adhesion to zero adhesion, depending on the material properties and construction quality, ‘The state of adhesion at the interfaces between the various layers of flexible pavements affects the performance of flexible pavements through its influence on the stressing level of the materials. This is true if changes in the degree of adhesion are associated with changes in the rate of stressing of the materials. In fact, according to available solutions of stress distribu tion in an elastic layered pavement, it can be shown that the stress distr bution in the interface regions is highly influenced by the adhesion condi- tions at these interfaces, and especially at the upper layers of the pavement. ‘This fact is of significant importance, due to the fact that the upper layers are of a sensitive nature, and are sometimes constructed in stages, causing poor conditions of adhesion between the existing surface and the new hayes Tn the light of the above, the knowledge of the degree of adhesion, espe- cially in the interfaces at the upper layers, is essential. This paper, there- fore, deals with the adhesion properties at interfaces of asphaltic layers de- rived from laboratory test results. Solutions of stress distribution in the clastic and the plastic state are presented, indicating the influence of the ‘matcrial parameters, as derived from the above tests on the overstressing. and failure phenomena. Profewor of Chil Enginerng, Technion LIT Has, le Engineer, Industral Development Corporation, Hai, tre “The oral presentation was made by Mr. Mario Huffman 495496 UZAN, LIVNEH AND ESHED ‘THE INFLUENCE OF INTERFACE CONDITION ON, STRESS DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY Rational design and evaluation of flexible pavements is based on the analysis of an elastic multilayered system. In most cases, the interfaces are assumed to be perfectly rough: in other words, no slip is allowed to occur between the various layers of the pavement structure. In the last ren yeats, computer programs have been improved to take into account real charac- teristics of interfaces. In finite element programs this is done by introduc ing the frictional element, (1), 2), and others, and in numerical integration programs by implementation of a constitutive law describing the stress- displacement of the interface in its plane (BISAR program of the Shell Company, (3). Practical applications of these approaches were limited in the past, due to insufficient knowledge regarding the interface constitutive laws and excessive consumption of computer time. In this section, the influence of interface conditions on stress or strain distribution is analyzed, in order to evaluate its implications for pavement design and evaluation. ‘The study is confined principally to the first inter- face, which represents the interface between binder and wearing courses in asphaltic pavements or between old and new asphaltic layers ‘Romain (4), has carried out an extensive study of the influence of inter face conditions in several four-layer systems. Some of his findings are sum- ‘marized in lable 1 (see also Figure 1). Table 1 presents the actual magnitude of stresses, strains and deflections for three cases of different interface conditions relative to the stresses, strains and deflections computed for the case of full adhesion at all inter faces. It can be seen that in most cases, stresses, strains and deflections in- Crease when any one of the interfaces 4 changes from perfectly ramgh Fo per . fectly smooth. It is of special inter- 7 «st to point out the increase of the oe E*10E+ tensile strain at the bottom of that ! Ejsoe, ayer which is located adjacent to the interface whose properties have — been changed. Also, it is worth not- ing te ingease in the compressive Sttan a the top of the fourth ayer % Esr4E4 presenting the subgrade. I can be Seen tnar dhe dencetons are almost Unaffected when the uppermost ne terface is changed from rough to J ec, smooth Te should be noted that the influence of the interface condition “ie ie is more pronounced when the ratio Fig 1 Description of he Four fate modu of the adjacent ‘by Romain (4). layers is close to one.ADHESION PROPERTIES 497 ‘Table 1, Relative Results of 4 Layer System with Different Interface Conditions wm] a rencwwrsive | 0.7 | 107 ax. tensile ree mat | | fenempresive | aay | tay | 3.0r berecion es sancconpressive um [ess] var ee | fontentte nae | 2a |r tenewersive | orar | um | as | { sett | penaotte oe |e | tale | | ae eee oe ca lee | | | | | | | | ! [momen | ona foe | br \ eee Oe [ee | : 1 rineworenie | tar | ota fous | an | | rox-datbaction has ne base | Until recently, solutions of multilayered systems were restricted to the ‘wo extreme interface conditions, pertectly rough or perfectly smooth. Uzan (3), (5), presented a method for the solution of elastic multilayered systems with partially rough interfaces. Goodman’s constitutive law has been adopted to describe the interfave Leliavivr, ie Kau a) where + denotes the shear stress at interface, ‘Gu the relative horizontal displacement of the two faces at the terface, and