-ING-

1. e – make + ing > making

2. ee - seeing
3. short words ending in M, N, P, T - swimming, running, stopping, getting
4. British English – travelling, American English – traveling
5. -ie > ying (tie > tying)
6. Y – a, e, i, o, u, l*, r* > ying
consonant + y > ing
7. Skiing
- Glasovi l I r se smatraju polusamoglasnicima (isto je i u BHS)
- Y ostaje u imenicama koje zavrsavaju sa y – studying, partying, replying

Question tags

- Question tags su rečenične konstrukcije koje koristimo kao mehanizam za nastavak

konverzacije, to jest tražimo od sugovornika da se samo složi
- QT - statement, auxiliary / modal + pronoun
- He is ready, isn’t he?

*Present Simple and Past Simple nemaju pomoćni glagol

She works as a dancer, doesn’t she?
He worked as a hitman, didn’t he?

** I am happy, aren’t I?

! THERE
There were many apples, weren’t there?
Let’s have a cup of tea, shall we?

VERBS

- U engleskom jeziku postoje tri vrste glagola

1. Lexical ili pravi su oni glagoli koji nose samostalna znacenja (radnja, stanje, zbivanje), to
jest mogu tvoriti imperativne rečenice
2. Auxiliary ili pomoćni su oni glagoli koji pomažu pri gradnji složenih glagolskih vremena
TO BE, TO DO, TO HAVE
3. Modals ili modali su oni glagoli koji oblikuju to jest modeliraju značenje rečenice
can/could
shall/should
will/would
may/might
must/have to
need, dare, ought to – semi-modals
 Past Simple Present Perfect

- Ovo glagolsko vrijeme koristimo za: - Ovo glagolsko vrijeme koristimo za:
1. Radnja koja se desila u prošlosti I 1. Raadnja koja se desila u prošlosti ali
definitivno završila ima posljedice ili rezultat u sadašnjosti
2. Radnja koja ima tačno vrijeme 2. Radnja koja je počela u prošlosti, još
događanja uvijek je aktuelna, ali ima ograničeno
Form: regular – infinitive + ED vrijeme trajanja
irregular II form Form: have/has + past participle
(present) (perfect)
Tom broke his arm. Tom has broken his arm.
Interrogative – did + inf Interrogative – inversion
Did Tom break his arm? Has Tom broken his arm?
*u engleskom jeziku nastavak za vrijeme može
nositi samo jedan glagol negative – have/ has + not + past participle
Negative – did + not + infinitive Tom hasn’t broken his arm.
Tom did not break his arm.
*u engleskom jeziku ddozvoljeno je negirati Signals: ever (?), never (-), since (od), for
samo pomoćni glagol (period), already (+), just (-), yet (-), up to now,
*samo pomoćni glagol može mijenjati mijesto u so far, until, till now, recently, this month
engleskoj rečenici

Signals: yesterday, last (year), ago, in 2005,

when

School – leaver > British English

drop out > American English

Superlative

- Je najjači stepen poređenja koji koristimo kada je imenica/radnja toliko jedinstvena da je

nemamo s čim porediti

I’m the dullest person ever.

I’m the sexiest person ever!

*kada želimo naglasiti da je nešto jednako po osobinama koristimo konstrukciju as ________ as

Joe is as dull as Jane.

Irregular comparison

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good Better the best
Bad worse the worst
Little less the least
Many/much more the most
Far farther / further farthest / furthest
Old older / elder the oldest / the eldest
Order of adjectives:

- Zbog toga što engleski jezik ima strogo određeni red riječi u rečenici i redoslije pridjeva je
strogo određen
1. Opinion (lovely, horrible)
2. Size (large, small)
3. Age (old, modern, second- hand)
4. Shape (square, rectangular)
5. Temperature (hot, mild, balmy, freezing)
6. Colour (magenta, yellow)
7. Origin (Chinese, Argentinian)
8. Material (wooden, golden)

NOUNS

- imenice su vrsta riječi koja imenuje svijet oko nas / nouns are words which name everything
in existence
1. personal
a) names and surnames – James Brown
b) geographical terms – the Thames, the Alps, Paris
c) days, months – Saturday, October
d) foreign languages – French
e) school subjects – Maths
f) nations and ethnicities – Russian, Jewish
g) religions and beliefs – Buddhism
h) holidays – Eid, Easter
i) great historical events – Second World War
j) monuments and important buildings – the Statue of Liberty
k) titles – Little Red Riding Hood
l) personification – Mother Nature, Father Time
2. common (zajedničke) – identifikuju kojoj vrsti pripada riječ
3. collective (zbirne) – jedna riječ označava mnoštvo – class
4. abstract (love, envy, pride, courage)

plural: es/s
boy> boys, desk > desks

-ch – watches
-sh – brushes
-s – buses
-ss – kisses
-x- foxes

*potato > potatoes

*memos
*photos
*buffaloes, buffalos, mosquitoes, mosquitos, tornado, tornadoes
*f/fe > ves (wife – wives, wolf – wolves, leaf – leaves, knife – knives)
*scarfs, scarves, hoofs, hooves
*-oof > roofs
-ff > cliffs
-ief > chiefs
*dwarf – dwarves, dwarfs

irregular / mutated plural

man > men
woman > women
child > children
person>people
tooth > teeth
goose > geese
mouse > mice
louse > lice
ox > oxen

*fish, sheep, deer – both plural and singular

Sheep is a friendly anima. Sheep are friendly animals.

