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Research Article
Rolling Element Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using
Laplace-Wavelet Envelope Power Spectrum
The bearing characteristic frequencies (BCF) contain very little energy, and are usually overwhelmed by noise and higher levels of
macro-structural vibrations. They are difficult to find in their frequency spectra when using the common technique of fast fourier
transforms (FFT). Therefore, Envelope Detection (ED) has always been used with FFT to identify faults occurring at the BCF.
However, the computation of the ED is suffering to strictly define the resonance frequency band. In this paper, an alternative ap-
proach based on the Laplace-wavelet enveloped power spectrum is proposed. The Laplace-Wavelet shape parameters are optimized
based on Kurtosis maximization criteria. The results for simulated as well as real bearing vibration signal show the effectiveness of
the proposed method to extract the bearing fault characteristic frequencies from the resonant frequency band.
Copyright © 2007 Khalid F. Al-Raheem et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
demodulation techniques is that the most suitable passband The response of the bearing structure as an under-
must be identified before the demodulation takes place. damped second-order mass-spring-damper system to a sin-
The wavelet transform provides powerful multiresolu- gle impulse force is given by
tion analysis in both time and frequency domain and thereby
becomes a favored tool to extract the transitory features √
of nonstationary vibration signals produced by the faulty S(t) = Ce−(ξ/ 1−ξ 2 )ωd t
sin ωd t , (1)
bearing [11–16]. The wavelet analysis results in a series of
wavelet coefficients, which indicate how close the signal is where ζ is the damping ratio and ωd is the damped natural
to the particular wavelet. In order to extract the fault fea- frequency of the bearing structure.
ture of signals more effectively, an appropriate wavelet base As the shaft rotates, this process occurs periodically every
function should be selected. Morlet wavelet is mostly ap- time a defect hits another part of the bearing and its rate of
plied to extract the rolling element bearing fault feature be- occurrence is equal to one of the BCF. In reality, there is a
cause of the large similarity with the impulse generated by slight random fluctuation in the spacing between impulses
the faulty bearing [17–20]. The impulse response wavelet is because the load angle on each rolling element changes as the
constructed and applied to extract the feature of fault vibra- rolling element passes through the load zone. Furthermore,
tion signal in [21]. A number of wavelet-based functions are the amplitude of the impulse response will be modulated as
proposed for mechanical fault detection with high sensitiv- a result of the passage of the fault through the load zone,
ity in [22], and the differences between single and double-
sided Morlet wavelets are presented. An adaptive wavelet fil-
ter based on single-sided Morlet wavelet is introduced in x(t) = Ai S t − Ti + n(t), (2)
[23]. i
6 5
4
4
3
2
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
2
1
0 0
−1
−2
−2
−3
−4
−4
−6 −5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
Figure 1: The simulated impulses (a) and the vibration signal (b) for a rolling bearing with outer-race fault.
5 8
4 6
3
4
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
2
1 2
0 0
−1 −2
−2
−4
−3
−4 −6
−5 −8
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
Figure 2: The simulated impulses (a) and the vibration signal (b) for a rolling bearing with inner-race fault.
and corresponds to the wavelet centre frequency in frequency value and the intensity distribution for a white noise signal,
domain, and A is an arbitrary scaling factor. Figure 3 shows pure impulsive signal, and impulsive signal mixed with noise.
the Laplace wavelet, its real part, imaginary part, and its spec- The objective of the Laplace wavelet shape optimization
trum. process is to find out the wavelet shape parameters (β and
It is possible to find optimal values of β and ωc for a ωc ) which maximize the kurtosis of the wavelet transform
given vibration signal by adjusting the time-frequency reso- output;
lution of the Laplace wavelet to the decay rate and frequency
Optimal β, ωc
of impulses to be extracted. Kurtosis is an indicator that re- N
4
flects the “peakiness” of a signal, which is a property of the n=1 WT x(t), ψβ,ωc (t) (4)
impulses and also it measures the divergence from a funda- = max ·
N 2 2 .
