UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THERMOFLUID LABORATORY
CGE 536

NAME : MUHAMMAD SOLEHIN BIN MOHD SHUKUR

EXPERIMENT : EXP 9 (MARCET BOILER)

DATE PERFORMED: 28.9.2018

SEMESTER : 3/EH2433A

STUDENT ID : 2017821442

GROUP : eE

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 NO TITLE ALLOCATED MARKS
MARKS (%)
1. ABSTRACT / SUMMARY 5
2. INTRODUCTION 5
3. AIMS / OBJECTIVES 5
4. THEORY 5
5. APPARATUS 5
6. PROCEDURES 10
7. RESULT 10
8. CALCULATIONS 10
9. DISCUSSION 20
10. CONCLUSIONS 10
11. RECOMMENDATIONS 5
12. REFERENCES 5
13. APPENDICES 5
TOTAL 100

REMARKS:

CHECKED BY:

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TABLE OF CONTENT
No Title Pages

1. Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
2. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
3. Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 6
4. Theory ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
5. Apparatus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
6. Procedures …………………………………………………………………………………………………........ 10
7. Results.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
8. Calculation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
9. Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
10. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
11. Recommendation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
12. Reference ………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 20
13. Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21

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1.0 Abstract
The experiment is carried to observe the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of a saturated steam in equilibrium with water and also to demonstrate the vapour
pressure curve. Marcet Boiler is used to demonstrate this experiment. The boiler is used to
demonstrate the understanding of basic properties of saturated steam. As a result, from this
experiment, the vapour pressure curve can be obtained from this experiment. As the pressure
increases, the temperature also increases. Therefore, the relationship of pressure and
temperature is directly proportional. The derived formulae and data were used to calculate the
slope. The dT/dP measured was compared with the data in the steam table. Theoretically, the
values measured should be almost the same with the predicted values. However, the values
may not be following the theoretical and predicted result because of the errors occurred during
the experiment was conducted.

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2.0 Introduction
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and work in its interchange between a system and the
surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process which are either cooling or
heating. Thermodynamics also concerned about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most
thermodynamics substances such as gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.

On the other hand, real gases are subjected by various aspects beyond the necessary
considerations related to the changes of ideal gases. Hence, it is no longer subjected to absolute
governance by the equation of state unless there is presence of minor modifications within it to
apply on purposes based on properties of real gases. In this experiment, Marcet Boiler was
used as the main apparatus to initiate close study about relationship between saturation
temperature and related pressure of water using the demonstration of vapor pressure curve. It
simply works on the fundamental 3 principle of boiling process which both temperature and
pressure readings of saturated steam are eventually reach equilibrium state with water. In fact,
the state of equilibrium for both vapor and liquid state of water is related closely to the saturated
temperature of liquid water as both variables are depending on the water vapor pressure.
Saturation temperature, Tsat and saturation pressure, Ttemp, are known as the point of phase
changing process for a pure substance when one of the variables is fixed or held at constant
value. In other words, it can be concluded that the more energy required for water molecules
to evaporate at higher pressure in order to reach the state of equilibrium.

The experiment is run using Marcet boiler is used to obtain the result of the relationship
between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all
temperature levels between the atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure up to 10 bar. The
measured value of slope of the graph (dT/dP) obtained from the experiment results can be
compared to the theoretical value (Tvfg/hfg) determined through the calculation from the steam
table.

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3.0 Objectives

1. To study the relationship between the pressure and the temperature steam in equilibrium with
water.

2. To understand the concept of relationship of pressure and temperature steam in equilibrium with
water.

3. To plotted the curve of saturation pressure of the steam.

4. To record the temperature and the pressure of the saturated steam.

5. To list the applications of the saturation steam in equilibrium with water

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4.0 Theory
The use of Marcet Boiler is to investigate the relationship between a saturated pressure and the
temperature of water between ranges of 0-14 bar. By using the Marcet Boiler, we can observe
that as the temperature of water increases, the pressure also increases. Thus, the temperature of
water is said to be directly proportional with the pressure. Thermodynamics is a study related
between energy and entropy, which is also deal with heat and work. It is a set of theories that
related to macroscopic properties, visible with naked eye which we can measure the volume,
pressure and temperature. Ideal gas law is a law in which related to pressure, temperature and
also volume of an ideal gas. Ideal gas law is originally derived experimentally measured from
Charles’s Law and Boyle’s Law. Let P is pressure of a gas, V is a volume it occupies and T is
it temperature which is in Kelvin, K. The ideal gas law state that

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

Where,

P = Absolute Pressure
V = Volume
n = Amount of Substance (moles)
R = Ideal Gas Constant
T = Absolute Pressure (K)

If a gas acted exactly as the ideal gas laws it should behave in terms of the volume, pressure,
moles and temperature, then the gas is said to be an ideal gas. Whereas, the gas deviates from
Ideal Gas behavior, then the gas is said to be acting like a ‘real gas’.

