Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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tural landscape as a showcase for commercial and export- increased soil acidity; (2) mcreased nutnent load ofsurround-
onented production. Subsistence and staple crops were re- mg water bodies due to fertilizer nmoff; (3) decreased pest
placed wuh high value crops (HVCs). Staple crops such as reststance; and (4) genetic erosion accompamed by 111creascd
rice and com gave way to "more saleable" products such as crop vulnerability to pests and diseases. Fertilizer use has
mangoes, pili and cashew nuts, cassava, cotton, castor beans, spawned other problems, particularly water pollution. The
asparagus, and cut flowers. growth of algae blooms in some waters has been attributed
For the period 1990-1995, the HVCs contributed to inorganic fertilizers with nitrates. Increased pesticide usc
about $693M or 38% of the country's agricultural export. The also increases pest resistance. Resistance was noted to be
serious implications of the shift to IJVCs, secondary to land pronounced in fruit and vegetable insects. Pesticide usc poses
ownership and livelihood, are food insecurity and environ- health risks to consumers as high accumulation of pesticide
mental degradation. HVC growing is promoted through the residues in food has been discovered. From 1980 to 1987,
practice of contract growing in which fanners are contracted there were 4,031 cases of pesticide poisoning monitored by
by transnational corporations (TNCs) to grow a speci fied government hospitals, 15% of which were fatal.
crop at specified quality standards. IIVCs intensify TNC con- The bulk of seed trading is given to private seed
trol in agriculture. TNCs become involved from planting to companies and traders which include foreign and foreign-
trade without really owning the land. In the practice of con- affiliated seed companies such as East-West Seed Corpora-
tract growi11g HVCs, fanners are ordered to follow the recom- tion (Dutch), Pilipinas-Kaneko Seeds Corporation (Filipino-
mended doses of fertilizers and pesticides in order to achieve Japanese) and Pioneer Hi-Bred (American). Other than the
the standard quantity and quality. seed trade, the supply of fenilizers, pesticides and herbicides
The use of chemical fenilizcrs and pesticides poses is controlled by transnational companies {TNCs) such as
a threat to the envtronmcnt as well as to the health of the Dayer, Rhone-Poulenc, Ctba Geigy, and Sandoz. It is esti-
workers. For example, in Mindanao ambulances are on standby mated that 30% of the global seed market ofS 15 million to S 17
whenever fann workers spray the deadly pesticide "Mocap" million is controlled by 20 companies. TNCs, through the
in banana growership farms in Davao del None. Soil erosion traders, dictate the prices of the seeds and other farm com-
and desertification are already evident in some places in modities as well as the prices at which the vegetables and
Mindanao where contract growing of IIVCs is prevalent. In other produce arc bought, placing the farmers, who arc tlw
Cotabato, farmers complain ofsiltntion in their irrigation sys- primary producers, at the losing end.
tem because of the pineapple plantations. The shill from a "food lirst" to an "export lirst"
Heeding the call for globalization, the government policy is justified on the grounds of food security, because
permits the conversion of prime agricultural lands into indus- export earnings are supposed to pay for food imports. How-
trial centers, expon processing zones, and real estate. The ever, expon-oriented agriculture has reduced food security
irreversible conversion of farmland contributes to the grow- by encouraging a shift from small-scale sustainable produc-
ing loss ofagricultural resources and the country's best soils. tion to large-scale non-sustainable industrial production. It
The loss of rich agncultural lands to settlements and indus- also brings changes in ownership of our natural resources
trial uses displaced peasants who then encroach upon mar- ::mel means of production from small autonomous producers/
ginally-productive hilly forest areas. This results in misap- owners to large corporate and commercial interests. Peas-
propriation of land resources whereby fenile lands arc used ants are displaced from farming while co111111ercial interests
by business while marginal lands are cultivated and further take over land for industrial-scale production of cxpon com-
decrease forest areas. modities such as shrimp, vegetables and meat.