n=1 WT x(t), ψβ,ωc (t)
mental Gaussian distribution. A high kurtosis value indicates
high-impulsive content of the signal with more sharpness in The wavelet transform (WT) of a finite energy signal x(t),
the signal intensity distribution. Figure 4 shows the kurtosis with the mother wavelet ψ(t), is the inner product of x(t)
4 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
6
0
4 1
Time
−0.2
2
0 0.5 −0.4
1
−0.6
rt
0
pa
0.5 Re
al −0.8
Im 0
a g in −0.5 −1
ar y −0.5
par −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t
−1 −1 Time (s)
(a) (b)
×10−4
1 3.5
0.8
3
0.6
0.4 2.5
Power spectrum
0.2
Amplitude
2
0
1.5
−0.2
−0.4 1
−0.6
0.5
−0.8
−1 0
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (s) Frequency (Hz)
(c) (d)
Figure 3: (a) The Laplace wavelet, (b) the real part, (c) the imaginary part, and (d) its spectrum.
∗ √
with a scaled and conjugate wavelet ψa,b , since the analytical 1/ a is used to ensure energy preservation. The time-varying
and complex wavelet is employed to calculate the wavelet function A(t) is the instantaneous envelope of the resulting
transform. The result of the WT is also an analytical signal, wavelet transform (EWT) which extracts the slow time vari-
ation of the signal, and is given by
1
WT x(t), a, b = x(t), ψa,b (t) = √ x(t)Ψ∗a,b (t)dt
a A(t) = EWT(a, b)
(5)
(6)
= Re WT(a, b) + j Im WT(a, b)
2
2
= Re WT(a, b) + Im WT(a, b) .
= A(t)eiθ(t) ,
For each wavelet, the inner product results in a series of coef-
where ψa,b is a family of daughter wavelets, defined by the di- ficients which indicate how close the signal is to that partic-
lation parameter a and the translation parameter b, the factor ular wavelet.
Khalid F. Al-Raheem et al. 5
150 350
100 300
250
50
200
0
150
−50
100
−100 50
−150 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 −150 −100 −50 0 50 100 150
(a)
4 500
3 450
2 400
350
1
300
0
250
−1
200
−2
150
−3 100
−4 50
−5 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(b)
5 1400
4 1200
3
1000
2
1 800
0 600
−1
400
−2
200
−3
−4 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(c)
Figure 4: (a) The noise signal (kurtosis = 3.0843), (b) the overall vibration signal (kurtosis = 7.7644), and (c) outer-race fault impulses
(kurtosis = 8.5312) with the corresponding intensity distribution curve.
To extract the frequency content of the enveloped corre- The total energy of the signal x(t),
lation coefficients, the scale power spectrum (WPS) (energy
per unit scale) is given by TWPS = x(t)2 dt = 1 WPS(a, ω)da. (8)
2π
∞
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF WPS FOR BEARING
WPS(a, ω) = SEWT(a, ω)2 dω, (7)
−∞ FAULT DETECTION
Kurtosis
6
2
For a rolling element bearing with pitch diameter of
51.16 mm, ball diameter of 11.9 mm, with 8 rolling elements 0
20
and 0◦ contact angle, the calculated BCF for an outer-race Cen 15 2
fault is 107.36 Hz, and for an inner-race fault is 162.18 Hz tre 1.5
freq 10 1
uen
with shaft speed of 1797 rev/min. Figures 1 and 2 show the cy, 5 0.5 ctor, β
ω ing fa
simulated time domain fault impulses and the overall vi- c (H 0 0 Damp
z)
bration signal for the bearing with outer-race and inner-
race faults, respectively, based on the model described in (a)
Section 2.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed method,
a scale-wavelet power spectrum comparison for the Laplace
wavelet and the widely used Morlet wavelet was carried out;
×107 X: 0.6
see Figure 6. It can be found that the amplitude of the power 2 Y : 12
Z: 1.956e + 007
spectrum increases further for the faulty bearing than the
normal one, and the power spectrum is concentrated in the 1.5
scale interval of [15–20] for Laplace wavelet compared with
Kurtosis
3
ation, Figure 8 shows the TWPS for outer-race fault simu-
lated signals for different values of SNR, and τ as a percentage 2
of the pulses period (T). 1
0
20
4.2. Application to experimental data
Cen 15 2
tre 1.5
freq 10 1
A B&K 752A12 piezoelectric accelerometer was used to col- uen 5 or, β
cy,
ω
0.5
in g fact
lect the vibration signals for an outer-race defective, deep c (H 0 0 Damp
z)
groove, ball bearing (with same simulated specifications) at
different shaft rotational speeds. The vibration signals were (c)
transferred to the PC through a B&K controller module type
7536 at a sampling rate of 12.8 KHz. Based on the bearing Figure 5: The optimal values for Laplace wavelet parameters based
parameters, the calculated outer-race fault characteristic fre- on maximum kurtosis for (a) simulated outer-race fault, (b) the
quency is 0.05115x rpm; see Figure 9. measured outer-race fault, (c) the CWRU vibration data.
