Abstract

In this experiment we used a device called universal material

taster to find the strength of the steel material and the graph that
shows the three stages of the sample before it breaks. The first
stage is Elastic stage where the sample stay unaffected, the
second stage is Plastic stage where the sample start deforming,
the last stage is Fracture stage where the sample breaks. We
observed the behavior of the the steel by plotting the stress-
strain diagram using the data we had from tensile test
experiment in addition to the forces acted on the sample as well
as the maximum force. Also the report contains the procedures,
the results, and data related to the tensile test.
Introduction

Every single material in the planet has its own unique

fingerprint which can be distinguished from the others by
knowing its properties. In order to know these properties,
scientists came up with a phenomenal way which called: stress-
strain diagram. During the tensile testing, data of the material
automatically record on the computer that linked with the
device. Also the stress-strain diagram will be shown. The
diagram basically shows where the material is unaffected and
when it deforms as well as the fracture limit where the material
breaks.
Procedures

Figure1: Universal Material Tester

1-The length, width, and thickness of the steel sample has to be

measured before starting the test.
2-The sample is installed in the test device as shown in Figure 1.
3-The tensile is in a hydraulic and gradual way by rotating the
hand wheel slowly and continuously.
4-The sample is removed from the device and then the length of
the sample and force at breakage are measured after the fracture
and then the necessary calculations are made.

5-During the testing the sample, the computer recorded the

readings of the force and the distances, and then these readings
are taken and formed as a graph by Excel program as will be
shown later.
Results

Table 1
Extension Test force Elongation Stress Test test
(𝒎𝒎) )KN) strain(%) (N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
0 2.061 0 72.903 1
0.073 3.797 0.244 134.278 2
0.122 5.829 0.407 206.164 3
0.22 8.619 0.732 304.837 4
0.244 10.757 0.814 380.453 5
0.366 10.402 1.221 367.907 6
0.562 8.389 1.872 296.699 7
0.61 8.331 2.035 294.665 8
0.61 8.379 2.035 296.36 9
0.732 8.533 2.441 301.786 10
0.83 8.753 2.767 309.585 11
1.025 8.782 3.418 310.602 12
1.123 8.878 3.743 313.993 13
1.196 8.811 3.988 311.619 14
1.318 8.763 4.395 309.924 15
1.416 8.974 4.72 317.384 16
1.489 9.166 4.964 324.165 17
1.587 9.444 5.29 333.999 18
1.685 9.645 5.615 341.12 19
1.807 9.837 6.022 347.901 20
2.002 10.048 6.673 355.361 21
2.051 10.143 6.836 358.752 22
2.124 10.191 7.08 360.447 23
2.197 10.354 7.324 366.212 24
2.319 10.469 7.731 370.281 25
2.49 10.613 8.301 375.367 26
2.612 10.786 8.708 381.471 27
2.734 10.891 9.115 385.201 28
2.808 10.805 9.359 382.149 29
2.856 10.901 9.521 385.54 30
2.93 11.006 9.766 389.27 31
3.027 11.083 10.091 391.982 32
3.076 11.131 10.254 393.678 33
3.174 11.188 10.579 395.712 34
3.271 11.256 10.905 398.086 35
3.369 11.265 11.23 398.425 36
3.442 11.351 11.475 401.477 37
3.467 11.38 11.556 402.494 38
3.516 11.351 11.719 401.477 39
3.54 11.428 11.8 404.189 40
3.613 11.495 12.044 406.563 41
3.711 11.553 12.37 408.597 42
3.833 11.553 12.777 408.597 43
3.931 11.582 13.102 409.615 44
4.053 11.658 13.509 412.327 45
4.126 11.716 13.753 414.362 46
4.248 11.677 14.16 413.006 47
4.346 11.773 14.486 416.396 48
4.419 11.668 14.73 412.666 49
4.443 11.802 14.811 417.414 50
4.541 11.783 15.137 416.735 51
4.614 11.936 15.381 422.161 52
4.81 11.927 16.032 421.822 53
4.907 11.955 16.357 422.839 54
4.956 11.955 16.52 422.839 55
 5.103 12.023 17.008 425.213 56
5.225 12.061 17.415 426.569 57
5.322 12.051 17.741 426.23 58
5.371 12.099 17.904 427.925 59
5.615 12.118 18.717 428.603 60
5.664 12.147 18.88 429.621 61
5.713 12.118 19.043 428.603 62
5.884 12.157 19.613 429.96 63
5.981 12.166 19.938 430.299 64
6.055 12.224 20.182 432.333 65
6.25 12.262 20.833 433.69 66
6.396 12.205 21.322 431.655 67
6.543 12.272 21.81 434.029 68
6.641 12.253 22.135 433.351 69
6.836 12.301 22.786 435.046 70
6.934 12.234 23.112 432.672 71
7.104 12.281 23.682 434.368 72
7.178 12.234 23.926 432.672 73
7.3 12.301 24.333 435.046 74
7.471 12.31 24.902 435.385 75
7.52 12.262 25.065 433.69 76
7.666 12.31 25.553 435.385 77
7.812 12.262 26.042 433.69 78
8.008 12.31 26.693 435.385 79
8.13 12.31 27.1 435.385 80
8.252 12.281 27.507 434.368 81
8.423 12.329 28.076 436.063 82
8.569 12.32 28.564 435.724 83
8.765 12.301 29.215 435.046 84
8.862 12.291 29.541 434.707 85
9.009 12.253 30.029 433.351 86
9.18 12.31 30.599 435.385 87
9.424 12.272 31.413 434.029 88
9.595 12.176 31.982 430.638 89
9.766 12.205 32.552 431.655 90
9.888 12.147 32.959 429.621 91
9.985 12.118 33.285 428.603 92
10.132 12.118 33.773 428.603 93
10.303 12.061 34.342 426.569 94
10.4 12.023 34.668 425.213 95
10.571 11.936 35.238 422.161 96
10.742 11.812 35.807 417.753 97
10.937 11.706 36.458 414.023 98
11.084 11.505 36.947 406.902 99
11.23 11.351 37.435 401.477 100
11.328 11.188 37.76 395.712 101
11.475 11.102 38.249 392.66 102
11.646 10.891 38.818 385.201 103
11.768 10.709 39.225 378.758 104
11.914 10.45 39.714 369.603 105
12.109 10.057 40.365 355.7 106
12.231 9.722 40.771 343.832 107
12.378 9.319 41.26 329.591 108
12.646 8.811 42.155 311.619 109
 Stress-strain diagram