The land allotted for rice and com decreased from5 While small-scale indigenous shrimp fanning has
mtlhon hectares to 1.9 million hectares, thereby decreasmg been sustainable over the cenruries, shrimp exports requite
the supply of these staple crops. The average daily rice re- the establishment of factory famlS for shrimp production.
quirement in the Philippines is 22,000 metric tons. The actual Each acre of shrimp fam1 needs 200 "shadow acres" to sup-
yield per hectare of rice land is only about 2.82 metric tons ply resources and absorb the wastes. Large scale shrimp
annually. Even if the yield is doubled in the-remaining hect- farming is so damaging because it requires enormous quanti-
ares lor rice ( 1.2 million), the production would still be short tics of !ish lo r shrimp feed , most of which is converted to
by 282,000 metric tons. This results to a lower supply of the wnstc that is poured into the sea, polluting the water and
dietary needs of the population. damaging mangroves. Shrimp farming also destroys the
The introduction of the high yielding varieties coastal agriculture because the factories require the pump-
(JIYVs) of rice supposedly to increase agricultural produc- ing of seawater into the shrimp ponds. This causes saliniza-
tivity actually promoted TNC agribusiness in the Philippines. tion-reducing drinking water supply and destroying trees
The IIYVs are more aptly called "high response varieties" and crops near the shrimp factories.
because they can only increase yields with high fenilizer and The original purpose of Intellectual Propeny Rights
chcrmcal mputs. The fannl!rs, under the World Bank-spon- {IPR) is rewarding innovation wlule ensuring disclosure and
sored Green Revolution, were told to shift to rice and com sharing of knowledge for enabling funher innovatton. The
I IVY hybrids. Trade Related Intellectual Propeny Rights (TRIP) agreement,
Heavy reliance on fann chemicals has resulted in ( I) however, opens the door to the patenting of life fornlS such
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as microorganisms and modified genetic materials, thus pro- fennented sugar cane, tapuy brewed from rice, as well as
viding the boost in incentives desired by the biotechnology local fruit wines are no match to the TNC foreign wines whether
industry. This will be detrimental to the global environment imported or manufactured locally.
because of the present lack of controls and accountabili ty in The Philippine sugar industry was also caught in
bioteclu10logy research, and application will likely acceler- GAIT. In order to fulfill the government's commitment to
ate biodiversity loss and could threaten the natural ecosys- GATT as well as to correct the sugar shortage in the country,
tems. sugar is imported through the private sector. The El Niiio
Some I I patents have already been filed in the US phenomenon and land usc conversions have resulted not
and Japan covering the extraction and usc of nata de coco only in smaller cultivated areas but also delayed harvests
from coconut, a major cottage industry in the Philippines, and low sugar yield. Beyond the issue of speculative price
and patents by.foreign entities and individuals were filed on surges and government intervention, the Philippine sugar
lagundi and banaba, two Philippine plants with medicinal industry is threatened by the entry of cheaper imported sugar
quahttes. The French fasluon house, y,•es St. Laurant, has and the eventual removal of US quotas.
al ready secured a patent for its perfume fommla whtch IS The mining industry, instead of being treated as a
based on the Philippines' native "/lang-/lang" flower. basic resource indusrry, is being counted as a dollar-earner.
TRIP is a concern because of the threat it poses to Its contribution to the economy has always been measured
the very existence of agrarian communities. As it stands now, in terms of its ability to generate export earnings, taxes, and
an individual or company can collect a plant from a develop- employment. The Philippines has earned a slot in the world's
ing country, modify it or isolate a useful gene, patent a new major producers ofgold, copper, silver, chromium, and nickel.