Khalid F. Al-Raheem et al. 7
×106 ×104
9 18
8 16
7 14
6 12
Power spectrum
Power spectrum
5 10
4 8
3 6
2 4
1 2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wavelet scale, a Frequency (Hz)
×106 ×106
6 4
3.5
5
3
Envelope spectrum
Envelope spectrum
4
2.5
3 2
1.5
2
1
1
0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wavelet scale, a Wavelet scale, a
(b) Outer-race defective bearing
Figure 6: The wavelet-level power spectrum using (left column) Morlet wavelet, (right column) Laplace wavelet for new and outer-race
defective bearing.
With application of the TWPS, the power spectrum peak shaft speed (Hz) for inner race. The time course of the vi-
values at the position of the outer-race characteristic fre- bration signals for normal bearing and bearings with outer
quency and its harmonics are easily defined; see Figure 9. It is and inner race faults at shaft rotational speed 1797 rpm with
shown that TWPS is sensitive to the variation of the BCF as a its corresponding TWPS are shown in Figures 10–12, re-
result of variation in the shaft rotational speeds; see Table 1. spectively. The calculated BCF are 107.36 Hz for outer-race
fault and 162.185 Hz for inner-race fault. The TWPS for
4.3. Application TWPS to vibration data the vibration data show spectrum peak values at 106.9 Hz
for outer- race fault and its harmonics (Figure 11), and
Using the data given by the CWRU bearing centre website 161.1 Hz for inner-race fault with its harmonics and side-
[26], for rolling bearings seeded with faults using electro- bands at shaft speed (30 Hz) as a result of amplitude mod-
discharge machining (EDM). The calculated defect frequen- ulation (Figure 12), which are very close to the calculated
cies are 3.5848x shaft speed (Hz) for outer race and 5.4152x BCF.
8 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
×10−3 ×10−3
25 30
X: 1594 X: 1623
Y : 0.02441 Y : 0.02859
25
20
Power spectrum
Power spectrum
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
×10−3 ×10−3
18 50
16 45
14 40
35
Power spectrum
Power spectrum
12
30
10
25 X: 193.4
8 Y : 0.0202
20 X: 164.1
6 Y : 0.01482
15
4 10
2 5
0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(b) ED spectrum
×10−3 ×10−3
8 X: 105.5 X: 29.3
Y : 0.007132 Y : 0.007967
7 8
X: 316.4
X: 210.9 Y : 0.006115 7 X: 164.1
6 Y : 0.005609
Y : 0.005984
Power spectrum
Power spectrum
6 X: 322.3
5 Y : 0.006526
5
4 X: 486.3
4 Y : 0.003657
3
3
X: 515.6
2 2 Y : 0.002931
1 1
0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(c) Laplace wavelet spectrum
Figure 7: The simulated vibration signal power spectrum, the envelope power spectrum, and the Laplace-wavelet transform power spec-
trum, respectively, for rolling bearing with (left column) outer-race fault and (right column) inner-race fault.
