TOPIC 1 : REAL FLUID FLOW

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows in
bounded system
2. To apply Darcy Weisbach equation on laminar and
turbulent flows in bounded system
3. To determine the flow friction factor, f using Moody chart
4. To determine head losses in pipe flow due to friction,
separation (sudden contraction & expansion) and pipe
fittings

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 CHAPTER 1
2
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES

1.1 Laminar Flow through Circular Pipes

1.2 Turbulent Flow in Bounded Conditions
1.3 Determining Friction Factor, f using Moody Chart
1.4 Different forms of the Darcy Equation
1.5 Pipe Problems
1.6 Separation losses in pipe flow
1.7 Equivalent Length

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 LECTURE 1.3
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
3

Determining Friction Factor, f using Moody Chart

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 INTRODUCTION
4

Friction factor, f
– A function of many parameters which includes
• Velocity, v
• Diameter of pipe, d
• Roughness of the pipe walls, k
• Density, ρ
• Viscosity, μ

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 ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, k
5

 v = velocity
 d = diameter of pipe
 ρ = density
 μ = viscosity,
 k = Roughness of the pipe walls
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 The table above shows the roughness size of some

materials commonly used for pipes
 Roughness size sometimes called absolute roughness

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 FRICTION FACTOR, f
7

 By combining some of the parameters into the

dimensionless forms, expression can be simplified to
the following expression

 Since is the Reynolds number, Re equation can

be written

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Friction factor, f
 A function of the Reynolds number and also the

relative roughness, k/d

 To obtain friction factor, f

- Must identify the relationship between f and Re and

k/d
 However, this relationship has been determined
from experimental works in form of charts and
equations
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 RELATIONSHIP OF f, Re AND k/d
9

 Chart with the relationship between f, Re and k/d

called MOODY CHART  Graphical way to
determine f
 THE COLEBROOK WHITE EQUATION  Also to

determine f complicated and solving equation is

not straight forward
– The part of Moody Chart within the transition region
is plotted using the Colebrook White equation

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 FRICTION FACTOR,
10
f

Moody
Colebrook
Chart
- White
Eqn.

•A logarithmic plot
of f vs Re for
different values of
k/d •Used eqn. to solve
•3 parts for f if Re and k/d
1. Laminar regime are known
(f= 16/Re) •Used iterative
2. Transition regime procedure of trial &
3. Turbulent regime error
1  k 1.26 
 4 log10   
f 9/9/2014  3.71d Re f 
 Completely turbulent

11
Friction factor, f

k/d

Laminar

Critical Transition
zone

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Reynolds Number
 Moody Chart
12

 Reynolds number represented by the horizontal axis

 For each k/d value, a curve drawn showing the
variation of f w.r.t Reynolds No.(Re)
 3 types of regime:
I. Laminar regime
II. Transition regime
III. Turbulent regime

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 Laminar regime
13

 The friction factor, f is obtained from straight line

curve for laminar flow
 It is also can be calculated as

 f is independent of the relative

roughness k/d

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 Transition regime
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 Friction factor, f decreases with increasing Re for a

particular k/d value
 This is where the part of the curve before it
becomes horizontal
 The curve represent the Colebrook White equation

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 Completely turbulent

15
Friction factor, f

k/d

Transition

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Reynolds Number
 Completely turbulent regime
16

 Friction factor, f is independent of Reynolds number

 Only dependent on relative roughness k/d
 The part which is becomes horizontal

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 Completely turbulent

17
Friction factor, f

k/d

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Reynolds Number
 Example 1.5
18

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 Solution for Example 1.5
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 Example 1.6
23

A galvanised steel pipe 6km long and 100mm

diameter is used to convey water at a rate of
200L/min of water. Determine the head loss due to
friction using the Darcy formula. Estimate the friction
factor f by using the Moody chart. (The absolute
roughness for galvanised steel is 0.15mm)

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 Solution for Example 1.6
24

Q = 3.33x10-3m3/s

A= 7.85 x 10-3 m2

v = 0.4242 m/s

Re = 37210 > 2000. Thus, flow is turbulent.

k/d= 0.0015

f = 0.0067 (from Moody Chart)

hf = 14.7m 9/9/2014