Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Sabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering 2017

3.2 Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Slabs are divided into suspended slabs. Suspended slabs may be divided into two
groups:
(1) slabs supported on edges of beams and walls

(2) slabs supported directly on columns without beams and known as flat slabs. Supported
slabs may be one-way slabs (slabs supported on two sides and with main reinforcement in one
direction only) and two-way slabs (slabs supported on four sides and reinforced in two
directions). In one-way slabs the main reinforcement is provided along the shorter span. In order
to distribute the load, a distribution steel is necessary and it is placed on the longer side. One-
way slabs generally consist of a series of shallow beams of unit width and depth equal to the
slab thickness, placed side by side. Such simple slabs can be supported on brick walls and can
be supported on reinforced concrete beams in which case laced bars are used to connect slabs
to beams.
Figure 3.2-1: One –way slab, two-way slab, ribbed slab, flat slab, solid flat slab with drop
panel, waffle slab
In R.C. Building construction, every floor generally has a beam/slab arrangement and
consists of fixed or continuous one-way slabs supported by main and secondary beams.

Figure 3.2-2: Solid flat slab, solid flat slab with drop panels
The usual arrangement of a slab and beam floor consists of slabs supported on cross-
beams or secondary beams parallel to the longer side and with main reinforcement parallel to
the shorter side. The secondary beams in turn are supported on main beams or girders extending
from column to column. Part of the reinforcement in the continuous is bent up over the support,
or straight bars with bond lengths are placed over the support to give negative bending
moments.
Figure 3.2-3: Types of the reinforced concrete slab systems


3.2.1 Flat Slabs
Flat plate is defined as a two-way slab of uniform thickness supported by any
combination of columns, without any beams, drop panels, and column capitals. Flat plates are
most economical for spans from 4,5 to 7,5m, for relatively light loads, as experienced in
apartments or similar building.
-A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly on and built monolithically with the
columns, the flat slab is divided into middle strips and column strips. The size of each strip is
defined using specific rules. The slab may be in uniform thickness supported on simple
columns. These flat slabs may be designed as continuous frames. However, they are normally
designed using an empirical method governed by specified coefficients for bending moments
and other requirements which include the following:
1. There should be not less than three rectangular bays in both longitudinal and transverse
directions.
2. The length of the adjacent bays should not vary by more than 10 %.
Figure 3.2.1-1: Post punching behaviour of slab- critical section
The general layout of the reinforcement is based on the both bending moments (in spans) and
bending moments in addition to direct loads (on columns).

Figure 3.2.1-2: Combined punching shear and transfer of moments
Figure 3.2.1-3

Figure 3.2.1-4

3.2.1-1 Analysis and Design of Flat Plate
To obtain the load effects on the elements of the floor system and its supporting
members using an elastic analysis, the structure may be considered as a series of equivalent
plane frames, each consisting of vertical members – columns, horizontal members - slab.
Such plane frames must be taken both longitudinally (in x-direction) and transversely (in y
direction) in the building, to assure load transfer in both directions.
For gravity load effects, these equivalent plane frames can be further simplified into
continuous beams or partial frames consisting of each floor may be analysed separately together
with the columns immediately above and below, the columns being assumed fixed at their far
ends. Such a procedure is described in the “Equivalent Frame Method”. When frame geometry
and loadings meet certain limitations, the positive and negative factored moments at critical
sections of the slab may be calculated using moment coefficients, termed “Direct Design
Method”. These two methods differ essentially in the manner of determining the longitudinal
distribution of bending moments in the horizontal member between the negative and positive
moment sections. However, the procedure for the lateral distribution of the moments is the same
for both design methods.
Figure 3.2.1.1-1: Steel shear –heads, steel plats joined by welding


Since the outer portions of horizontal members (slab) are less stiff than the part along the
support lines, the lateral distribution of the moment along the width of the member is not
Uniform. The procedure generally adopted is to divide the slab into column strips (along the
column lines) and middle strips and then apportion the moment between these strips and the
distribution of the moment within the width of each strip being assumed uniform.
Figure 3.2.1.1-2: Moments and frames


