1.0.

Introduction

Life is like a

Fresh Rose plant.

It must have,

A pleasant of petals and,

Roughness thistles.

This is the philosophy of life. We knew what is the pleasant of petals? And what are the
roughness thistles? They are happiness things and sadness things. Another question will be
rise in our mind. How did they cause? Take into consideration about sadness things only.
The problems of us, our mental and our societies are causal factor of that sadness. We all
must agree with this point. Especially adulthood people and students had good experience.
Why don’t me too.

On the basis of problems the youngness’s tomorrows are felt into a Question Mark! They
struggled, how can I solve this? And how can I achieve this? I too met these problems.
Because I am not only ordinary man, but also I am adult. These things were cheer upped me,
something I want to do to our student society. At this time our QS 18 th batch communication
skills subject lecturer Mrs. Noriko Jeyasekera made a good opportunity for me. I used that
opportunity to cover my duty. As a result of these, I bring forth within 14 days this 1 st baby
report.

By this report I tried to give a brightness future for all readers. Because, I gave easily way to
understand correctly and trustworthiness, about the concept of decision making, Know
about the problem analysis and tool of decision making competency (introduce the concept
of prioritization). However men are created in the center of problems. But he will try to
solve all these problems in dream. By practically he can’t do it. Because, men must be miss.

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 2.0. Decision Making Competency

2.1. What is Decision Making

When the men going to choice a good decision, for his own or social problem,
first he must understand what is decision making? If he doesn’t know this he
cannot achieve what he wants. The decision making is the process of
examining your possibilities options, comparing them, and choosing a course of
action. James Reason (1990), Human Error, argues that,
“Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes (cognitive process)
leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives”.

Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an
action or an opinion of choice. That’s depending on the type of problems the men
met. It was observed in the course of the experiments that decide is to make a
choice or judgment about something, especially after considering all the
possibilities or arguments. This is the 1st step of decision making.

In other sentence, Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing

alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Making a
decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered, and in such a
case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to
choose the one that

(1) Has the highest probability of success or effectiveness and

(2) Best fits with our goals, desires, lifestyle, values, and so on.

Robert Harris (1998), Introduction to Decision Making indicates that,

“Decision making is the process of sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about
alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be made from among them”

These are the definition stresses the information-gathering function of decision

making.

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2.2. Factors of Good Decision

This is rating of whether a decision is good or bad. A good decision is a logical

one based on the available information and reflecting the preferences of the
decision maker. Bob Messing (20th century), The Pretty of Decision Making,
argues that,

“Decisiveness is “biting through” the entirety of the situation and not nibbling around the edges, or
just pulling off what is loose around the bone”

Good decision making is an essential skill for career success generally, and
effective leadership particularly. If you can learn to make timely and well-
considered decisions, then you can often lead your team to spectacular and well-
deserved success. However, if you make poor decisions, your team risks failure
and your time as a leader will, most likely, be brutally short. A good decision must
be satisfied this given below factors, in the absence of these factors, that decision
not in a category of good decision.

 Perception.

 Priority.

 Acceptability.

 Risk.

 Resources.

 Goals.

 Values.

 Demands.

 Style.

 Judgment

With the result that, the good decision will be achieve the man what he want and
guide what way he wants to go.

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2.3. How the Decisions were made?

2.3.1. Problem Analyzing

• Analyze performance, what should the results be against what they actually
are

• Problems are merely deviations from performance standards

• Problem must be precisely identified and described

• Problems are caused by some change from a distinctive feature

• Something can always be used to distinguish between what have and hasn't
been affected by a cause

• Causes to problems can be deducted from relevant changes found in

analyzing the problem

• Most likely cause to a problem is the one that exactly explains all the facts

These steps will be explained by problem tree tool, for an example given
below problem tree was made by Urban Council of Kinniya. (PTO)

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 Problem tree

Fig 01

Deficiency of garbage collecting

5
Twenty 20 Integrated Planning Kinniya

Divisional Secretary, Urban Council, Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya

2.3.2. Decision Making

• Objectives must first be established

• Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance

• Alternative actions must be developed

• The alternative must be evaluated against all the objectives

• The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative
decision

• The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences

• The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent
any adverse consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems
(problem analysis and decision making) all over again.

Above steps can explain by objective tree, for an example given below
objective tree was made by Urban Council of Kinniya. (PTO) Decision Trees
are useful tools for helping you to choose between several courses of action.
They provide a highly effective structure within which you can explore
options, and investigate the possible outcomes of choosing those options.