500
strain
450
400 Data Start s Distance

350
Data Start F Force
300
stress

250
Data Start EPS
200 Elongation
150
Data Start R
100
50 Data Start TEST Test
0
-50 0 50 100 150

Figure 2

The tensile strength Rm

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 (12.329∗1000)𝑁
Rm= = = 436𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝐴 0.02827𝑚^2

𝐿𝑢 − 𝐿𝑜
𝐴= × 100 = 37%
𝐿𝑜

Discussion of results
In our experiment, forces have been recorded from the
machine and we have calculated the Tensile Strength Rm by
using the formal and the max force. However, the Rm that we
found is 436.063 N/mm2. On the other hand, the average of the
Rm in the table is 675 N/mm2, so the percentage error is 35.4%
which is not very précised. Also, we measured the max length
Lu to find the elongation after the sample failed, which is equal
to 36.67%. In contract, the elongation in the table is 6%, which
means there is a huge difference between the two
percentages. This difference is normal because the percentage
depends on the length of the sample after fracture due to how
long the sample stayed steady before it breaks which in our
case it took a little bit long time and the length after fracture is
41mm. The data we got manually from the test are
approximately close to those that recorded in the computer,
where the max force we got from the force generation is 12.7,
where it is 12.329 in the computer.

Conclusion

This experiment is about testing the sample and getting the data
from the computer and plotting them using Excel program. The
graph that we got shows the three stages of the sample: Elastic,
Plastic, and Fracture. Also the Rm is measured by using the
formula after the max force is determined as well as the
elongation.
Appendix