Figure: 3.2.1.1-3
Example: 3.2-1 Design and calculation of Flat Plate
Geometric Shapes
Slab thickness
hd  300mm
The geometry of the building floor plans:
l1  7.7m lk  2.3m l2  3.6m ly  7.7m
Construction height of object:
kv  2.850m
Dimensions columns:
bs  400mm hs  bs
The peripheral dimensions of the beam:
ho  0.5m bo  0.30m
Figure: 3.2.1-1
Load calculation
Load per area
Reinforced concrete slab thickness of 300 mm
kN kN
qdo  hd 25 1.35 qdo  10.125
3 2
m m

floor layer:
kN kN
q1d  3 1.4 q 1d  4.2 
2 2
m m
Live load (apartments):
kN kN
vd  2.0 1.5 vd  3
2 2
m m
Total load on 1 m 2 of slab:
kN
qd  qdo  q1d  vd qd  17.325
2
m
Force load
Peripheral masonry thickness of 400 mm YTONG:
kN
F1  10 kv ly 400mm1.35 F1  118.503kN
3
m
Total load acting on the console:
F1d  F1 F1d  118.503kN
Investigation replacement frame in the X-axis Frame 1:
Calculation model
Figure: 3.2.1-2
load calculation

Load width in a direction perpendicular to the x:
zsx  ly
Load in the x-direction:

kN
qdx  qd zsx qdx  133.403
m
Calculation of internal forces
Moment on a console:
 lk 
2
Mk   F1d lk  qdx  Mk  625.407kN m
 2 
Moment of inertia:
Transverse replacement frame:
3
ly hd 4
Ip  Ip  0.017m
12
Central girders replacement of frame:

Ist  Ip
column:
Is  5.208  10 3 m
1 3 4
Is  bs hs
12
Bending stiffness:
Transverse replacement frame:
Ip kN m
Kp  1000 Kp  2.25kN 
l1 2 rad
rad m
Central girders replacement frame:
Ist kN m
Kst  1000 Kst  4.813kN 
 l2 rad m
2 rad
Column
Is kN m
Ks  1000 Ks  1.827kN 
kv 2 rad
rad m

Figure: 3.2.1-3
9 1  10  1 M910  1 M108  1 M109  1 M1012  1

M1010'  1 M10'10  1 M911  1 M97  1
Primary moments in node 9:

1 2
M97o  0kN m M910o   qdxl1 M911o  0kN m
12
Primary moments in node 10:
1 2
M109o  qdxl1 M108o  0kN m M1012o  0kN m
12
1 2
M1010ò   qdxl2 M10'10o  M1010ò
12
Given
M97kN m M97o  Ks  3 9rad  M911kN m M911o  Ks  2 9rad 
M910kN m M910o  Kp  2 9rad   10rad 
M108kN m M108o  Ks  3 10rad  M109kN m M109o  Kp  2 10rad   9rad 
M1012kN m M1012o  Ks  2 10rad  M1010'kN m M1010ò  Kst   10rad 
M10'10kN m M10'10o  Kst   10rad 
Equilibrium conditions:
Node 9
Mk  M97kN m  M910kN m  M911kN m 0 kN m
Node 10:

M109kN m  M1012kN m  M1010'kN m  M108kN m 0kN m
v  Find M97 M910 M911 M109 M1012M1010'M108  9  10 M10'10
The calculated moments of individual members of equilibrium conditions:

M910  v ( 1.0) kN m M910  691.408kN m
M10'10  v ( 9 0) kN m M10'10  282.659kN m
M1010'  v ( 5.0) kN m M1010'  282.659kN m
M911  v ( 2.0) kN m M911  26.401kN m
M109  v ( 3.0) kN m M109  545.787kN m
The computation of shear forces in the individual members:

l1 0
V910o  qdx 0 39.601
2
V109o  V910o 1 -691.408
M910  M109 2 26.401

V910  V910o  3 545.787
l1 v  4 -105.251
V910  532.511kN 5 -282.659
M910  M109 6 -157.877
V109  V109o 
l1 7 7.223
V109  494.688kN 8 -28.797