When the energy increases within water by heating, the increased activities among the
molecules enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until the
equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the
water surface and steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier to leave the water
surface while less energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The
temperature where the equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated
temperature.
𝑑𝑇
The measured value of the slope of the graph (𝑑𝑃) obtained from the practical results can
𝑆𝐴𝑇
be compared with corresponding values calculated from the data in steam tables.

Clausius-Clapeyron states:-
𝑑𝑇 𝑇∆𝑣
(𝑑𝑃) =
𝑆𝐴𝑇 ∆ℎ

𝑑𝑇 𝑇𝑣𝑓𝑔
(𝑑𝑃) = ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑆𝐴𝑇

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 𝑑𝑇 𝑇(𝑣𝑔 −𝑣𝑓 )
(𝑑𝑃) =
𝑆𝐴𝑇 ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓

When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase (liquid
or solid), and occurs at temperature much lower than the critical temperature of that substance,
the specific volume of the gas phase, 𝑣𝑔 greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase, 𝑣𝑐 .

𝑣𝑐
∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑔 (1 − ) ≈ 𝑣𝑔
𝑣𝑔

Therefore, one may approximate at low temperature, ∆𝑣 is like the equation above. Therefore,
𝑑𝑇 𝑇(𝑣𝑔 −𝑣𝑓 ) 𝑇𝑣𝑔
(𝑑𝑃) = =ℎ
𝑆𝐴𝑇 ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓 𝑓𝑔

As 𝑣𝑔 ≫ 𝑣𝑓

In which,

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑣𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
ℎ𝑔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡

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5.0 Appratus
Material: -

1. Distilled water

Apparatus: -

1. SOLTEQ® Marcet Boiler (Model:HE169)

1. Pressure Transducer 6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

2. Pressure Indicator 7. Temperature Sensor
3. Temperature Controller/Indicator 8. Pressure Relief Valve
4. Control Panel 9. Heater
5. Bench 10. Water Inlet Port & Valve

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6.0 Procedures
6.1 General Start-up Procedures

General Start-up Procedures

1) Perform a quick inspection to ensure that the unit was in a proper operating condition. 2)
Connect the unit to the nearest power supply.

3) Inspect whether water was already filled in the boiler. If water had been filled in the boiler,
skip step no 4 and 5.

4) Open the valves at the feed port and the level sight tube (V1, V2 and V3).

5) Fill in the boiler with distilled water through the feed port and make sure that the water
was at about half of the boiler height. Then, close the valves, V1 and V2 at the level sight tube.

6) Turn on the power supply switch.

7) Carry out the experiment.

General Shut-down Procedures

1) Switch off the heater and allow the boiler temperature to drop until room temperature. 2)
When the temperature had dropped down to a room temperature, switch off the main switch
and the main power supply.

3) Retain the water for the next use.

4) To drain off the water, open the upper part of the level sight tube, V3 and then open V1
and V2 to drain off the water.

Note: Do not open the valve at the water inlet port as it was highly pressurized at a higher
temperature.

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Experimental Procedure

1) Perform the general start-up procedures.

2) If the boiler was initially filled with water, open the valves at the level sight tube (V2 and
V3) to check the water level. Pour in additional distilled water if necessary. Then, close the
valves.

3) Set the temperature controller to 185.0 °C which was slightly above the expected boiling
point of the water at 10.0 bar (absolute pressure).

4) Open the vent valve, V3 and turn on the heater. It is always important to ensure that the
valves at the level sight tube are closed before turning on the heater as the level sight tube is
not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature.

5) Observe the steam temperature rise as the water boils.

6) Allow the steam to come out from the valve, V3 for about 30 seconds, and then close the
valve. This step was important to remove air from the boiler as the accuracy of the
experimental results will be significantly affected when air is present.

