2017

2018

DUHOK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT PETROCHEMICALS

(Density and Specific Gravity)

BY:
Îbrahîm Dêwalî
Fluid mechanic practical
Group. B
Report No. EXP 1
Date.24\1\2018

Lecturer's Name: Mr. kawar

Contents
OBJECTIVE ________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________________________ 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND __________________________________________________ 4
DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS __________________________________ 8
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES __________________________________________________ 10
SAMPLE CALCULATION ___________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS _____________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.9
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1.0 OBJECTIVE:
 To determine the density of the substance from
measurements of its mass and volume.
 To calculate the specific of a liquid from its density.

2.0 INTRODUCTION:
The Newtonian fluid have several basic properties must
be measured.These properties are important in making
calculations regarding fluid systems. Measuring fluid
properties, density, is the object of this experiment, which
is defined as its mass per unit volume.
Density is a mass per unit volume of a substance. The
symbol most often used for density is (ρ). Mathematically,
density is defined as mass divided by volume
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Density = ,ρ=m/V
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Where ρ , density kg/m3

m , mass kg

V , volume m3

Different materials usually have different densities

Specific gravity (S.G.) is the ratio of the density of a

substance to the density of a reference substance at the
same temperature.
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
Specific gravity =
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

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3.0 Method:
#Direct Measurement of Mass and Volume:

When measuring liquids and regularly shaped solids,

mass and volume can be discovered by direct
measurement and these two measurements can then be
used to determine density. Using a pan balance,
determine and record the mass of an object in grams.
Using a vernier caliper or ruler, measure the length,
depth and width of the object in centimeters. Multiply
these three measurements to find the volume in cubic
centimeters. Divide the object's mass by its volume to
determine its density. Density is expressed in grams per
cubic centimeter or grams per milliliter.

#Indirect Volume Measurement:

To calculate the density of solids with irregular surfaces,

volume must be determined by another method. Instead
of measuring the surface area directly, use a graduated
cylinder to find the object's volume. Pour water into the
graduated cylinder until it reaches a known level. This
level can be measured by the markings on the cylinder's
surface, which display the volume of water in milliliters.
Add the object to the water and record the new water
level. The difference between the new water level and the
original level will be the object's volume. This
measurement is taken in milliliters, which are
interchangeable with cubic centimeters. Once volume is
determined, apply the same equation as above.

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#Estimated Density using Archimedes Principle:

Archimedes' principle states that a body's immersion in a

given fluid will produce a buoyant force acting upward on
it. This force will be equal to the weight of the displaced
fluid. An object of unknown density will either float or
sink within a given fluid depending on that fluid's density
relative to the object's. To determine roughly how dense
an object is, place it in various fluids of known density
and observe the result. If it sinks, it is more dense than
the fluid. If it floats, it is less dense.

4.0 Material Used :

 water
 cylinder of iron.
 Three pieces of wood cube.
 Electronic Balance
 Vernier
 Tube-cylinder
 Graph paper

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5.0 Calculation:
Density of of liquid:

M1(cylinder)=158.58g
M2(cylinder&water)=442.05g
Mass total=m2-m1➡ =442.05-158.58=(283.47g)
️➡283.47g/1000=(0.28347kg)
V=300mL➡ m3/1000000=(3*10-4m3)
P=mass/volume ➡️0.28347/3*10-4=(944.9 kg/m3)

Density of solid:

M=225.5g /1000=0.2255Kg
V1=225ml=cm3
V2=320ml=cm3
V.total=V2-V1➡ =(320-225)/1000=(95*10-3 m3)
P=mass/volume=0.2255/95*10-3=(2.4kg/m3)

Density of piece of wood :Volume=(L*W*H)

1- mass=36.28g➡Volume=(8.35*4.9*3.05)=122.7cm3

2- mass=50.98g➡Volume=(7.95*6.25*3.05)=151.5cm3

3- mass=102.75g➡Volume=(11.9*7.95*3.05)=288.5cm3

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝟑) 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝟐) 𝟏𝟎𝟐.𝟕𝟓 𝟓𝟎.𝟗𝟖 𝟓𝟏.𝟕𝟕𝐠

= =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞(𝟑) 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞(𝟐) 𝟐𝟖𝟖.𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟏.𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝒄𝒎𝟑

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝟐) 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝟏) 𝟓𝟎.𝟗𝟖 𝟑𝟔.𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟒.𝟕𝐠

= =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞(𝟐) 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞(𝟏) 𝟏𝟓𝟏.𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟐.𝟕 𝟐𝟖.𝟖𝒄𝒎𝟑

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6.0 Graph (Mass vs Volume)

Mass vs Volum
60

137, 51.7

50

40
MASS

30

20
28.8, 14.7

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
VOLUME

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7.0 Discussions:

1-WHAT PROPERTY OF OIL MAKES IT FLOAT WATER ?

Ans: Because oil is less dense then water so it floats on it
(like a piece of wood floats on water).

2-Why would heating the gas in an air balloon make

the balloon rise?

Ans: Because heating a gas causes it to expand and

therefore its density drops.
The lower density gas will now be displaced by unheated
gas ergo the balloon will rise.

8.0Conclusions: What was learned.

In this experiment, I became more familiar
using the formulas of determining the density as I
determined it of different types of substances.
(Density=Mass |volume). I knew how to find each of
mass volume and density of regular and irregular
solids and liquids as well. To have precise readings, I
used the graduated cylinder, while a beaker gave me
rough estimations. Also, this experiment helped me
to acquaint with measuring instruments and the
estimation of measurement error.

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