9 282.659
 l1 
V1010ò  qdx 
 4
V1010'  V1010ò
V1010'  256.8kN
Maximum moment between 9-10 Mmax

l1
a  V910 a  3.992m
V910  V109
2
Mmax   V910a  M910  qdx
a
Mmax  371.423kN m
2
Maximum moment between 10-10 Mstr

2
 l2 
 
Mstr
l1
 V1010'  M1010'  qdx
 2 Mstr  4.431kN m
4 2

Figure: 3.2.1-4
Transformation moments for the part columned strip and between the columns
Ma  M910 Mb  M109 Ma  691.408m kN Mb  545.787m kN
Mc'  Mmax1.25 Mc  Mstr 1.25 Mc'  464.278kN m Mc  5.539kN m
Moments over support:
p 0.75
M1a   p Ma M1a  518.556kN m M2a   1   p  Ma
M2a  172.852kN m M1b   p Mb M1b  409.34kN m
M2b   1   p Mb M2b  136.447kN m
Positively support moments:

 m  0.60
M3c  Mc'  m M3c  278.567kN m M4c  Mc'  1   m M4c  185.711kN m

Figure: 3.2.1-5
Dimensioning of the reinforcement:
Material characteristic of concrete f ckcyl and steel fyk

fyd  375MPa fcd  12MPa
The top reinforcement for moments:

effective height:
d  hd  3cm
width, which act the moment

ly
b  b  3.85m
2
Column strip M 1a:
M1a  518.556kN m M1a  0.518MN m
d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m
M1a
    0.0475   0.154
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast   b d fcd Ast  100cm Ast  59.252cm  15.39cm
MN 3.85

Among the columned strip M 2a:
M2a  172.852kN m M2a  0.172MN m
d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m
M2a
    0.01439   0.051
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  17.95cm  4.662cm
MN 3.85
Column strip M 1b:
M1b  409.34kN m M1b  0.409MN m
d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m
M1b
    0.03596   0.121
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  44.857cm  11.651cm
MN 3.85
Among the columned strip M 2b:
M2b  136.447kN m M2b  0.136MN m
fcd  12MPa b  3.85m d  0.27m
M2b
    0.01145   0.04
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  14.283cm  3.71cm
MN 3.85
The lower reinforcement for moments:


Column strip M 3c:
M3c  278.567kN m M3c  0.278MN m
b  3.85m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa
M3c
    0.0249   0.083
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  31.06cm  8.068cm
MN 3.85
Among the columned strip M 4c:
M4c  185.711kN m M4c  0.185MN m

d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m
M4c
    0.055   0.01588
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2
Ast  100cm Ast  19.809cm
MN
Investigation replacement frame in y Frame 2
Calculation Model

Figure: 3.2.1-6
Load calculation
q2d  qd   l1  l2
1 kN
q2d  97.886
2 m
Calculation internal forces
Support part:
Ma    q2d ly
1 2
Ma  483.64kN m
 12 
Among the supports:
1 2
Mc'  q2d ly Mc'  362.73kN m
16
a magnification between support:
Mc  Mc' 1.25 Mc  453.412kN m
Transformation moments for the part columned strip and among columned
support t of Ma2
p  0.75 Ma1   p Ma Ma1  362.73kN m
Ma2   1   p  Ma Ma2  120.91kN m
Between the support of M c
m  0.6 Mc1   mMc Mc1  272.047kN m


Mc2   1   m Mc Mc2  181.365kN m
Dimensioning of reinforcement
Upper reinforcement of moment:
Effective depth:
d  hd  3cm
Column strip M 1a:
The width on which acting the moment:
l1 l2
b   b  2.825m
4 4
Column strip M 1a:
M1a  0.518MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m
M1a
    0.06687   0.21
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2
Ast  100cm Ast  61.206cm
MN
Between the column strip M 2a:
M2a  0.172MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m
M2a
    0.02037   0.07
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2
Ast  100cm Ast  18.645cm
MN