7) Record the steam temperature and pressure when the boiler is heated until the steam
pressure reaches 10.0 bar (absolute pressure). (Make the intervals of pressure data for 0.1
initially, followed by 0.2 and 0.5 for the following data).

8) Then, turn off the heater and the steam temperature and pressure will begin to drop. Start
to record the steam temperature when the boiler is cooled down until the steam pressure
reaches atmospheric pressure.

9) Allow the boiler to cool down to a room temperature.

10) Record the steam temperatures at different pressure readings when the boiler is heated
and cooled.

Warning

: Never open the valve when boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause severe injury

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7.0 Results
Measured Calculated

Pressure , P (bar) Temperature, T ( ͦ C) Slope, Slope,

dT/dP Tvfg/hfg
Inc. Dec. Tavg Tavg
Gauge Absolute ( K/kPa) (K/kPa)
( ˚C ) ( ˚C ) ( ˚C ) (K)

0.10 1.10 80.7 81.7 81.2 354.35 - -

0.50 1.50 87.5 89 88.25 361.40 0.17625 0.1882

1.00 2.00 95.20 96.40 95.80 368.95 0.151 0.1484

1.50 2.50 101.10 102.40 101.75 374.90 0.119 0.1235

2.00 3.00 106.20 107.40 106.80 379.95 0.101 0.1064

2.50 3.50 110.70 111.60 111.15 384.30 0.087 0.0938

3.00 4.00 114.60 115.50 115.05 388.20 0.078 0.0841

3.50 4.50 118.10 118.90 118.50 391.65 0.069 0.0765

4.00 5.00 121.40 122.10 121.75 394.90 0.065 0.0702

4.50 5.50 124.70 125.00 124.85 398.00 0.062 0.0650

5.00 6.00 127.00 127.70 127.35 400.50 0.050 0.0606

5.50 6.50 129.60 130.30 129.95 403.10 0.052 0.0568

6.00 7.00 131.90 132.60 132.25 405.40 0.046 0.0535

6.50 7.50 134.20 135.00 134.60 407.75 0.047 0.0507

7.00 8.00 136.30 137.10 136.70 409.85 0.042 0.0481

7.50 8.50 138.40 139.20 138.80 411.95 0.042 0.0458

8.00 9.00 140.30 141.20 140.75 413.90 0.039 0.0438

8.50 9.50 142.20 143.30 142.75 415.90 0.040 0.0419

9.00 10.00 144.00 144.00 144.00 417.15 0.025 0.0402

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 Average Temperature against Absolute Pressure
430

420
Average Temperature, T (K)

410

400

390

380

370

360

350
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute Pressure, P (bar)

Figure 2: Average Temperature (bar) against Absolute Temperature (K)

Measured and Calculated Slope against Absolute Pressure

0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12
Slope

0.1
Measured Slope (K/kPa)
0.08
Calculated Slope (K/kPa)
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Absolute Pressure, P (bar)

Figure 3: Measured and Calculated Slope (K/kPa) against Absolute Pressure (bar)

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Calculated Slope, Measured Slope, Percentage Error (%)
Tvfg/hfg (K/kPa) (dT/dP) (K/kPa)
- - -

0.1882 0.17625 -6.78

0.1484 0.151 -1.72

0.1235 0.119 -3.78

0.1064 0.101 -5.35

0.0938 0.087 -7.82

0.0841 0.078 -7.82

0.0765 0.069 -10.87

0.0702 0.065 -8.00

0.0650 0.062 -4.84

0.0606 0.050 -21.20

0.0568 0.052 -9.23

0.0535 0.046 -10.22

0.0507 0.047 -7.87

0.0481 0.042 -14.52

0.0458 0.042 -9.05

0.0438 0.039 -12.31

0.0419 0.040 -4.75

0.0402 0.025 -60.80

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8.0 Calculation
𝑇 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
Temperature Average, 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 (˚C) = 2
80.70+81.70
= 2
= 81.20 ˚C

𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 (K) = 𝑇 (˚C) + 273.15

= 81.20 + 273.15
= 354.35 K

𝑑𝑃2𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 @ 2𝑏𝑎𝑟 – 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 @ 1𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 2.00 bar – 1.00 bar
= 1.00 bar
100 kPA
= 1.00 bar ×
1 bar
= 100 kPa

