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Management Styles/Theories
• Matrix: • Herzberg:
– rows and columns w/ – “Motivation” Hygiene
projects and managers Theory:
• hygiene factors: salary,
• Leikert: status, challenging work,
– “participation” at all levels benefits
• motivation factor:
– BHR Theory: worker achievement, promotion,
productivity and supervisor recognition; responsibility
control are inversely
proportional • McGregor:
– Exploitive-authoritative; – Theory “X”: lazy
Benevolent-authoritative; employees
Consultative – Theory “Y”: motivated
employees
Management Styles/Theories
• Argyris: • Span of Control:
– # of employees reporting to one
– Employees treated like manager should be limited
children and/or adults
• TQM:
will act like such
– philosophy and technique that
– Conflict theory: uses statistical theory to improve
production quality and
– Leveling: boss doesn’t performance
make all the decisions – Every employee is responsible for
– Incongruence theory: product quality
– *Shewhart Cycle: Plan, Do,
mature workers desire Study Act
independence
• Multiple Causation:
• Drucker: MBO – accidents occur when causes and
sub-causes combine
HEINRICH
• Pyramid w/ SA at top
Self Actualization
Self - Esteem
Belonging-Love
Safety
Physiological
Blake Mouton Grid
9
1
Task
BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY
• Geller:
– “The ABCs of Behavior”
• Antecedent
• Behavior
• Consequence
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
THEORY
• Most current thinking • Key to effectiveness is
• Management ultimately defining management
responsible for safety accountability
• Unsafe behaviors, • Safe design is key to
conditions and accidents preventing root cause of
symptomatic of many accidents
management failure
• Circumstances can be • Function of safety is to
predicted to produce injuries locate and define
• Safety should be managed operation errors that
like any other business contribute to accidents
function
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
• Peter Principle:
– people promoted to level of incompetence
• Parkinson’s Principle:
– work expands to fill allotted time
• Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution:
– “80/20” Rule
• 20% of employees responsible for 80% of work
TYPES OF COMMANDS
• Unity of Command: • Vertically Integrated:
– each employee report – company owns all
to only one individual aspects of the production
• Span of Control: process (eg/ Ford)
– number of employees • Horizontally Integrated:
reporting to one – company owns little to
individual none of production
process (eg/ Dell)
ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMS
MATRIX
(eg/ Special Projects)
Project Manager
FUNCTIONAL
PRESIDENT
DIVISIONAL
(eg separate opeating systems,
companies and procedures)
PRESIDENT
GEOGRAPHIC
GEN MANAGER
CUSTOMER
(eg/ Customer driven,
not production driven)
SALES MANAGER
• BASIC: • DIRECT:
– Poor management – Unplanned release of
practices energy resulting in
fatality, injury, or
property damage
• INDIRECT:
– Unsafe acts or unsafe
conditions
– Can lead to direct
causes
Safety Analysis Techniques - 1
AND
"multiply"
OR
"add"
Procedures People
EFFECT
ENV EQUIP
SYSTEM SAFETY
• CLASSIFYING FAILURE • SYSTEM SAFETY:
IMPACTS: – Fail Safe Passive:
• 0 energy state
– Catastrophic • equipment stops
– Critical operating
• eg/ circuit breakers and
– Marginal fuses
– Negligible – Fail Safe Active:
• eg/ emergency lights
– Fail Safe Operational:
• safest for people
• eg/ feed water valve
REDUNDANT SYSTEMS
A
• Single Parallel: FX
B
– Multiply failures
A
• Double Parallel: FX
B
C
• Standby:
– sensor FX
• Series: B Sensor
– Multiply successes A B C FX
– eg/ CGM: sample O2, Flam and Toxics
– Pf = 1 – (Ps)x
RELIABILITY
• Basic Equation:
1 - # of failures / total # of items exposed
• Reliability in Series:
R1 x R2 x R3
• Reliability in Parallel:
1 - (1 - Ra)(1-Rb)(1-Rc) . . .