Column strip M 1a:
Mc1  0.272MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m
Mc1
    0.03277   0.11
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2
Ast  100cm Ast  29.994cm
MN
Between column strip M 2a:
Mc2  0.181MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m
Mc2
    0.0216   0.073
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2
Ast  100cm Ast  19.77cm
MN
Investigation extreme frame replacement

Calculation Model:

Figure: 3.2.1-7
Calculation of load:
From the slab:
 l1  kN
q3do  qd  lk   q3do  106.549
 2 m
Peripheral masonry thickness of 400 mm YTONG:
kN kN
F1  10 kv 400mm1.4 F1  15.96
3 m
m
Total load replacement frame:

kN
qkd  q3do  F1 q kd  122.509 
m
Calculation of internal forces

Moment of the end strip:

Support bending moment:
1 2
Mka   qkd ly Mka  605.295kN m
12
Between the column bending moment:
1 2
Mkc  qkd ly Mkc  453.971kN m
16
Transformation moments for the part columned bands and among columned
columned strip width:
l1
bp3  lk  bp3  6.15m
2
Moments over support:
Mka  lk 
Mexta   1  2   Mexta  264.509kN m
4
 bp3 
Minta  Mka  Mexta Mk4a   p Minta Mk4a  255.59kN m
Mk3a   1   p  Minta Mk3a  85.197kN m
Between the column moments:
Mkc  lk 
Mextc   1  2  Mextc  198.382kN m
4
 bp3 
Mintc  Mkc  Mextc Mk4c   mMintc Mk4c  153.354kN m
Mk3c   1   m Mintc Mk3c  102.236kN m
Design the reinforcement to the reinforced concrete slab

The top reinforcement for moments:

effective height:
d  d  3cm
Column extreme strip Mexta:
width which act moment

b  lk b  2.3 m
Column extreme strip Mexta: see diagram B3-B3.3
Mexta  0.265MN m d  0.24m fcd  12MPa b  2.3 m
Mexta
    0.0509   0.166
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2
Ast  100cm Ast  33.716cm
MN
Column strip inside M k4a:
width, which acts moment, see diagram B3-B3.3

l1
b  b  1.925m
4
Mk4a  0.256MN m d  0.24m fcd  12MPa b  1.925m
Mk4a
    0.05965   0.192
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  33.07cm  17.179cm
MN 1.925
Among the columned strip M k3a:
width, which acts moment


l1
b  b  1.925m
4
Mk3a  0.085MN m d  0.24m fcd  12MPa b  1.925m
Mk3a
    0.01739   0.064
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  9.641cm  5.008cm
MN 1.925
The lower reinforcement for moments:
Column extreme strip Mextc:
width, which acts moment, see diagram B3-B3.3
b  lk b  2.3 m
Mextc  0.198MN m d  0.24m fcd  12MPa b  2.3 m
Mextc
    0.03758   0.125
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  24.893cm  10.823cm
MN 2.3
Column strip inside M k4c:

l1
b  b  1.925m
4
Mk4c  0.153MN m d  0.24m fcd  12MPa b  1.925m

Mk4c
    0.03436   0.115
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  19.049cm  9.896cm
MN 1.925
Among the columned strip M k3c:

l1
b  b  1.925m
4
See diagram B3-B3.3

Mk3c  0.102MN m d  0.24m fcd  12MPa b  1.925m
Mk3c
    0.02189   0.077
2
b d fcd
  b d fcd  2 2 Ast 2
Ast  100cm Ast  12.136cm  6.304cm
MN 1.925


Example 3.2-2: In the example we are considering reinforced concrete slab flat, floor slab
thickness is hd = 0.3m, Column diameter (round column) d =0.50 m, the maximum force applied
one column at Nd= 1800 kN.
d  0.5  m hd  0.3  m b  1 m Nd  1800  kN
Material characteristics:
fcd  17  MPa fctm  1.2  MPa fyd  375  MPa

Figure: 2.3.2‐1
Coefficient of shear strength

2
1
 1  18  mm n  Ast  n  As1 2
As1    5 Ast  0.00127 m
4
Ast
 stw   stw  0.004241 m
b  hd
in both directions

