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1. The Universe
2. Matter: its properties, measurement and states
3. Matter: composition, substances and mixtures
IES FRAY LUIS DE LEÓN
4. Energy: changes in material systems Dpto. Ciencias Naturales
Prof. Ángel Viñas San Narciso
1. The Universe
a) What is the Universe made of?
The Universe is made of matter and energy.
Matter can be presented as two forms:
• Body: it is any kind of matter whose limits are clearly defined.
• Material system: with undefined limits.
Matter is everything that has or causes:
• Properties: mass, volume, density, size, shape…
• Dimensions: due to its volume.
• Inertia: this property keeps the body still or in motion and it is
directly related to mass (the larger the mass, the greater the
inertia).
• Gravitational attraction: bodies attract each other because of
gravity, and it is directly related to mass.
Energy is the capacity of bodies / material systems to
cause change in the Universe; in their selves or in
their environment.
Material system Material body
Material body
Material system
Material bodies Material system
Material system
Material body
Material system
Material system Material system
Gravitational attraction
b) The study of the Universe
Scales of observation:
• Macroscopic scale: to measure things that can be perceived
by our senses.
• Microscopic scale: to measure things too small to be
perceived by our senses.
Scientific notation: (vocabulary) Powers
Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
c) Changes of state in matter.
Temperature: is the state of agitation of the
particles of an object.
Changes of state:
• When matter changes state its mass doesn’t vary.
• When matter changes state, all the heat used is
used to separate and disperse its particles.
• When we heat an object, its particles move faster
and faster until the forces of attraction among
them are weak enough to produce a change of
state: from solid to liquid and gas.
• When we cold an object, its particles move slower
and slower so its attraction forces are strong
enough to produce a change of state: from gas to
liquid and solid.
• The temperatures of changes of state are a specific
property characteristic of each substance.
Change Name Energy Temperature Reverse Energy Name
of involved process involved
state