DEFECTS & PROBABILITIES
• Basic Equation:
Pf + Ps = 1
• Redundant Series:
– Pf = 1 – (Ps)x
• Redundant Parallel:
– Ps = 1 – (Pf)x
Probability of Defect
• Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35% and C
produces 40%. Their rate of defects are .05, .04 and .02,
respectively. What is probability that machine A will produce a
defect?
• 1. Construct probability table:
A B C
25 35 40
.05 .04 .02
25*.05 35*.04 40*.02
1.25 1.4 0.8
• 2. Add up defects
– 1.25 + 1.4 + 0.8 = 3.45
• 3. Divide Machine A over total defect rate
– 1.25/3.45 = 0.36
Probability of Success
• Question: An airplane has two engines, each
with a probability of success of 0.90. What is the
probability that the airplane will arrive safely if
one or both engines working will ensure a safe
arrival?
B
– Calculate Ps of (B+C) .30
• Ps(B+C) = 1 – Pf
A
• Ps(B+C) = 1- [(.55)(.40)] = .78
– Calculate Ps of A(B+C) C
• Ps = (.30)(.78) = .23 .60
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
• Question: A group of 20 chips are in a piece of
equipment. What is the probability of two and
only two chips failing if the chips are known to
be 0.03 defective.
P(r) = (λt)r e- λt/r!
•Where P is probability
• P2 = (0.03)(20)2 e-(.03)(20)/2!
•λ = average or rate
– P2 = (.6)2 ln(-.6) / 2! •t = time
– P2 = (.36)(.55) / 2 •r = number of occurrences
– P2 = .099 or 1.0 •e = natural log base (ln)
•! = factorial (r!)
Probability Calculation
•Question: What is the probability that 2 men and 2 women will be
selected out of a group of 10 with 6 men and 4 women?
Solution:
– 1.) Set up diagram 1. [6/2]*[4/2]**/[10/4]
– 2.) Get individual Rates
2a. 6 nCR 2 = 15
a. Combo of 2 men
b. Combo of 2 women 2b. 4 nCR 2 = 6
c. Combo of 2 men and 2 2c. 10 nCR 4 = 210
women
– 3.) Calculate probability 3. [15][6]/[210] = 0.43
*Female, **Male
Statistical Sampling Techniques
• Random
– each item from a popn has equal probability of being selected
• Cluster
– items from popn are grouped by similar characterisitics and the sample
group is selected randomly
• Stratified
– items popn grouped by similar characterisitcs and sample taken from
random selection in groups
– age groups such as: > 60, 20-60, <60
• Systematic
– items from popn are selected based upon factors such as time or
location/position (eg/ every 5th one)
– good for QC
STATISTICS - 1
• Z score (Z):
– Determines the location of a single score in the normal distribution
– % area under the curve
– Eg/ your score compared to rest and % widgets that will fail
• T-test (t):
– compare population mean to sample mean
– data sets < 30
– eg/ compares two groups
– SDemployee = $64
• SDm = 820/4800 = .171 or 17%
• SDe = 64/780 = .08 or 8%
– Conclusion: more variation in managers salary
Bell Curve
• 1 SD: +/- 68%
X = 120
• 2 SD: +/- 95% SD = 15
• 3 SD: +/- 99.7%
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
75 90 105 120 135 150 165
Z score Calculation
(from previous curve)
Z = x-μ/σ
RECORDABLE 60 25 85
100 92 8 .69
60 68 -8 .94
15 23 -8 2.78
25 17 8 3.76
P = F(1+i)-n
– Option 2 - Buy (PV lump sum):
• (a) Calculate Maintenance Costs = $10,038 x (500/2000)* = 2509
• (b) Initial cost plus maintenance = 10K + 2509 = $12,509
• © calculate salvage: P = F(1+i)-n = (5K)(1.15)-10 = $1236
• © Cost minus salvage = 12509 - 1236 = $11,273
• *maintenance agreement is 1/4 of original monthly lease amount
• Molarity:
– moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution
• Molality:
– moles of solute/kg of solvent
• Equivalent:
– qty of acid/base that yields 1 mole H+
• Normality:
– # of equivalents dissolved in a liter
BENZENE
– Dilution calulcation:
• Q = 403 x 106 x .7 x .03 pts/min x 6 / (100)(50 ppm) = 11,300 CFM
TWA - Chemical Exposure
• Calculate mg:
– 1L of benzene = 600 g (60% of L of H20 is 1)
– 600g x 1000mg/g = 600K mg
• Calculate area: 4000 m3
• Calculate ppm: (600Kmg/4000m3)(24.45)/78 = 47 ppm
REDUCING CONCENTRATIONS
• Question: A furniture drying area contains 100 ppm of a
solvent. If the volume of the room is 100Kft3, the ventilation
rate 2,000 cfm, how long to reduce the [solvent] to 25 ppm?