Khalid F. Al-Raheem et al. 9
×105 ×105
2.5 4
Power spectrum
1.5 2.5
X: 322.3 X: 214.8
Y : 1.201e + 005 Y : 1.985e + 005
2
X: 322.3
1 X: 429.7
1.5 Y : 1.873e + 005
Y : 7.834e + 004
1 X: 429.7
0.5 Y : 1.12e + 005
0.5
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(a) SNR = 3.165 dB (b) τ = 1%
×105 ×105
3 4.5
4 X: 107.4
2.5 X: 107.4 Y : 4.189e + 005
Y : 2.605e + 005 3.5
Power spectrum
Power spectrum
2 3
X: 214.8 2.5
1.5 Y : 1.339e + 005
2 X: 214.8
Y : 1.602e + 005
1 X: 322.3 1.5
Y : 1.18e + 005 X: 322.3
1 Y : 8.311e + 004
0.5
0.5
0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(c) SNR = 0.6488 dB (d) τ = 5%
×105 ×105
12 4
3.5
10 X: 107.4
X: 107.4
Y : 2.974e + 005
Y : 1.02e + 006 3
Power spectrum
Power spectrum
8
2.5
X: 322.3
6 Y : 5.165e + 005
2
X: 214.8
Y : 3.655e + 005 1.5
4
X: 214.8
1 Y : 7.543e + 004
2
0.5
0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(e) SNR = 0.384 dB (f) τ = 10%
Figure 8: The TWPS for bearing with outer-race fault for different (left column) SNR and (right column) slip variation (τ).
10 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
8 0.1
0.09
6 X: 46.88
0.08 Y : 0.07639
4 X: 93.75
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
0.07 Y : 0.07927
Power spectrum
2 0.06 X: 140.6
0.05 Y : 0.06141
0
0.04
−2 X: 187.5
Y : 0.04188
0.03
−4
0.02
−6 0.01
−8 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (s) Frequency (Hz)
(a) 984 rpm
40 18
30 16 X: 99.61
X: 304.7
Y : 16.72
Y : 13.54
14 X: 404.3
20
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
Y : 12.1
Power spectrum
12 X: 205.1
10
Y : 12.3
10
0
8 X: 503.9
−10 Y : 5.844
6
−20 4
−30 2
−40 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (s) Frequency (Hz)
(b) 1389 rpm
100 2000
80 1800 X: 175.8
Y : 1871
60 1600
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
40 1400
Power spectrum
X: 345.7
20 1200 Y : 1087
0 1000
X: 521.5
−20 800 Y : 712.7
Figure 9: The measured vibration signals for rolling bearing with outer-race fault at different shaft rotational speed (a) 984 rpm, (b)
1389 rpm, and (c) 3531 rpm.
Khalid F. Al-Raheem et al. 11
×10−7
0.5 5
0.2 3.5
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
Power spectrum
0.1 3
0 2.5
−0.1 2
−0.2 1.5
−0.3 1
−0.4 0.5
−0.5 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (s) Frequency (Hz)
(a) (b)
Figure 10: The vibration signal (a) and the corresponding TWPS (b) for new rolling bearing (CWRU data).
×10−3
4 4
3 3.5
X: 106.9
Y : 0.00357
2 3 X: 215.3
Y : 0.002646
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
Power spectrum
1 2.5
0 2
−1 1.5
−2 1 X: 322.3
Y : 0.0005621
−3 0.5
−4 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (s) Frequency (Hz)
(a) (b)
Figure 11: The vibration signal (a) and the corresponding TWPS (b) for rolling bearing with outer-race fault (CWRU data).