Countable / uncountable nouns

- brojive su one imenice koje posjeduju oba gramatička broja – jedninu I množinu
- nebrojive su one imenice koje ne posjeduju množinu, već ih uvijek smatramo jedninom

Nebrojive se dijele u tri gupe:

a) materijali/tečnosti
bread, butter, cheese, flour, tea, chocolate, milk, oil, sand, wood, sugar, vinegar

b) apstraktne – knowledge / cowardice

*novac je nebrojiva imenica, kovanice su brojiva imenica

**money, advice, information, work, news

The news is bad.

c) luggage, baggage, garbage, jewellery, furniture, weather, time, shopping, hair

some / any – some za potvrdne rečenice, any za odrične I upitne

*jedini izuzetak je upotreba some u ljubaznim pitanjima – Can I have some water?

many/much A few / a little

many + C a few + c
many mice a few men
many children a few rice
much + U
much luck a little + U
much rice a little snow
a little love

a few ≠ few
a little ≠ little (little means skoro ništa)
Gerund
- je imenica koja se gradi dodavanjem nastavka -ing na infinitive
- kissing – gerund (noun) / present participle (verb)
They are kissing. – verb (present participle)
Tom likes kissing. – gerund (object)
Kissing is forbidden. – gerund (subject)
Past Simple
1. prošla završena radnja
2. radnja sa tačnim
datumom događanja u
prošlosti
forms – regular + ED
irregular II kolona
Peter saw Mary yesterday.
Did Peter see Mary Yesterday?
Peter did not see Mary
yesterday.
Signals: yesterday, last, ago, in
1989, first…then, when
Four ways of expressing the future
Past Continuous Past Perfect
1. radnja u prošlosti koja 1. prošla radnja koja se
je imala određeno desila I završila prije
trajanje neke druge radnje u
2. složene rečenice prošlosti
zadjeno sa Past Simple 2. u složenim rečenicama
form – past to be + present / sa Past Simple
was / were / participle (ing)
form – past to have + past
Signals: while, as participle
Upotreba: upotreba:
- najčešće u složenim - najčešće u složenim
rečenicama zajedno sa rečenicama zajedno sa Past
Past Simple (duža Simple – starija radnja (Past
radnja Past Perfect, mlađa radnja Past
Continuous, kraća Simple)
radnja Past Simple) - čitavu jednu zavisnu
When I saw him, he was rečenicu možemo
crying. skratiti pomoću
I saw him while / as he was after/before +
crying. GERUND
After feeding my dog, I
went to school.
Signals: before/after, already,
up to then
- Past Perfect se gotovo
nikad (osim kao
teorijski primjer) ne
pojavljuje samostalno
u rečenici, već gotovo
uvijek u složenim
rečenicama zajedno sa
Past Simple Tense
(starija radnja), a Past
Perfect je starija
radnja
 - U engleskom jeziku postoje 4 načina za izražavanje budućnosti
1. Will future
2. Going to future
3. Present Continuous
4. Present Simple

Will future

- Ovaj oblik se koristi za izražavanje:

a) buduće radnje za koju znamo, mislimo ili vjerujemo da će se desiti (uglavnom zasnovano
na objektivnim, naučnim činjenicama)
b) za odluke donesene na licu mjesta
c) kao dio I kondicionala
form: modal will + bare infinitive

*infinitive: full infinitive (to make); bare infinitive (make)

Going to future

- Ovaj oblik koristimo za:

a) planove, namjere I dogovore
b) za predviđanje budućnosti zasnovano na sadašnjoj situaciji

Form: present to be + going to + bare infinitive

Example: Its going to rain.

*kada u going to rečenici trebamo upotrijebiti glagol to go obično ga izostavljamo (nije netačno I ako
ga napišemo)
I am going to go shopping tonight.
I am going shopping tonight. – ova verzija je prihvaćenija

Present Continuous

- Ovaj oblik koristimo za budućnost samo u jednom slučaju – kada govorimo o ličnim
planovima za blisku budućnost
I’m seeing him tonight.

Present Simple

- Ovo vrijeme koristimo za budućnost samo kada pričamo o rasporedima I redovima vožnje ili
letenja, to jest kada odvijanje neke radnje nimalo ne zavisi od nas
School starts at 8 next Friday.
The plane arrives at 8 PM.

*fraza to be about to se koristi kada govorimo o nečemu što će se desiti svakog trenutka – It’s about
to rain.