On 1m plate
1 fctm
 stmin    stmin  0.001067
3 fyd
 b  1  s  1.159  n  1.0  f  1.25  b  1
2 hd
 h  1.4    h  1.2
3 m
 g   s  n   h   f  g  1.74

Carrying capacity of the concrete section
1
qbu  0.42  hd   g   b  fctm qbu  262.86 m  kN
Assess the resistance of the concrete section

Maximum force per columns
Vcd  Nd Vcd  1800 kN

Basic critical perimeter

ucr  2.51 m
Shear force on the critical perimeter

Vcd 1
qd  qd  716.2 m  kN
ucr

Shear resistance of concrete

1 1
qbu  262.86 m  kN qd  716.2 m  kN qd  qbu

We suggest shear reinforcement

1
qd  2  qbu 2  qbu  525.72 m  kN

Incorrect design, head to be designed so that they apply condition:
qd  2  qbu correct proposal
Proposal of hidden head

Maximum critical perimeter with hidden head
Ucrmax  1.9  ucr Ucrmax  4.78 m

Vcd
1 1
qda  qda  376.95 m  kN qbu  262.86 m  kN
Ucrmax
qda  qbu 2  qbu  525.72 m 1  kN


If we want to make a proposal without head, subject to the following parameters:
 hd 
d  1.0  m fctm40  1.40  MPa ucr40     d  2  ucr40  4.08 m
 2
Carrying capacity of the concrete section
qbu40  0.42  hd   g   b  fctm40  ucr40 qbu40  1252.47 kN Vcd  1800 kN
2  qbu40  2504.94 kN 2qbu40  Vcd
Proposal visible head

Geometry head
  45  deg sin ( )  0.71 cos ( )  0.71
hh  0.6  m dh  2.0  m Ucr2    dh Ucr2  6.28 m

Vcd 1 1
qd2  qd2  286.48 m  kN qbu  262.86 m  kN qd2  qbu
Ucr2

Figure: 2.3.2‐2
We suggest shear reinforcement

qd2  2  qbu
Proposal shear reinforcement - reinforced by bins
q q  qsu qsu n  A ss   ss   s  fyd q su  q d2  q bu q su  23.62 m

1
 kN
d2 bu
fyd  190  MPa  ss  1  s  1 A ss  1  m2 n  1

n is the number of bins reinforced, Ass area of reinforcement to a bin
Given
qsu n  Ass  ss  s fyd  m
1
 
Ass  Find Ass Ass  0.000124 m
2

n1  5 number of bars in one bin / m 'ss = 0.25m
 1  8  mm diameter of one profile

2
1 2
Asssku  n1    Asssku  0.00025133 m Asssku  Ass
4
Assessment of the punching according to EC 2
design value of shear resistance of plate without shear reinforcement (per unit length of critical
perimeter)
v Rd1  Rd  k  1.2  40  1  d
shear resistance

MN hd
 Rd  0.3  hd  0.3  m k  1.6  k  1.3
2 m
m
bt  1 m average width tension section

MN hd kN
fyk  410  min1  0.6  bt   min1  0.00000044
2 fyk 4
m m
hd
min2  0.0015  bt  min2  0.00045
2
m
 min1 
min    
min  max min  min  0.00045
 min2 

concrete area
Ac  hd  bt Ac  0.3 m2
The maximum degree of reinforcement

Ac
max  0.04  max  0.01
2
m
The average degree of reinforcement

min  max
1  1  0.01
2

vRd1   Rd  k  1.2  40  1  hd vRd1  169.53 m 1  kN
The maximum design value of shear resistance of plate with shear reinforcement (per unit
length of critical perimeter)
vRd2  1.6  vRd1 vRd2  271.25 m 1  kN
Design value of shear resistance of plate with shear reinforcement (per unit length of critical
perimeter)
 A f s yd  sin ( ) 
i
vRd3 vRd1 
u
Column diameter
Ps  0.5  m
Diameter of critical perimeter

Pu  2  1.5  hd  Ps Pu  1.4 m

Critical perimeter
u    Pu u 4.4 m
2 2
Pu Ps 2
Acw      Acw  1.34 m concrete shear area
4 4
Assumption degree of shear reinforcement