– Where C1 is initial [ ]
– C2 is final [ ] ln(C2/C1) = -Q’/V(t2-t1)
– Q’ is ventilation rate in cfm
– V is volume of room in ft3
– t1 is start time
– t2 is end time
• Looking for t2:
• t2 = ln(C2/C1)(V/Q’)
• t2= ln (.25)(100Kft3)/(-2000ft3/min) = 69.31 min
SAMPLING SAEs
• Question: A sample reveals xylene exposure for an 8-hr
period was 105 ppm. The PEL for xylene is 100 ppm. The
SAE is 0.10. What can you conclude from these results?
– Where Y = standardized [ ]
Y = X/PEL
– X = given concentration
UCL = Y + SAE
– CL = confidence limits
LCL = Y - SAE
• ESH AVOIDANCE
• Contracts INS
CONTRACTS
• Avoidance
ESH
RISK MANAGEMENT
• Pure Risk: • Types of Companies
– expectation of an event that
will only produce loss should it – Captive:
occur (eg/ FIRE) • self-insured; pools, can’t
• Speculative Risk: get public insurance
– result of an event which will – Stock:
produce a gain or loss should it • for profit
occur (eg/ business venture)
– Mutual Company:
• Societal Risk:
• Company owned by policy
– # of incidences/consequences
that occur per year holders
• Individual Risk: • eg/ State Farm, USAA
– Probability of a single – Lloyds of London:
consequence occurring to an • syndicate (not insurance
individual in a given year company)
INSURANCE
• Items covered under basic • WC organization’s pay
policy: “insured cost” of accidents
only
– “WHARVES”
• An accident resulting in
• Wind hospital TX is “insured”
• Hail cost of accident
• Aircraft
• Riot
• Uninsured costs are
• Vandalism “deductible” part of policy
• Explosion
• Smoke
CALCULATING PREMIUMS
– Basic Equation:
• Premiums:
PR = (manual rating)(EMR)(earnings/100)
• Retrospective:
– immediate past year’s loss experience
• EMR: EMR = actual expenses/expected expenses
• WC Loss Ratio:
– ratio of 0.6-0.7 is reasonable
LR = losses (or benefits paid)/premium received
WC Miscellaneous
• Schedule Rating: • Retrospective rating based
– Assigning companies credits upon immediate past year’s
and debits based upon safety loss experience
performance compared to a
baseline • Manual rate based upon avg
rate per $100 of payroll
• Manual Rating:
– Rate based upon hazard • EMR based upon loss
associated with occupation experience over 3 yrs
• Premium Discounting: – adjust company’s premium
based upon losses compared
– Large employers receive to like industry
discounts based upon their
size – Uses an average of 1 for
industry (eg/ >1 worse than
• No fault system provides industry std and <1 better)
“exclusive remedy”
WC Calculation
• Questions:
– Employee earns $1000, manual rating of 3.50
and EMR of 1.5. What is WC premium?