5. CONCLUSIONS Table 1
Shaft speed (rpm) Calculated BCF (Hz) TWPS peak(Hz)
984 50.331 50
A new approach based on the Laplace-wavelet enveloped
power spectrum (TWPS) is proposed. The wavelet shape pa- 1389 71.047 68.750
rameters (damping factor and the centre frequency) are op- 3541 181.17 187.5
timized by maximizing the kurtosis value for the vibration
signal wavelet transform coefficients. The application of the
proposed technique for both the simulated and real bear- the extraction of the BCF and its harmonics, for outer- and
ing vibration signals has shown the effectiveness of TWPS in inner-race defective bearings from noisy vibration signals.
12 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
×10−4
2 1.5
1.5 X: 161.1
Y : 0.0001185
1
Acceleration (m.s−2 )
Power spectrum
0.5
−0.5
0.5 X: 323.7
Y : 3.647e − 005
−1
X: 131.8 X: 484.9
Y : 1.569e − 005 Y : 1.555e − 005
−1.5
−2 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (s) Frequency (Hz)
(a) (b)
Figure 12: The vibration signal (a) and the corresponding TWPS (b) for rolling bearing with inner-race fault (CWRU data).
of rolling element bearing,” in Proceedings of IEEE Interna- sis using Laplace wavelet,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 293-
tional Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 294, pp. 183–190, 2005.
(ICASSP ’00), vol. 6, pp. 3882–3885, Istanbul, Turkey, June [26] CWRU, Bearing Data Center, seeded fault test data. http://
2000. www.eecs.case.edu/.
[10] D. Ho and R. B. Randall, “Optimization of bearing diagnostic
techniques using simulated and actual bearing fault signals,”
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. Khalid F. Al-Raheem received his B.S.
763–788, 2000. (1987), and M.S. (1990) degree in pro-
duction and metallurgical engineering from
[11] H. Qiu, J. Lee, J. Lin, and G. Yu, “Wavelet filter-based weak
University of Technology, Iraq. He is cur-
signature detection method and its application on rolling el-
rently a Lecturer at Mechanical and In-
ement bearing prognostics,” Journal of Sound and Vibration,
dustrial Engineering Department, Caledo-
vol. 289, no. 4-5, pp. 1066–1090, 2006.
nian College of Engineering (CCE), Oman.
[12] D. F. Shi, W. J. Wang, and L. S. Qu, “Defect detection for bear- Prior to joining CCE he was a Lecturer at
ings using envelope spectra of wavelet transform,” ASME Jour- Mechanical Engineering Department, UOT,
nal of Vibration and Acoustics, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 567–573, Iraq (1991–2001). His research and teach-
2004. ing interests are in machinery condition monitoring and control
[13] C. J. Li and J. Ma, “Wavelet decomposition of vibrations for system engineering. He is currently Ph.D. research student at Glas-
detection of bearing-localized defects,” NDT & E Interna- gow Caledonian University.
tional, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 143–149, 1997.
[14] R. Rubini and U. Meneghetti, “Application of the envelope Asok Roy is Lecturer at the Glasgow Cale-
and wavelet transform analyses for the diagnosis of incipient donian University. He holds an honors de-
faults in ball bearings,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Process- gree in mechanical engineering, M.S. degree
ing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 287–302, 2001. in IT and completed his Ph.D. in Computer
Vision Systems from Glasgow Caledonian
[15] C. Junsheng, Y. Dejie, and Y. Yu, “Time-energy density analysis
University. He has years of industrial expe-
based on wavelet transform,” NDT & E International, vol. 38,
rience in process industry and his current
no. 7, pp. 569–572, 2005.
research interests are in mechanical condi-
[16] W.-X. Yang and X.-M. Ren, “Detecting impulses in mechan- tion monitoring, computer vision systems,
ical signals by wavelets,” EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal and AI applications.
Processing, vol. 2004, no. 8, pp. 1156–1162, 2004.