plant variety or product that contains it, and appropriate all The mining process has always been equated with environ-
linancial benefits witl10ut having to make any payment to the mental destruction such as deforestation, slope destabiliza-
communities whose traditional knowledge enabled the plant tion, soil erosion, desertification, water resource degrada-
to be identified in the first place. tion, defertilization, crop damage, siltation, alteration of ter-
rain and sea bottom topography, increased water turbidity,
B. The Effects on Philippine Industries and air pollution.
The Philippines has long committed itself to the The mining industry is not only pollutive but ex-
structural adjustment programs (SAPs) of the IMF and the tractive as well. The mining process in the Philippines entai ls
WB. Under the country's SA P in 1980. it devised the lirst bulldozing large quantities of rock and land underground or
trade libaalization program that included import liberaliza- flattening mountains to extract minerals from chunks of ore.
tion and tariff reforms. There was no need to import chicken For example, one ton of gold ore produces a minuscule 2
meat since the domestic chicken production was adequate to grams ofgold, about the size of a headache tablet. To extract
meet local requirements. However, the counrry's adherence a metric ton of copper, 2.2 metric tons ofearth and rocks must
to the IMF-WB SAPs and the GArr paved the way for the be removed in the process. Aside from mine wastes and tail-
sudden influx of imported chicken from developed countnes, mgs which afTectthe physical environment, the major issue
threatening the local poultry industry. Under the new IM F is the socioeconomic dislocation and displacement of both
program, it was made clear that the government 's recovery upland and lowland peasant families in the mining area, the
hinges on its adherence to further liberalization, deregula- subsistence miners, indigenous peoples in ancestral domains
tion, and privatization. and the people's rightful claim over the country's mineral and
The liberalization of the telecommunications indus- other natural resources.
try actually opened up the sector to foreign domination. A Energy development is one of the sectors opened
number of foreign investors took advantage of the "free" up to foreign investors who bring in huge capital through
atmosphere by forging partnerships with local companies. various arrangements with the govemment's privatization
13ritish, Swedish, Canadian, and Singaporean firms arc among program. More energy is needed to meet the needs of the
the owners of the top telecommunications companies in the industries. Geothermal energy development occurs in moun-
country today. Two new modes of communication arc the tainous areas with secondary forest growth and river sys-
Internet and mobile cellular phones. However, private owner- tems. Its environmental impacts include de-vegetation, soil
ship means putting profit ahead of service, thus only the rich erosion, land alteration (especially during construction, ex-
and the middle class, comprising only 20% of the population, ploration and drilling), destruction of the natmal habitat and
can avail themselves of these. water pollution. Water pollution during well testing and power
Beverages are a perfect example of an industry generation and toxic components ofgeothermal effiuents and
turned global. It is also a perfect example of an msigntficant drilh.ng fluids could contaminate surface and groundwater in
product turned into a virtual need through relentless market- the area. For example, the Visitang Naga River near the Tiwi
ing and advertising. The top beverage transnational compa- Geothermal Plant had concentrattons of heavy metals. Sulfur
rues, Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola, have taken O\'er the drink oxide emissions adversely affected the trees in the Southem
preference of Filipinos as well as the business ofloca I bever- Negros geothemml area. Coal-fired power plants have a ma-
age manufacturers. Local liquors and spirits, such as tuba, jor impact on air quality. S02 , NO, CO, C02, particulate mat-
fermented drink from the sap of coconut trees, bas i from ter, fly ash, and dust emissions cause respiratory tract infec-
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tions in surrounding communities. Oil exploration also cause taken over the agricultural sector. Lack ofemployment in the
the destruction of coral reefs. Hydroelectric plants usc large country has also forced quite a number of our people, both
1mpoundmg areas displacing the mhabitants in mundated men and women, to leave their families and work abroad.
places. Changes in the hydraulic regime of the rivers also Our new president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, wams
affect the local aquatic environment. against indiscriminate globalization. She says that" ... glo-
As an offshoot of globalization, the transportation balization is dangerous if it is not accompanied by appropri-
industry has expanded. However, the increase in tJ1e number ate reforms and strengthening of institutions." May I, there-
of vehicles, especially in urban areas, has given rise to traffic fore, conclude that what the world needs is fa ir trade not free
problems and worse, a higher incidence of respiratory dis- trade. If there must be globalization, it should be humanized
cases. in order to create a healthy and sustainable life for all.
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