• Answer:
– $3.50 (rate per $100 of payroll) x 10 ($1000/100) x 1.5 (b/c
above avgEMR of 1.0) = $40.25
OSHA Incident Rate Calculations
• Basic Equations:
– Incident Rate (IR)
IR = # cases x 200,000/exposure hours
• Record Maintenance:
– I&I Logs must be maintained for 3 years
– Medical records must be maintained for 30 yrs past date
of employment
CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY
COMMISSION (CPSC)
• Established as a result of • MFRs, Distributors and
the CPS Act of 1972 Retailers must report to
• Operates a national info CPSC when product:
network called the NEISS – Fails to comply with
• Products regulated: standards
– Apparel and non-apparel – Contains a defect which
fabrics creates hazards
– Hazardous substances – Poses unreasonable risk of
– Materials required child- serious injury or death
resistant packaging (eg/ – Subject to 3 or more civil
food, drugs, cosmetics and
fuels) actions in one year
– Household/educational /
recreational products
HYDROSTATICS
• Basic Equation: Pv = Q2/891d4
– where Q is volume in gpm
– where d is distance in inches
10 ft
ELECTRICITY
Ohms Law
• Basic Equations:
– where P is power P = VI
– V is volts
– I is current V = IR
– R is resistance
ELECTRICITY
(Resistance - 1)
Rseries = R1 + R2 + Rn
– 1/Rp = 1/50 + 1/10 + 1/10 = 1/.22
– 2.) Invert: 1/.22 = 4.54 ohms 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn
Note: always invert final answer
ELECTRICITY
(Resistance - 2)
– Where V is voltage V = IR
– I is amps
– R is resistance in ohms
– V= IR I = V/R = 110V/10ohms = 11 amps
• Rule of thumb:
• Voltage doesn’t change thru system in parallel/series
Bonding and Grounding
• Bonding: • Grounding:
– connecting two – provides a conducting
conducting bodies by path b/w charged
means of a conductor objects and the earth
– flam liquids build up
electrostatic charge
when agitated or
during transfer
ELECTRICITY MISC
• Interlocks used in electrical • Electrical bonding eliminates
equipment must meet “fail- the potential difference b/w
safe” criteria two conductors
• An electrical “open knife” • Electrolytic fluid in in lead-
switch cannot be used in
hazardous locations because: acid batteries during
– Live parts are exposed changing can produce
– It has sharp edges hydrogen gas
• “Snap switches” enclose live • An electrical system is “de-
parts and are safer than open energized” only after it has
knife switches been shut off and tested
• Electrical circuit protective • Conductive (protective)
devices (eg/ fuse or circuit clothing is used for
breaker) open the circuit electrostatic hazards
Flammable/Combustible Liquids
• Flammable Liquids • Combustible Liquids
– Class IA: – Class II:
• FP < 73F and BP < • FP> 100F and < 140F
100F – Class IIIA:
– Class IB: • FP > 140F and < 200F
• FP < 73F and BP > – Class IIIB:
100F
• FP > 200F
– Class IC:
• FP > 73F and < 100F
Electrical Classifications (NEC 500)
• Class I:
– Div. 1:ignitable [flam. Gases and vapors] normally exist,
(eg/open systems)
– Div. 2: volatile liquids or gases confined
• Class II:
– Div. 1: comb. dust under normal conditions
– Div. 2: sufficient qty of dust not normally present
• Class III:
– Div. 1: ignitable fibers are handled and/or processed
– Div. 2: ignitable fibers are handled only
FIRE MISCELLANEOUS - 1
• Extinguisher Requirements • 2 TYPES OF SMOKE
– Visual inspection monthly DETECTORS:
– Maintenance checks annually – Ionizing
– Hydrostatic testing every 5 and • smaller smoke particles
12 years
• incipient stage of fire
– Travel distance to Class A is
75 feet – Photoelectric
– Travel distance to Class B &C • larger particles
is 50 ft • smoldering fires
FIRE MISCELLANEOUS - 2
• TETRAHYDRAN OF COMBUSTION:
– Requires the following 4 elements:
• Fuel
• Oxygen
• Ignition
• Chain Reaction
Fire Prevention
(Basic Principles)
• Combustion • Conduction
– rapid chemical rxn of 02 w/
a fuel – mechanism of thermal
– produces CO and CO2 plus E transfer b/w
heat materials
– elements include 02, heat, – materials have high
ignition conduction (metals) or
• Convection low (plastics)
– a result of movement of air
and combustion products
– determines direction which
a fire will spread
Fire Prevention
Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids - 2
• Flash Point • Fire Point
– lowest temp at which a liquid can – lowest temp at which a flam
generate enough vapor above its liquid in an open container
surface to support combustion in gives off enough vapors to
presence of ignition source continue to burn once ignited.