´w  0.0013  0.6
2  MN
As  ´w Acw As  0 m   fyd  360 
2 2
m
As  fyd  sin ( ) 

vRd3  vRd1  vRd3  255.28 m 1  kN carrying capacity
u


The load effects

Vsd  1800  kN Computing shear force   1.15 internal columns

Figure: 2.3.2‐3

Vsd  
vsd  vsd  470.64 m 1  kN vsd  vRd3 incorrect design, design head
u
as being applicable condition vsd  vRd3
Geometry head
lh  0.9  m hh  0.6  m d2crit  3.11  m

Critical perimeter with head
ucrit    d2crit ucrit  9.77 m
Concrete shear area
2 2
d2crit Ps
Acwh      Acwh  7.4 m2
4 4
The expected level of reinforcement by shear reinforcement
Vsd  
Ash   ´w Acwh Ash  0.01 m
2
vsd  vsd  211.87 m 1  kN
ucrit
Ash  fyd  sin ( ) 
vRd3  vRd1  vRd3  382.21 m 1  kN vsd  vRd3
ucrit
Slab with shear reinforcement to a void punching.


 A sw  sin ( ) 
i
w
Ax
Space inside the critical perimeter less the contact surface
2 2
d2crit Ps
Ax      2
Ax  7.4 m
4 4
For dimensioning elements requiring shear reinforcement

VRd2 0.5    fcd   bw  0.9  d  1  cotg () fck  25  MPa fcd  13.3  MPa
  if    0.5 0.5  

fck
  0.7    0.58   0.58   0.5
200  MPa
Smallest section width in the range of effective height

bw  1.0  m

Height of the floor slab

hd  0.3  m

cot ( )  0 VRd2  0.5    fcd   bw  0.9 hd  1  cot () VRd2  1032.41 kN

Maximum distance of stirrups
s max  0.3  hd s max  0.09 m 

s max  if s max  0.2  m s max 0.2  m  s max  0.09 m

2
Vsd  1800 kN  VRd2  688.27 kN
3
Maximum diameter of reinforcement stirrups with a smooth surface
s  0.012  m
Sectional area of shear reinforcement in the length range


2
s 2 
Asw    Asw  0.00011 m  
4 2
Asw  sin ( )
w  w  0.00001528 wtab  0.0013 wmin  0.6 wtab
Ax
wmin  0.00078
Necessary degree of reinforcement EC2:
 
w  if w  wmin wmin w w  0.00078
Minimum design values of moments on columns in contact with the plate at the eccentric load
x  0.125 Internal Column, top moment
y  0.125 Internal Column, top moment Vsd  1800 kN acting shear
force msdx  x  Vsd msdx  225 kN msdy  y  Vsd msdy  225 kN

Figure: 2.3.2‐4


Example 3.2-3: In the middle columns of dimensions as x bs from adjacent reinforced flat slab
of thickness hs at a critical cross-section carries a full load slab, shear force Vcd = 400 kN,
shear force from accidental load Vcd = 325 kN and the bending moment Mcd = 20 kNm (moment
transmitted from slab to reinforced column).
Figure: 2.3.3-1
Material characteristics:
fckcub  20  MPa fckcyl  0.8  fckcub fckcyl  16  MPa
fckcyl
fcd  0.85  fcd  9.067  MPa
1.5
2
3
 fckcyl 
fctm  1.4     MPa fctm  1.915 MPa
 10  MPa 
fyk
fyk  345  MPa fyd  fyd  300  MPa
1.15
where fctk is the characteristic tensile strength of concrete (5-percent fractile), fctm is the mean
tensile strength and fck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete measured on
cylinders.
The depth of reinforced concrete slabs

hs  0.2  m
Dimension columns:
as  0.40  m bs  0.40  m

Bending moment and shearing forces:

Vcd1  400  kN Vcd  325  kN Mcd  20  kN m
hs hs
Uc1  as  2 Uc1  0.6 m Uc2  bs  2 Uc2  0.6 m
2 2
Ucr  2   Uc1  Uc2 Ucr  2.4 m
Vcd1 1
qdmax  qdmax  166.667 m  kN
Ucr
Mkontr  0.2  Vcd  hs Mkontr  13 m  kN
If Mkontr less than the Mcd, should be respected Mcd
3 2
U c1 U c2  U c1 3
Icr   Icr  0.144 m
6 2
Figure: 2.3.3-2
1
n  n  0.4
 U c2 
3
1    
2  U c1 
V cd M cd  n  0.5  U c1 1
 dmax    dmax  152.08m  kN
U cr Icr
Calculation of Qbu

2
d 2
d  18  mm As1    As1  0.00025447 m n  6
4
2
Astd  n As1 Astd  0.00152681 m
Astd
c1  as \ c2  bs  stx   stx  0.00636173
 c2  4  hs  hs
1 fctm
 stmin    stmin  0.00212797
3 fyd
Astd
 sty   sty  0.00636173
 c2  4  hs  hs
 stm    stx   sty   stm  0.00636173
hs
s  1  50   b    stm   stmin  s  1.212 h  1.4  m  2  h  1.267 m
3
hs hs
qbu  0.42   s   h   n  fctm  qbur  0.42  fctm 
m m
1 2
qbu  246.91096132 m  kN qbur  160.87453706 m  kN
The reliability condition

1 1
qdmax  166.667 m  kN qbu  246.911 m  kN
2 2
qbur  160.87453706 m  kN qbueur  160.87453706 m  kN
The cross-section without shear reinforcement does not comply

I suggest shear reinforcement in the form of welded of mesh
2
s 2
 ss  1 s  8  mm Ass1    Ass1  0.00005027 m
4
 ss  Ass1   s  fyd
ss  ss  0.34897549 m
qdmax  0.5  qbu

Perimeter displaced the critical cross section
Ucrp  2   c1  hs  2  ss   c2  hs  2  ss Ucrp  5.19180391 m
Vcd1 1
qdmaxp  qdmaxp  77.04451232 m  kN
Ucrp
It is less than qbu, that is, the cross section satisfies without shear reinforcement.
Alternative we suggest shear reinforcement consisting of a flexible conduit at an angle
 =60.deg.
1 1
qbu  246.911 m  kN qdmax  166.667 m  kN   60  deg
 qdmax  0.5  qbu  Ucr 2

Asb  Asb  0.00039917 m
sin (  )   s  fyd
The proposal
2
 oh 2
 oh  14  mm Asoh    Asoh  0.00015394 m
4
Asb
 2.59304223
Asoh

Figure: 2.3.3-3
Internal column of 500 x 500

hd  25  cm fctm  1.2  MPa bs  50  cm hs  50  cm
fyd  375  MPa P1  856  kN
step 1:
ucr1   bs  hd   hs  hd  2 Qbu1  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr1 Qbu1  378 kN
P  P1  0.5  Qbu1 P  667 kN
P 2
Asb  Asb  0.00206822 m   25  mm
0.86  fyd
2
  2 Asb
As1  As1  0.00049087 m n  n  4.21333718
4 As1
V1  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr1 V1  378 kN P  667 kN
Step 2
ucr2   bs  3  hd   hs  3  hd  2 ucr2  5 m
Qbu2  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr2 Qbu2  630 kN


P 2
P  P1  0.5  Qbu2 P  541 kN Asb  Asb  0.00167752 m
0.86  fyd
2
Asb   2
n  n  3.42   25  mm As1  As1  0.00049087 m
As1 4
V2  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr2 V2  630 kN
P ucr
ucr  ucr  4.2937 m  1.0734 m
0.42  hd  fctm 4
Column of 400x 500 extreme

hd  25  cm fctm  1.2  MPa bs  40  cm hs  50  cm fyd  375  MPa
Step 1:
ucr1   bs  0.5  hd  2   hs  hd Qbu1  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr1 Qbu1  226.8 kN
0.5  Qbu1  113.4 kN
When applied to the plate even bending moment, then we take 0.5 qbu
P1  577  kN P  P1  0.5  Qbu1 P  463.6 kN
For P we calculate the required shear reinforcement.
P
Asb  Asb  0.00143752m
2   20  mm
0.86 fyd
2
  Asb
As1  As1  0.00031416m
2
n  n  4.575766
4 As1
V1  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr1 V1  226.8 kN P  463.6 kN V1  P does not comply


