Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

Unit IV - Lecture 11
3.1 The Mole

Chemistry 3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

The Molecular Nature of
Matter and Change
Fifth Edition

Martin S. Silberberg

Copyright ! The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Mole Figure 3.1 Counting objects of fixed relative mass.

mole(mol) - the amount of a substance that contains the

same number of entities as there are atoms in exactly
12 g of carbon-12.

This amount is 6.022x1023. The number is called

Avogadro’s number and is abbreviated as N.

One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to four 12 red marbles @ 7g each = 84g
significant figures) 12 yellow marbles @ 4g each = 48g
55.85 g Fe = 6.022 x 1023 atoms Fe
32.07 g S = 6.022 x 1023 atoms S

Table 3.1 Summary of Mass Terminology

Figure 3.2 Oxygen
32.00 g Term Definition Unit
One mole of
common Isotopic mass Mass of an isotope of an amu
substances. element
Atomic mass Average of the masses of the amu
(also called naturally occurring isotopes of an
atomic weight) element weighted according to their
abundance
Molecular Sum of the atomic masses of the amu
(or formula) mass atoms (or ions) in a molecule (or
Water (also called formula unit)
18.02 g molecular weight)
CaSO4 2H2O
* Molar mass (M) Mass of 1 mole of chemical entities g/mol
172.19 g (also called gram- (atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Copper molecular weight)
63.55 g
 Table 3.2 Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of
Glucose C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol) Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) no. of grams

Mass (g) = no. of moles x g
Atoms/molecule 6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms 1 mol
of compound
Moles of atoms/ 6 mol of 12 mol of 6 mol of 1 mol
mole of compound atoms atoms atoms No. of moles = mass (g) x M
no. of grams
Atoms/mole of 6(6.022 x1023) 12(6.022 x 1023) 6(6.022 x
1023)
compound atoms atoms atoms 6.022x1023 entities
No. of entities = no. of moles x
Mass/molecule 6(12.01 amu) 12(1.008 amu) 6(16.00 amu) 1 mol
of compound =72.06 amu =12.10 amu =96.00 amu
1 mol
Mass/mole of 72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g No. of moles = no. of entities x
compound 6.022x1023 entities

Figure 3.3 Sample Problem Calculating the Mass in a Given Number of

Summary of the mass-mole- 3.1 Moles of an Element
number relationships for elements.
PROBLEM Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no
: longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of Ag are in
0.0342 mol of Ag?
PLAN: To convert mol of Ag to g, use the # g Ag/mol Ag, the molar mass
M.

amount (mol) of Ag
multiply by M of Ag (107.9 g/
mol)
mass (g) of Ag

SOLUTION 107.9 g
: 0.0342 mol Ag Ag = 3.69 g
x mol Ag Ag

Sample Problem Calculating Number of Atoms in a Given

3.2 Mass of an Element Summary of the mass-mole-
Figure 3.4 number relationships for
PROBLEM: Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important
compounds.
metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of
Fe?
PLAN: To convert g of Fe to atoms, first find the # mols of Fe and then
convert mols to atoms.
mass (g) of Fe
divide by M of Fe (55.85 g/mol)
amount (mol) of Fe
multiply by 6.022x1023 atoms/mol

atoms of Fe

mol
SOLUTION 95.8 g Fe = 1.72 mol
Fe g
55.85
: x Fe
Fe
6.022x1023 atoms
1.72mol Fe Fe = 1.04 x 1024 atoms
x mol Fe
Fe
 Sample Problem Calculating the Moles and Number of Formula
Units in a Given Mass of a Compound Mass Percent from the Chemical Formula
3.3
PROBLEM: How many formula units are in 41.6 g of ammonium
carbonate? Mass % of element X =
PLAN: Write the formula for the compound. Calculate M. Convert the
given mass to mols and then mols to formula
massunits.
(g) of (NH ) CO
4 2 3
divide by M atoms of X in formula x atomic mass of X (amu)
SOLUTION: The formula is (NH4)2CO3. x 100
molecular (or formula) mass of compound (amu)
amount (mol) of
(NH4units/
multiply by 6.022 x 1023 formula )2CO3
mol
number of (NH4)2CO3 formula Mass % of element X =
M = (2 x 14.01 g/mol N) + (8 x 1.008 g/mol H) units
= 96.09
+ (12.01 g/mol C) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol O) g/mol
moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g/mol)
x 100
mol 6.022x1023 formula units mass (g) of 1 mol of compound
41.6 g (NH4)2CO3 x =
(NH4g)2CO3
96.09 (NH4)2COmol
3 (NH4)2CO3
x
(NH4)2CO3
2.61x1023 formula units
(NH4)2CO3

Sample Problem 3.4 Calculating the Mass Percents and Masses Sample Problem Calculating the Mass Percents and Masses
of Elements in a Sample of Compound 3.4 of Elements in a Sample of Compound
PROBLEM: Glucose (C6H12O6) generates chemical potential energy. SOLUTION (a) Per mole glucose there are:
(a) What is the mass percent of each element in : 6 moles of C, 12 moles H, and 6 moles O
glucose?
(b) How many grams of carbon are in 16.55 g of 12.01 g C 1.008 g
6 mol C x 12 mol H
PLAN: Findglucose?
the total mass of each element and of the glucose molecule. mol C C
= 72.06 g Hmol H = 12.096 g
x H
Divide the mass of each element by the mass of the molecule and
multiply by 100. 16.00 g
6 mol O x M = 180.16 g/mol
amount (mol) of element X in 1 mol Omol O = 96.00 g O
compound
multiply by M (g/mol) of
(b) 72.06 g C
X mass percent of C = 0.3999x 100 = 39.99 mass
mass (g) of X in 1 mol of compound 180.16 g
= %C
divide by mass (g) of 1 mol of glucose
12.096 g
compound mass percent of H 180.16
H g = x 100 = 6.714 mass
mass fraction of X
= 0.06714 %H
glucose
multiply by 100 96.00 g O
mass percent of O = 0.5329x 100 = 53.29 mass
180.16 g %O
mass % X in =
glucose
compound

