EARLY SCIENCE

A. Research & define the following terms

1. Baryonic matter
-matter composed of protons and neutrons; ordinary matter, as distinct from exotic forms.

2. Dark matter
-Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter distinct from baryonic matter (ordinary matter such as protons and neutrons), neutrinos and dark energy.
3. Dark energy
-dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe
4. Protostar
-a contracting mass of gas that represents an early stage in the formation of a star, before nucleosynthesis has begun.

5. Thermonuclear reaction
-fusion of two light atomic nuclei into a single heavier nucleus by a collision of the two interacting particles at extremely high temperatures, with the consequent release of a
relatively large amount of energy.
6. Main sequence stars
-A main sequence staris any star that is fusing hydrogen in its core and has a stable balance of outward pressure from core nuclear fusion and gravitational forces pushing
inward.
7. Light years
- is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances. It is about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles. As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-
year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days).

8. Red shift
-the displacement of spectral lines toward longer wavelengths (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects. This is interpreted as a
Doppler shift that is proportional to the velocity of recession and thus to distance.

B. Provide a brief description of the following

1. Big Bang Theory

-The Big Bang is a scientific theory about how the universe started, and then made the stars and galaxies we see today. The universe
began very hot, small, and dense superforce (The mix of the 4 cosmic forces), with no stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a
"singularity").

2. Steady State Theory

-is an alternative to the Big Bang model of the evolution of our universe. In the steady-state theory, the density of matter in the expanding universe remains
unchanged due to a continuous creation of matter, thus adhering to the perfect cosmological principle, a principle that asserts that the observable universe is
basically the same at any time as well as at any place.
3. Oscillating Universe Theory
-is a cosmological model that combines both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event. That is, if this theory holds true, then the Universe in
which we live in exists between a Big Bang and a Big Crunch.
4. Encounter Hypothesis
-One of the earliest theories for the formation of the planets was called the encounter hypothesis. In this scenario, a rogue star passes
close to the Sun about 5 billion years ago. Material, in the form of hot gas, is tidally stripped from the Sun and the rogue star.

5. Protoplanet hypothesis
-suggests that about 5 billion years ago a great cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in space. The cloud was at
least 10 billion kilometers in diameter. As time passed, the cloud shrank under the pull of its own gravitation
or was made to collapse by the explosion of a passing star. Most of the cloud's material gathered around its
own center. Its shrinking made it rotate faster, like a spinning whirlpool. The compression of its material made
its interior so hot that a powerful reaction, hydrogen fusion, began and the core of the cloud blazed into a
newborn sun.
6. Nebular Hypothesis & Condensation Theory
-describes the formation of our solar system from a nebula cloud made from a collection of dust and gas. It is
believed that the sun, planets, moons, and asteroids were formed around the same time around 4.5 billion
years ago from a nebula.

C. Make a timeline of the Solar System Explorations. Indicate the date and year and a description of the exploration