• Vapor Pressure • Explosive/flammable Range
– Pressure exerted by a vapor on – Concentration of flam vapor or
its liquid at equilibrium gas in air that can ignite in
presence of ignition source
– strongly affected by Temperature
– LFL: min conc of vapor in air
• Equilibrium below which flame will not
– Vaporization and condensation propagate (eg/ 1.4 for gas)
of molecules until the rates of the – UFL: max conc of vapor in air
two become equal below which flame will not
– strongly affected by Temperature propagate (eg/ 7.6 for gas)
Fire Prevention
Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids - 2
• Autoignition Temp • Evaporation Rate
– lowest temp that will produce – rate at which liquid is converted to
combustion w/o an ignition vapor at given T and P
source – ER reported in relation to
butylacetate
• Specific Gravity
• Water Solubility
– density of liquid relative to – many flam liquids (ROHs, ethers,
density of water ketones) completely soluble in water
• Vapor Density – mixture reduces flammability and
– measure of relative densities of static charge
vapors and gases compared to • Boiling Point (BP)
air – temp at which the liquid transforms
– most flam liquids VP> air into vapor at given P
therefore ventilation needed at – a strong function of P and always
floor level decreases with a decrease in P
– most flam gases VP<1 therefore • Boiling Liquid-Expanding Vapor
Explosion (BLEVE)
ventilation needed above floor
level – failure of a container at atm P holding
a liquid above it’s B
FLAMMABLE GASES
• Definition: • Can be liquified by T
– Must satisfy either: and P
• a UFL of 13% or • Wider explosive range
less at ambient T than vapors
and P
• Usually lighter than
• Flammability range
wider than 12% at air
ambient T and P
FIRE GASES
• CO • SO
– results from incomplete – from sulfur-containing materials;
combustion of C12-containing strong irritant
compounds • Ammonia
– large amounts produced in fires – generated from wool, silk, fertilizers,
– 210 times more reactive with explosives, nylon
blood than O2 • HCL
– Simple Asphyxiant – generated by PVC, dyes, perfumes,
• CO2 ag chems
– large amounts produced in fires • HS2
– not toxic gas but reduces – generated via incomplete
concentration of O2 combustion of sulfur-containing
• HCN compounds such as wool and rubber
– deadly, produced from wool, • NO2
silk, acrylonitrile, ag chems, – generated via N2-containing cmpds
rodenticides and polyurethane such as fabrics, cellulose, catalysts
and polymerase inhibitors
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
AGENTS
• CO2 • Halogenated Agents
– flammable liquids, ordinary – HC with one or more atoms of H2
combustibles, electrical fires replaced with halogens
– forms barrier b/w O2 and flammable – replacement w/ halogen eliminated
vapors flammability characteristics and
• Dry Chemical imparts flame-retardant capability
– Regular/Ordinary Chems: for flam – known as Halons
liquid fires – Halons stop combustion rxns by
– Multipurpose Dry Chems: flam interfering w/ progress and
liquid fires and electrical fires development of combustion
– Use dilution, cooling, radiation, intermediate free radicals
shields and flame-retardant actions – Halon numbering system:
to extinguish • eg/1301 (1st place indicates
• Foam number of C atoms, 2nd is Fl,
– flam liquid fires 3rd is Cl, 4th is Br and 5th is I
– use mechanical or chemical means • Dry Powder
– forms cooling blanket that prevents – Used on combustible metals
transfer of flam vapors from surface
of liquid
4 CLASSES OF FIRES AND
EXTINGUISHERS
• Class A • Numerical rating on
– ordinary combustible materials;
use water Class A and B:
– eg/ wood, cloth, paper, rubber and – the larger the #, the
plastics
more the capacity
• Class B
– flam or comb liquids, flam gases, • Should be visible from
greases
– can use water but recommend dry
3 feet away
chem and halon • OSHA required travel
• Class C
– energized electrical equipment
distances:
– use halons – Class A: 75 feet
• Class D – Class B: 50 feet
– comb metals (eg/ Mg, Ti, Zi, Na,
and K) – Class D: 75 feet
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
• Regular Dry Pipe • Deluge
– sprinkler heads attached to
– sprinkler heads are open at
piping containing air or N2
all times
– sprinkler head opens due to heat
– air in piping
• Wet Pipe
– heads attached to piping
containing water under P at all • Combined Dry Pipe and Pre-
times action
– head opens due to heat
• Pre-Action Automatic • Special and Limited Water
– control fire when possibility of Supply
damage to piping or heads
– special situations only
– water valve added to dry pipe
system
– operates like “wet system” w/o
water in piping at all times
COLOR CODING FOR
SPRINKLER HEADS
• Max. Ceiling T (°F):
– 100 Uncolored
– 150 white
– 225 blue
– 300 red
– 375 green
– 425 orange
– 475 orange
Sprinkler Calculations
• Question: what is the required pressure for a
fire protection sprinkler with a K value of 5.6,
protecting 120ft2 with a density of .22 gpm per
ft2?