𝑑𝑇2𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 @ 8𝑏𝑎𝑟 – 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 @ 7𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 409.85 K – 405.40 K
= 3.45 K

𝑑𝑇 4.45 K
( ) =
𝑑𝑃 2𝑏𝑎𝑟 100 kPa
= 0.0445 K/kPa
\
𝑣𝑔 − 1.6941 110 − 100
𝑣𝑔 = =−
1.3750 − 1.6941 125 − 100

𝑚3
= 1.56646 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑇𝑣𝑓𝑔 (354.35 K)(1.565415 )
𝑘𝑔
(ℎ ) =
𝑓𝑔 2257.59 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1𝑏𝑎𝑟
= 0.246 K/kPa

𝑣𝑓 , 𝑣𝑔 , ℎ𝑓𝑔 – from steam tables at different absolute pressures

Percentage Error % = (measured slope – calculated slope)/ measured slope X 100%

= (0.1763-0.1882)/0.1763 X 100%
= -6.78%

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9.0 Discussion
Before the experiment is conducted, it is crucial to remove the air from the boiler. This is
because, air might affect the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not removed, the
correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be obtained
correctly. Due to the partial pressure of air, a lower water temperature will be required to raise
the pressure. Moreover, the trapped air in the boiler could lead to boiler failure.

Based on the graph, the relationship between the average temperature, Tavg against the
absolute pressure, Pabs is directly proportional while there is a slight deviation between the
measured slope and the calculated slope. This shows that as the higher the Tavg, the higher the
absolute pressure can be produced. The graph between the slope showed some minor deviation
but it’s still following the theory.

From the result based from graph produce we can see as the temperature increases and the
absolute pressure is directly proportional, it is because when heat is given the speed of the
molecules will be increase and resulting forces molecules –by increasing their temperature- the
force of the molecules hitting their container increases and this increases the pressure. When
the speed of a gas’s molecules increases, the gas molecules hit their container more often. The
more frequently the gas impacts the container walls, the higher the pressure. So, as temperature
increases, the pressure also increases. If the gas cools, the impacts are less frequent and the
pressure decreases.

Next, based on the graph in Figure 2, we can see that there is small deviation between the
measured slope and the calculated slope. Theoretically, it should be the same but there is
some error in the result obtained. The error percentage should not cross or exceed 10% as the
experiment was done in enclosed surface and no volume of experimenting samples are
allowed to escape from the system. However, based on the data obtained from experiment,
the percentage of errors is within the range of -1.72% up to -60.8%. The percentage error for
the experiment shows that the experimental errors was too much when the percentage error is
negative. This might happen due to the present of air in the boiler that is not fully release at
the start of the experiment and the measurements reading errors that happen during the
experiment as the digital gauge kept changing it’s reading with different variations reading.

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There are several sources of error of the experiment: -

1) Measurement reading accuracy.

2) Room temperature and pressure.

3) The stability of the material.

4) The calculations of the data obtained.

In order to make sure the accuracy of the data obtained, we must avoid the measurements
reading errors.

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10.0 Conclusion
In this experiment, it can be concluded that the relationship between pressure and temperature
is found to be directly proportional. Hence, when the pressure increases, the temperature also
increases. The vapour pressure curve obtained was slightly deviate because of some errors of
data. Disgracing some negligible faults, this experiment can be considered successful, as the
errors of ranging less than 10% can be used to conclude the data. To improve the result of the
experiment, it should be carried out at room temperature switching off all the air-conditions,
checking up the equipment unit properly before starting the experiment and also by repeating
the experiment and taking the average value. If some insulation were kept on the Marcet boiler
to reduce heat loss, the experiment could be more accurate.

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11.0 Recommendations
In order to get accurate data and result, we should check with the air that must be completely
removed from the valve to avoid any inaccuracy of the readings. Moreover, the data taking
techniques should be excellent to avoid failure in reading the data. Besides, before doing the
experiment, we need to learn how to use the equipment to avoid failure in completing the
experiment.

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12.0 Reference
1. https://www.academia.edu/11843064/CHE144_-_Lab_Report_Marcet_Boiler_2015_
2. https://kupdf.com/download/marcet-boiler-lab-
report_58b175ed6454a76e4cb1f685_pdf
3. https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-pressure.html
4. http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1150/

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Appendix

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