Table 1
Extension Test force Elongation strain(%) Stress Test test
(𝒎𝒎) )KN) (N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
0 2.061 0 72.903 1
0.073 3.797 0.244 134.278 2
0.122 5.829 0.407 206.164 3
0.22 8.619 0.732 304.837 4
0.244 10.757 0.814 380.453 5
0.366 10.402 1.221 367.907 6
0.562 8.389 1.872 296.699 7
0.61 8.331 2.035 294.665 8
0.61 8.379 2.035 296.36 9
0.732 8.533 2.441 301.786 10
0.83 8.753 2.767 309.585 11
1.025 8.782 3.418 310.602 12
1.123 8.878 3.743 313.993 13
1.196 8.811 3.988 311.619 14
1.318 8.763 4.395 309.924 15
1.416 8.974 4.72 317.384 16
1.489 9.166 4.964 324.165 17
1.587 9.444 5.29 333.999 18
1.685 9.645 5.615 341.12 19
1.807 9.837 6.022 347.901 20
2.002 10.048 6.673 355.361 21
2.051 10.143 6.836 358.752 22
2.124 10.191 7.08 360.447 23
2.197 10.354 7.324 366.212 24
2.319 10.469 7.731 370.281 25
2.49 10.613 8.301 375.367 26
2.612 10.786 8.708 381.471 27
2.734 10.891 9.115 385.201 28
2.808 10.805 9.359 382.149 29
2.856 10.901 9.521 385.54 30
2.93 11.006 9.766 389.27 31
3.027 11.083 10.091 391.982 32
3.076 11.131 10.254 393.678 33
3.174 11.188 10.579 395.712 34
3.271 11.256 10.905 398.086 35
3.369 11.265 11.23 398.425 36
3.442 11.351 11.475 401.477 37
3.467 11.38 11.556 402.494 38
3.516 11.351 11.719 401.477 39
3.54 11.428 11.8 404.189 40
3.613 11.495 12.044 406.563 41
3.711 11.553 12.37 408.597 42
3.833 11.553 12.777 408.597 43
3.931 11.582 13.102 409.615 44
4.053 11.658 13.509 412.327 45
4.126 11.716 13.753 414.362 46
4.248 11.677 14.16 413.006 47
4.346 11.773 14.486 416.396 48
4.419 11.668 14.73 412.666 49
4.443 11.802 14.811 417.414 50
4.541 11.783 15.137 416.735 51
4.614 11.936 15.381 422.161 52
4.81 11.927 16.032 421.822 53
4.907 11.955 16.357 422.839 54
4.956 11.955 16.52 422.839 55
5.103 12.023 17.008 425.213 56
5.225 12.061 17.415 426.569 57
5.322 12.051 17.741 426.23 58
5.371 12.099 17.904 427.925 59
5.615 12.118 18.717 428.603 60
5.664 12.147 18.88 429.621 61
5.713 12.118 19.043 428.603 62
5.884 12.157 19.613 429.96 63
5.981 12.166 19.938 430.299 64
6.055 12.224 20.182 432.333 65
6.25 12.262 20.833 433.69 66
6.396 12.205 21.322 431.655 67
6.543 12.272 21.81 434.029 68
6.641 12.253 22.135 433.351 69
6.836 12.301 22.786 435.046 70
6.934 12.234 23.112 432.672 71
7.104 12.281 23.682 434.368 72
7.178 12.234 23.926 432.672 73
7.3 12.301 24.333 435.046 74
7.471 12.31 24.902 435.385 75
7.52 12.262 25.065 433.69 76
7.666 12.31 25.553 435.385 77
7.812 12.262 26.042 433.69 78
 8.008 12.31 26.693 435.385 79
8.13 12.31 27.1 435.385 80
8.252 12.281 27.507 434.368 81
8.423 12.329 28.076 436.063 82
8.569 12.32 28.564 435.724 83
8.765 12.301 29.215 435.046 84
8.862 12.291 29.541 434.707 85
9.009 12.253 30.029 433.351 86
9.18 12.31 30.599 435.385 87
9.424 12.272 31.413 434.029 88
9.595 12.176 31.982 430.638 89
9.766 12.205 32.552 431.655 90
9.888 12.147 32.959 429.621 91
9.985 12.118 33.285 428.603 92
10.132 12.118 33.773 428.603 93
10.303 12.061 34.342 426.569 94
10.4 12.023 34.668 425.213 95
10.571 11.936 35.238 422.161 96
10.742 11.812 35.807 417.753 97
10.937 11.706 36.458 414.023 98
11.084 11.505 36.947 406.902 99
11.23 11.351 37.435 401.477 100
11.328 11.188 37.76 395.712 101
11.475 11.102 38.249 392.66 102
11.646 10.891 38.818 385.201 103
11.768 10.709 39.225 378.758 104
11.914 10.45 39.714 369.603 105
12.109 10.057 40.365 355.7 106
12.231 9.722 40.771 343.832 107
12.378 9.319 41.26 329.591 108
12.646 8.811 42.155 311.619 109

Stress-strain diagram

500
strain
450
400 Data Start s Distance

350
Data Start F Force
300
stress

250
Data Start EPS
200 Elongation
150
Data Start R
100
50 Data Start TEST Test
0
-50 0 50 100 150

Figure 2
Reference

Mechanics of materials/fifth edition in SI units by Ferdinand P

Beer ,E Russel Johnston,Jr, John T.DeWolf, David F.Mazurek.