• Q = (.22 gal/min/ft2)(120 ft2) = 26.4 gpm
Q = gpm/ft2 x ft2
where Q is flow
F = P(1+i)n
1.5 ft
B C
3 ft
980 lbs
COMPRESSION
(Rules for Trusses)
• Cats crawl across the roof • Inverted trusses act the
• Turtles crawl along the same
ground • Compression members
• C is compression and T is can be replaced by I/H-
tension beams, channel/angle iron
• If you cut at center and it or pipe/solid dowels
falls “inward” then
compression • Tension can be replaced
by cables, chains, or
• If you cut at center and it
falls “outward” then turnbuckles (because
tension pulling action)
COMPRESSION
(Rules for Trusses)
C Load C
B C C A D
E
C C C C
T T T T
A T E T D B T C
• Basic Equations: F = μN
– Friction Force
• where F = frictional force
• μ = coefficient of friction
• N = total weight
• Pd = (4.52)(1850)1.85/(100)1.85(6.065)4.87 = 5005023/32537637 =
.1538
• Factor drop for 200 ft:
– (.1538)(200ft) = 30.1 psi
THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 1)
• Question: The coefficient of friction is .5 b/w the 100-lb box
and the upper ramp and .3 b/w the 40-lb box and the lower
portion of the ramp, and the pulley is frictionless. Will the
boxes remain on the ramp?
• Equation: 100
20°
40
Ff = μN 30°
where Ff = pushing/pulling force (parallel force)
μ = coefficient of static friction
N = normal force (perpendicular to surface)
40
30° N
30°
40
R
THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 2)
• Three parts of ramp question: (1) friction (stick), (2) non-friction
(slide) and (3) Fnet.
• 40-lb weight:
– Friction calculation (stick):
• F = μN = (.3)(N) and N = cah (from SOHCAHTOA) therefore: cos30
A/40 = 34.6 lbs.
• F = (.3)(34.6) = 10.38 lbs.
– Non-Friction calculation (slide):
• Solve for R where R = SOH or sin30° = O/H or R/H = 20 lbs.
– Calculate Fnet:
• 20lbs - 10.38lbs = 9.6 lbs
• More slide than stick
THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 3)
• 100 lb weight:
– Friction calculation (stick):
• Ff = μN = (.5)(N) = cah = cos20° N/100 = 93.96 lbs.
• Ff = (.5)(93.96 lbs) = 46.98 lbs. Stick
• Solution:
– Will the boxes remain on the ramp?
– 9.6 lbs (slide) compared to 12.78 lbs (stick) = 12.78 - 9.6 = 3
– Yes, by 3 lbs.
HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
• Breaking Strength:
– where B is rope breaking strength
– S = # of parts of sheaves in rope
– W = weight
– F = Safety Factor
B = [W + 0.1WS/S]F
Calculating Dikes - 1
• Question:
– What is min. height dike required in a 50’x80’ area containing
3 tanks (one 100K gal w/ 35’ diameter and two 20K gal w/ 20’
diameters)?