Sample Problem 3.5 Determining the Empirical Formula from

Masses of Elements
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed
2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O. What is the
Empirical Formula - empirical formula and name of the compound?
PLAN: Find the relative number of moles of each element. Divide by the
The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with the lowest mol amount to find the relative mol ratios (empirical
elemental analysis and gives rise to the smallest set of formula). mass (g) of each
SOLUTION:
whole numbers of atoms. 2.82 g Na
mol Na
= 0.123 mol divide element
by M (g/
22.99 g Na mol)
amount (mol) of each
Na
Molecular Formula - mol Cl element
4.35 g Cl = 0.123 mol Cl use # of moles as subscripts
35.45 g Cl
preliminary formula
The formula of the compound as it exists; it may be a mol O
7.83 g O = 0.489 mol O change to integer
multiple of the empirical formula. 16.00 g O subscripts
0.123 0.489 empirical formula
Na and Cl = = 1 and O = = 3.98
0.123 0.123
Na1 Cl1 O3.98 or NaClO4 NaClO4 is sodium
perchlorate.
 Sample Problem Determining a Molecular Formula from Sample Problem Determining a Molecular Formula from
3.6 Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass 3.6 Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass
PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of lactic acid (M = 90.08 g/mol) shows it
contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass %
SOLUTION: Assuming there are 100. g of lactic acid, the constituents
O.(a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic
acid.
(b) Determine the molecular formula. 40.0 g C mol Care 6.71 g H mol H 53.3 g mol O
12.01 g 1.008 g O 16.00 g
PLAN: assume 100 g lactic acid and find the mass of each C H O
divide each mass by element
mol mass = 3.33 mol C = 6.66 mol H = 3.33 mol O
(M)
amount (mol) of each element C3.33 H6.66 O3.33
use # mols as 3.33 3.33 3.33 CH2O empirical
subscripts formula
preliminary formula
convert to integer molar mass of 90.08 g
lactate 3 C3H6O3 is the
subscripts mass of CH2O 30.03 g
empirical formula molecular formula
divide mol mass by mass of
empirical formula to get a
multiplier
molecular formula

Sample Problem Determining a Molecular Formula from

Figure 3.5 Combustion apparatus for determining formulas 3.7 Combustion Analysis
of organic compounds. PROBLEM: When a 1.000 g sample of vitamin C (M = 176.12 g/mol) is
placed in
a combustion chamber and burned, the following data are
obtained:
mass of CO2 absorber after combustion = 85.35 g
mass of CO2 absorber before combustion = 83.85 g
mass of H2O absorber after combustion = 37.96 g
PLAN: mass of
difference H2O-absorber
(after before) =before combustion
mass of oxidized = 37.55 g
element
What is the molecular formula of vitamin C?

m m find the mass of each element in its combustion

CnHm + (n+ 2 ) O2 = n CO(g) + 2 H2O(g)
product
preliminary empirical molecular
find the mols formula formula formula

Sample Problem 3.7 Determining a Molecular Formula from Table 3.3 Some Compounds with Empirical Formula
Combustion Analysis CH2O
(Composition by Mass: 40.0% C, 6.71% H,
SOLUTION: CO2 85.35 g - 83.85 g = 1.50 H2O 37.96 g - 37.55 g = 0.41 53.3% O)
g g
12.01 g C 0.409 g Molecular Whole-Number M
= 0.0341 mol Name Multiple (g/mol) Use or
1.50 g CO2 = 0.409 g C Formula
44.01 g CO2 C 12.01 g C Function
C formaldehyd CH2O 1 30.03 disinfectant; biological preservative
2.016 g H 0.046 g H
0.41 g H2O = 0.0456 mol e 2 60.05 acetate polymers; vinegar (5% soln)
= 0.046 g 1.008 g H H acetic acid C2H4O2
18.02 g H2O H C3H6O3 3 90.09
lactic acid sour milk; forms in exercising muscle
0.545 g O 4
1.000 g - (0.409 + 0.046) g = 0.545 = 0.0341 mol erythrose C4H8O4 120.10 part of sugar metabolism

gO 16.00 g O O 5
ribose C5H10O5 150.13 component of nucleic acids and B2
0.0341 0.0456 0.0341 6
= 1; O =1 glucose C6H12O6 180.16 major energy source of the cell
C H = 1.34; 0.0341
0.0341 0.0341

C1H1.34O1 = C3H4.01O3 C3H4O3 Insert structures from bottom table 3.3

176.12 g/ CH2O C2H4O2 C3H6O3 C4H8O4 C5H10O5 C6H12O6

= 2.000 C6H8O6
mol
88.06 mol
g
 Table 3.4 Two Pairs of Constitutional Isomers
C4H10 C 2H 6O
Property Butane 2- Ethanol Dimethyl Ether
Methylpropane
M(g/mol) 58.12 58.12 46.07 46.07

Boiling -0.50 -11.060C 78.50C -250C

Point C
Density at 20 C 0.579 g/
0 0.549 g/ 0.789 g/ 0.00195 g/
mL mL mL mL
(gas) (gas) (liquid) (gas)
Structural
formulas

Space-filling
models