Passive Voice

- Pasiv je glagolski oblik u kojem je bitnija radnja nego njen izvršilac (izvršilac se često
podrazumijeva, nepoznat je ili nebitan)
 - Aktivnu rečenicu pretvaramo u pasivnu tako što objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat
pasivne rečenice, predikat preuzima pasivni oblik (pomoćni glagol + III kolona), a ono što je
bilo subjekat aktivne rečenice sada postaje vršilac radnje, to jest agent pasivne rečenice
- Agent se, ako je potrebno, navodi na kraju rečenice uz prepoziciju by
- Agent se ne navodi ako se podrazumijeva ili je jedna od sljedećih riječi: people, they, them,
somebody, someone, something, anything, anyone, anything, no one, nobody, nothing,
everyone, everybody, everything

Pronouns: subject and object

Subject pronouns Object pronouns

I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them

*od jedne aktivne rečenice možemo napraviti onoliko pasivnih rečenica koliko ima objekata –
prednost uvijek ima živi objekat

1. Present Simple Passive

form: am/is/are + pp (III)
2. Present Continuous Passive
form: am/is/are + being + pp
3. Past Simple Passive
form: was/were + pp
4. Past Continuous Passive
form: was/were + being + pp
5. Present Perfect Passive
have/has + been + pp
6. Past Perfect Passive
had + been + pp
7. Modals: will – would, can – could, shall – should, may – might, must, have to, ought to, need
to, dare to
form: modal + pp
8. Infinitive Passive
to be + pp
- Postoji poseban oblik pasiva koji se koristi kada želimo naglasiti da neku radnju nećemo
samo izvršiti već ćemo angažovati stručnjaka ili neku drugu osobu da nam to uradi
form: to have (something) III
I have to have my hair done.
I have to have my car washed.
I need to have my tooth pulled out.
Relative Clauses

- Relativne rečenice su fraze koje daju dodatne informacije o subjektu ili objektu rečenice,
prepoznajemo ih po relativnim zamjenicama:
who (people)
whom (people) – kome, koga
which (things, animals)
where (places)
whose (possessions) – čije
- Zamjenice who I which možemo zamijeniti zamjenicom that
- U engleskom jeziku postoje dvije vrste relativnih rečenica
a) defining relative clauses – daju ključnu informaciju o subjektu ili objektu pa se ne mogu
izostavljati
The doctor who treated me told me not to worry.
b) non-defining relative clauses – samo pruža dodatnu informaciju o subjektu ili objektu,
može se potpuno izostaviti I obavezno se odvaja zarezima
Picasso, who died in 1973, was a sculptor and painter.
- Relativne zamjenice who/which/that možemo potpuno izostaviti ako se odnose na objekat
rečenice, to jest ako iza njih slijedi imenica ili zamjenica
The boy that kissed me was very cute.
The boy who/that I kissed is very cute. – može se izostaviti
- Ostale zamjenice se uopšte ne smiju izostavljati
- Gerund ima poseban tretman – ispred gerunda ne ide niti jedna zamjenica
I was speaking to children x playing football.

Past Simple Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

Form: regular + ED Form: have/has + past Form: have/has + been +
irregular III participle present participle

? Did + infinitive ? inversion ? inversion

Tom wrote an essay yesterday.
Use: radnja koja se desila I
definitivno završila u prošlosti
Signals: yesterday, last, ago,
when, in 1995, first/then
Neg: have/has + not + pp
Tom has written an essay
recently.
use – radnja koja se desila u
prošlosti, ali ima posljedice ili
rezultat u sadašnjosti
Signals: ever, never, already,
just, yet, till now, until now, so
far, up to now, recently, this
(month)
Neg: have/has + not + been +
pp
Tom has been writing an essay
since 5 o’clock.
Use:
1. Radnja koja je počela u
prošlosti, traje do momenta
govora I postoji mogućnost da
će se nastaviti
2. Za upravo završenu radnju
za koju su dokazi još uvijek
prisutni

Signals: all (day) long, How

long?

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous

 - Ova dva glagolska vremena se razlikuju po tome na šta se fokusiraju: za Present Perfect je
bitan rezultat, dok je za Present Perfect Continuous bitno trajanje radnje
- Present Perfect Continuous se fokusira na how long, a Present Perfect se fokusira na how
many/much
- I have written an essay for Peter. (result)
- I have been writing an essay for Peter since this morning. (duration)
- Present Perfect Continuous – evidence
My hair is wet. (ova rečenica je dokaz) I have been swimming.
- *Present Perfect = Present Perfect Continuous
I’m tired, I have painted / have been painting my room.

*stative verbs ne trpe continuous!

- feelings, senses, possession, belief
- (like, hate), (taste, smell), (belong, own), (believe, think)
-mental verbs (think, condition (be)

Conditionals

Form: if clause, main clause

- U if clause se nalazi condition, a u main clause se nalazi consequence ili result

Zero Conditional
(100%)

If clause – Present
Simple
Main clause – Present
Simple

If you have a
headache, take an
aspirin.

upotreba: koristimo
za naučne činjenice I
empirijski dokazane
situacije