[17] J. Vass and C. Cristalli, “Optimization of Morlet wavelet for K. P. Ramachandran has the B.E., M.Tech,
mechanical fault diagnosis,” in Proceedings of the 12th Inter- and Ph.D. degrees. He is currently working
national Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV ’05), vol. 1, as an Associate Dean (Academic), Caledo-
Lisbon, Portugal, July 2005. nian College of Engineering, Muscat, Sul-
[18] J. Lin and L. Qu, “Feature extraction based on Morlet wavelet tanate of Oman. He has been working more
and its application for mechanical fault diagnosis,” Journal of than 23 years in engineering institutions
Sound and Vibration, vol. 234, no. 1, pp. 135–148, 2000. and as a consultant to many industries. He
joined Caledonian College of Engineering
[19] H. Qiu, J. Lee, J. Lin, and G. Yu, “Robust performance degra-
(a university college) in 1997 where he has
dation assessment methods for enhanced rolling element bear-
had variety of roles. He has obtained pro-
ing prognostics,” Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 17,
fessional qualification in mechanical engineering and specialized in
no. 3-4, pp. 127–140, 2003.
the area of maintenance engineering and management. He has re-
[20] N. G. Nikolaou and I. A. Antoniadis, “Demodulation of vibra- search interest in the vibration instrumentation and measurement,
tion signals generated by defects in rolling element bearings analysis and control; condition monitoring of rotating machines.
using complex shifted Morlet wavelets,” Mechanical Systems He has many publications in his credit and has been conferred
and Signal Processing, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 677–694, 2002. Sir C. V. Raman award for the best technical paper published in
[21] C. Junsheng, Y. Dejie, and Y. Yu, “Application of an impulse re- the Journal of Vibration and Acoustics (1997). He is a Member of
sponse wavelet to fault diagnosis of rolling bearings,” Mechan- ASME, Life Member in the Indian Society of Technical Education,
ical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 920–929, Member of Institution of Plant Engineers India.
2007.
[22] W. J. Wang, “Wavelets for detecting mechanical faults with D. K. Harrison received the B.S. degree with
high sensitivity,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, honours, M.S., Ph.D., CEng FIEE, FIMechE,
vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 685–696, 2001. FIES, CITP, and MBCS degrees. He is cur-
rently the Acting Dean of the School of En-
[23] J. Lin and M. J. Zuo, “Gearbox fault diagnosis using adap-
gineering, Science and Design within Glas-
tive wavelet filter,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,
gow Caledonian University. He has spent
vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1259–1269, 2003.
most of his working career in the manufac-
[24] L. C. Freudinger, R. Lind, and M. J. Brenner, “Correlation fil- turing industry. A graduate of UMIST, he
tering of modal dynamics using the Laplace wavelet,” in Pro- has also worked within the Department of
ceedings of the 16th International Modal Analysis Conference Mechanical Engineering at UMIST, where
(IMAC ’98), vol. 2, pp. 868–877, Santa Barbara, Calif, USA, he was a Consultant to many blue chip manufacturing companies.
February 1998. He joined Glasgow Caledonian University in 1994 where he has
[25] Z. Yanyang, C. Xuefeng, H. Zhengjia, and C. Peng, “Vibration had a variety of roles. He is currently involved with a number of
based modal parameters identification and wear fault diagno- research projects, principally with industrial organisations, all of
14 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Special Issue on
Emerging Machine Learning Techniques in Signal
Processing
Special Issue on
3DTV: Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video
Guest Editors:
Levent Onural, Department of Electrical and Electron-
ics Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara,
Turkey; onural@ee.bilkent.edu.tr
Aljoscha Smolic, Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentech-
nik Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
smolic@hhi.de
A. Enis Cetin, Department of Electrical and Electronics En-
gineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey;
cetin@ee.bilkent.edu.tr
John Watson, Department of Engineering, University of
Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UE, UK; j.watson@abdn.ac.uk
Georgios A. Triantafyllidis, Informatics and Telematics In-
stitute, Center for Research and Technology-Hellas/CERTH,
57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece; gatrian@iti.gr
Thomas Sikora, Institut für Telekommunikationssysteme,
Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
sikora@nue.tu-berlin.de