• Answer:
– 1. ) Convert largest tank from gal to ft3
• 100Kgal x 1 ft3/7.48 gal = 13,369 ft3
– 2.) Calculate tank farm area
• A = hw = 50*80 = 4000 ft2
– 3.) Subtract out area for other tanks from #2
• 2(Π)(10ft2)= 628 ft2
• 4000 ft2 - 628 ft2 = 3372 ft2
– 4.) Solve for H (height) of dike
– V = ah or h = V/a = 13369/3372 ft2 = 3.96 or 4 ft
Floor Loading and Tank Sizing
• Question: A 5000 lb capacity tank weighs 6500 lbs.
Floor loading is 200 PSF. How high can tank be?
• Answer:
– 1.) Convert tank size (in gal) to lbs. x sg
• eg/ 5000gal x 8.34 lb/gal x 0.8
– 2.) Add tank volume (in lbs) to tank weight
• eg/ 33.360 lbs + 6500lbs = 39860 lbs
– 3.) Convert lbs to ft2 for area eqtn a = Πr2
• 39860 x 1ft2/200 lb = 199 ft2
– 4.) Solve for radius: a = Πr2 so
– r2 = a/Π = 1.99/3.14 = r = 63 r = 7.9 of 8 ft
PLANT LAYOUT
• Considerations during • “Flow” plant layout:
design and operations: – Advantages:
– Direction of wind
• Minimization of length
– # of employees to run plant
of transfer lines
– Cost of future revisions
• Minimization of energy
requirement for transport
• During design of of materials
“outdoor” plant layout, all – Disadvantages:
equipment containing • Requires more people
flammable materials
should be located on the • “Grouped” Plant Layout:
“downwind” side such – All similar equipment is
that vapors do not re- placed together
entrain
Safety Facts
• 3 leading causes of • Code developed by ASME
UST releases are: requires pressure for
hydrostatic test at 150%
– Piping failure
MAWP
– Corrosion
• Per ANSI/ASME A17.2,
– Spilling/overflowing the recommended
frequency for inspections
for passenger elevators is
every 6 months
PPE Consensus Standards
• ANSI Z87.1 –1989 • ANSI Z89.1-1986
– Eyes – Head
• ANSI Z41-1991: • ANSI Z53.1
– Shoes – Color coding for safety
Classes of Hardhats
• Class A:
– falling objects, electricity and low voltage
conductors
• Class B:
– falling objects, electricity and high voltage
conductors
• Class C:
– falling objects
49 CFR 172 - Labeling
Hazardous Materials
• RED • Flammables
• YELLOW • Oxidizers
• GREEN • NF gas
• BLACK & WHITE • Corrosive
• ORANGE • Explosive
• BLUE • Dangerous
Classifying Hazardous Materials
• F List: • P List:
– finishing compounds, – acutely toxic chemicals
solvents, TCDD, – “P” for potent
plating
• U List:
– “F for finishing”
– other toxic chemicals
• K List: -”U” for udder
– special industrial
processes
– “K for special K”
Branches of the Government
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
EPA OSHRC
Review OSH cases
NTSB CPSC
NRC
FRA
FMCSA
RSPA
Haz Mat
NHTSA
CDLs
Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration (FMCSA)
• Issue CDL
• Random alcohol testing 25%
• Controlled substance testing 50%
• Alcohol test required within 2 hrs of
accident
• Substance test required within 32 hrs of
accident
PLAYGROUND SAFETY
• Recommended use zones • Recommended diameter
for playground equipment of rungs and other hand
should extend a minimum gripping components is
of 6ft in all directions 1.25.