Step 2
ucr2   hs  3  hd   bs  1.5  hd  2 ucr2  2.8 m
Qbu2  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr2 Qbu2  352.8 kN
We expand the circumference in order to prevent the creation of a new shear crack
P 2
P  P1  0.5  Qbu2 P  400.6 kN Asb  Asb  0.00124217 m
0.86  fyd
2
  2
  20  mm As1  As1  0.00031416 m
4
Asb
n  n  3.95395164 V2  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr2 V2  352.8 kN
As1
P  400.6 kN V2  P does not comply
Figure 2.3.3-4: Shear reinforcement at slab-column connection

Step 3:
ucr3   hs  5  hd   bs  2.5  hd  2 ucr3  3.8 m
Qbu3  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr3 Qbu3  478.8 kN P  P1  0.5  Qbu3 P  337.6 kN


P 2
Asb  Asb  0.00104682 m
0.86  fyd
2
  2 Asb
  25  mm As1  As1  0.00049087 m n  n  2.13
4 As1
V3  0.42  hd  fctm  ucr3 V3  478.8 kN P  337.6 kN V3  P OK
V3 is greater than P, thus the determination of the reinforcement to avoid the punching in
reinforced concrete slab flat over the column is o

Reinforced Concrete Slabs

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Reinforced Concrete Slabs

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Sabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering 2017

(1) slabs supported on edges of beams and walls

Figure 3.2-3: Types of the reinforced concrete slab systems

Figure 3.2.1-1: Post punching behaviour of slab- critical section

3.2.1-1 Analysis and Design of Flat Plate

Figure 3.2.1.1-1: Steel shear –heads, steel plats joined by welding

Figure 3.2.1.1-2: Moments and frames

Example: 3.2-1 Design and calculation of Flat Plate

Load in the x-direction:

Central girders replacement of frame:

9 1  10  1 M910  1 M108  1 M109  1 M1012  1

Primary moments in node 9:

The calculated moments of individual members of equilibrium conditions:

The computation of shear forces in the individual members:

M910  M109 2 26.401

V109  494.688kN 8 -28.797

Maximum moment between 9-10 Mmax

Maximum moment between 10-10 Mstr

Positively support moments:

Material characteristic of concrete f ckcyl and steel fyk

The top reinforcement for moments:

width, which act the moment

Column strip M 1a:

M1a  518.556kN m M1a  0.518MN m

d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m

Among the columned strip M 2a:

M2a  172.852kN m M2a  0.172MN m

d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m

Column strip M 1b:

M1b  409.34kN m M1b  0.409MN m

d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  3.85m

Among the columned strip M 2b:

M2b  136.447kN m M2b  0.136MN m

fcd  12MPa b  3.85m d  0.27m

The lower reinforcement for moments:

Column strip M 3c:

M3c  278.567kN m M3c  0.278MN m

b  3.85m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa

Among the columned strip M 4c:

M4c  185.711kN m M4c  0.185MN m

Ma2   1   p  Ma Ma2  120.91kN m

Between the support of M c

m  0.6 Mc1   mMc Mc1  272.047kN m

Mc2   1   m Mc Mc2  181.365kN m

Column strip M 1a:

The width on which acting the moment:

Column strip M 1a:

M1a  0.518MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m

Between the column strip M 2a:

M2a  0.172MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m

Mc1  0.272MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m

Between column strip M 2a:

Mc2  0.181MN m d  0.27m fcd  12MPa b  2.825m

Investigation extreme frame replacement

From the slab:

Peripheral masonry thickness of 400 mm YTONG:

Total load replacement frame:

Calculation of internal forces

Between the column bending moment:

Moments over support:

Minta  Mka  Mexta Mk4a   p Minta Mk4a  255.59kN m

Mk3a   1   p  Minta Mk3a  85.197kN m

Between the column moments:

Mintc  Mkc  Mextc Mk4c   mMintc Mk4c  153.354kN m