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iÊ Living organisms are composed of matter

iÊ ’atter is anything that occupies a space and has mass
iÊ ’atter is composed of chemical elements
iÊ ©n element cannot be broken down into smaller substances

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iÊ îrace elements are needed by all forms of life

iÊ odine is a trace element added to food or water to improve health

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iÊ lements are composed of a collection of one type of atom that is distinct from the atoms of the
other element.
iÊ © compound is a substance containing 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

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iÊ ©n atom is made up of protons and neutrons located in a central nucleus

iÊ © proton is a subatomic particle with a positive charge
iÊ © neutron is electrically neutral
iÊ ©n electron is a subatomic particle with a single negative charge
iÊ sotopes are very similar but have different numbers of neutrons

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iÊ ¦rganisms take up compounds containing radioactive isotopes

iÊ adioactive tracers are used in order to receive diagnosis along with imaging instruments
iÊ adioactive isotopes are also dangerous and can cause harm by damaging molecules

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iÊ lectron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom

iÊ lectrons are arranged in shells which may contain different amounts of electrons

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iÊ ëhen atoms lose or gain electrons then ions are created

iÊ ©nother term for an ionic compound is a salt

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iÊ îhese bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

iÊ îwo atoms must share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons
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iÊ esults from covalentley bonded atoms that do not equally share electrons
iÊ îhis based on the atoms electronegativity

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iÊ îhe charged regions on the water molecule is attracted to other oppositely charged regions
iÊ £ydrogen bonds help to make a proteins shape
iÊ £olds DN© structures together

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iÊ ëater cohesive molecules create surface tensions that allow insects to float
iÊohesion is the tendency for molecules to stick together

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iÊ ÿpecific heat is the amount of heat required for 1 gm of a substance to raise by 1 cal
iÊ îhe specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/
iÊ ÿince it has high specific heat it can moderate temperatures effectively

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iÊ £ydrogen bonds hold molecules in ice further apart than in liquid water 
iÊ -ecause if this ice is also allowed to float in liquid water 
iÊ îhis protects lakes from freezing solid allowing organisms to live

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iÊ © solution is a liquid containing a mixture of two or more substances

iÊ © solvent is the dissolving agent
iÊ © ÿolute is a substance that is dissolved
iÊ ëater¶s versatility as a solvent results from the polarity of its molecules

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iÊ © compound that releases £ ions in a solution is an acid

iÊ © compound that accepts is called a base
iÊ ©cidity is measured on a p£ scale of 0 - 14 (0 being most acidic and 14 to being very basic)

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iÊ ©cid precipitation is rain, snow, or fog with a p£ lower than 5.6

iÊ esults mainly from the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the air
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iÊ n a chemical reaction reactants interact, atoms rearrange, and products are formed
iÊ Living cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions each day that changes the composition of
matter