from perimeter of – The younger the
equipment children the > the grip
• Minimum distance b/w size due to motor skills
structures w/ designated
play surfaces of 30” or >
is 9 ft
Communication
• Reliability: • Norm-referenced:
– consistency in measuring – Grading system where
employee’s knowledge and
abilities student’s performance is
compared to that of others
– eg/ returns same basic
results time and again • Criterion-referenced:
• Validity: – Performance is dependent
– Effectiveness upon predetermined
– Relevance of test to job standard of conduct or
knowledge and skills behavior
– eg/ final test for maintenance – eg/ competency on
department on confined space
entry
employee HazCom exam
LAWS OF LEARNING
• 3 Functions of a computer:
– Input
– Output
– Process (CPU)
• Incineration: • Scrubbers:
• Controlled combustion • Remove contaminants
• Afterburners convert by absorption into
CO to CO2 liquid
• “Excess Air” enhances • Neutralize gas mixtures
combustion • Operate on
• Removes organics but countercurrent flow
not heavy metals basis
LEGAL CONCEPTS
• Tort: • Contributory Negligence:
– A wrongful act or failure to – defense used by employers
exercise due care, other than prior to WC laws
breach of contract, resulting in
legal injury (eg/ libel, slander, • Concept of Privity:
assault and negligence) – direction connection to one
• Liability: another
– An obligation to rectify or • Patent Defect
recompense an injury or damage
by the responsible party – discovered in all items of a
given manufactured batch
• Negligence:
– Failure to exercise a reasonable • Latent Defect
amount of care or to carry out a – occur in a limited number of
legal duty so that injury or manufactured items of a
damage occurs to another given batch
LEGAL CONCEPTS
• Liabilities: • Breach of Warranty:
– Implied Warranty: expectation, – Failure of product to fulfill
what product should be able to contractual obligation
regarding product’s
do
specifications and
• Warranty of Fitness: will suitability
meet buyer’s intended use
• Warranty of Merchantability:
• Doctrine of “Fellow
relates to buyer’s expectations Servant Rule:”
or what the product should do – Employer not responsible
– Express Warranty: written or for injuries suffered by an
oral promise employee due to negligence
of another employee
– Strict Liability: negligence or
fault not necessary for liability • Statutory law is codified
by a governing body
– Limited Liability: to
compensate injured parties
LEGAL PRINCIPLES
• 4 Parts of a Contract • res ipsa loquitur:
– Agreement speaks for itself
– Consideration • caveat emptor: buyer
– Legal Purpose beware
– Competent parties • caveat venditor: seller
beware
• Note: considered a • ultra vires: beyond
contract when placed in
given authority
mail or fax received
REGULATORY
(OSHA - 1)
• OSHA • Record Keeping
– OSH Act of 1971 – Must be maintained by
– Standards to protect S&H of employers with 11 or >
employees employees
– Forms:
– Created NIOSH and OSHRC
– OSHA 300: “Log of Work-
– National Consensus Standards related Injuries & Illnesses”;
detailed description of I&I
• NFPA and ANSI containing employee info
– General Standards – OSHA 300A: Total numbers
• OSHA of I&I; must be posted annually
FEB-APR
– Emergency Temporary
– Injury must be recorded w/I 6
Standards
days
• Created by OSHA in response
to IDLH situations • All I&I records must be
maintained for 5 years
REGULATORY (OSHA - 2)
• Variances • Citations
– Temporary: to give ER – Issued by OSH Area
additional time to come into
compliance; must show “on- Director
going” compliance program – ER can appeal w/in 15 days
– Permanent: must show of issuance
existing procedures will result
in environment as safe and – May issue “notice” rather
healthful as procedure than citation
mandated by standard – 6 Types: IDLH, Willful,
• OSHA Inspections Repeat, Serious, Non-
– Regular: normal “planned” Serious, FTA
inspection schedule
– Special: result of complaint,
referral, accident, etc.
REGULATORY
(Haz Com)
• “Workers Right-to- • Requirements:
– Written program, MSDSs,
Know” of 1983 labeling & training
– Affects 3 groups: – Above must be available
• Chemical MFRs, importers during each work shift and
available upon request
or distributors
– Labels must be in English
• Employers
• Employees
• Exemptions:
– Haz waste, food additives,
drugs and cosmetics, consumer
products or hazardous
substances (by CPSC),
Pesticides and Alcohol not
intended for industrial use.
REGULATORY
(HAZWOPER)