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 Objective Tree

The hygienic The town looks The natural

situation of the attractive for surroundings
town is tourists are clean and
acceptable healthy

The town is clean and

free from garbage in the
public spaces

People discard
Pollution
garbage in litter
generated by
collectors
animals is
minimal

The animal markets

The solid waste People are
Fig 02 Animals in and
is collected in an aware of the
the town are slaughterhouses are
appropriate way problems
kept in closed placed in the
caused by
spaces outskirts of the
Twenty 20 contamination Integrated Planning Kinniya
town

Divisional Secretary, Urban Council, Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya

7
2.4. Concept of Prioritization Correlation Matrix.

Prioritization Correlation Matrix is a very simple technique that helps you to

choose the most effective changes to make. Matrix method is given below,

Prioritization; Correlation Matrix.

Prob.1 Prob.2 Prob.3 Prob.4 Prob.5 Prob.6 Prob.7 Sum

Prob.1

Prob.2

Prob.3
Prob.4
Prob.5
Prob.6
Prob.7
Sum

Fig 03
GTZ PIT Program
North Eastern Provincial Council.

Methodology of tool is given below,

 The first question is “how strong is the influence (impact) of problem 1 on

problem 2?” The answer should be one of the following options:

 If there is no relationship between the problems (or problem 1 has no

influence on problem 2), then the score is 0

 If problem 1 has a weak influence on problem 2, then the score is 5

 If problem 1 has a strong influence on problem 2, then the score is 10

 If problem 1 has a very strong influence on problem 2 (or problem 1 is even

the cause of problem 2), then the score is 15

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 Issue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 13 Su
2 m
1. Poor accessibility 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
0
2. High incidence of 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 50
diseases 5 0 5
3. Inadequate sanitary 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 50
facilities (incl. 5 0 0
slaughter slabs
and disposal pits)
4. Low access to 0 1 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 35
potable water 5
5. Scarcity of fuel wood 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 10
and inaccessibility
of alternative
energy
6. Poor quality of 0 1 5 5 5 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 40
education 0 0
7. Abuse of children’s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rights
8. High and increasing 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 5 0 0 0 0 25
number of orphans 0
9. Low household 5 1 1 1 10 1 5 5 5 0 0 5 80
income 5 0 0 0
10. Undeveloped tourist 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5
facilities
11. Inadequate sports 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 10
and recreation
facilities
12. Inadequate market 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 40
facilities (incl. 5 0 0
slaughter slabs
and disposal pits)
13. Inadequate and 15 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 60
insufficient 5 5
drainage system
and flood control
structures
Sum 2 9 5 4 1 5 4 1 4 2 0 2 5
5 5 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 0 5
For an example, Urban Council of Kinniya had done this methodology. That is given below,

Fig 04,

9
Twenty 20 Integrated Planning Kinniya

Divisional Secretary, Urban Council, Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya

3.0. Conclusion

Ok, we all came to the end of the report. Above the think we talked not only for the
society, but also it is suitable one man mental. Especially adulthood people can apply
this into real practical. They can feel a best achievement by this at an early date. In the
number of cases mostly youngest people, fell into big stresses and they got bad decision
like a suicide attempt by these small problems. Do you think, is the suicide attempt is
correct way to solve problem? What a coward work. The techniques in this section help
you to make the best decisions possible with the information you have available. These
tools help you map out the likely consequences of decisions, work out the importance of
individual factors and choose the best course of action to take. Finally and once more
Decision Making is “The process of examining your possibilities options, comparing
them, and choosing a course of action”

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 4.0. Recommendations

 Be sure you are right -- then go ahead.

 Doing what's right isn't hard -- Knowing what’s right is.

 Mine own applause is the only applause which matters.

 Once you've made your mark, watch out for erasers!

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 5.0. Reference List

James, R 1990, ‘Human Error’, viewed on February 07, 2010,

http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision making

Robert, H 1998, ‘Introduction to Decision Making’, viewed on February 07, 2010,

http:// www.virtualsalt.com

Bob, M 20th century, ‘The Pretty of Decision Making’,

Twenty 20 Integrated Planning Kinniya, 2009, Divisional Secretary, Urban Council,

Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya.

GTZ PIT Program, 2009, North Eastern Provincial Council, Divisional Secretary, Urban
Council, Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya.

12
 6.0. Appendices

Appendix A

Problem Tree

Fig 01

Twenty 20 Integrated Planning Kinniya

Divisional Secretary, Urban Council, Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya

Deficiency of garbage
collecting

13
Appendix B

The The The

hygi tow nat
enic n ural
situ look
The surr
atio s oun
n of
town
attr
is ding
the clean
acti s
towPeo and
ve Poll
are
ple
n is free
for utio
clea
accdisc tour nn
from
ept
The ard Peo garbagAni and
ists gen The
gar anim
able ple
soli
e in thema eratheal Objective Tree
d bag are ls ed al
thy
wase in awa publicin bymark Fig 02
te islittere spacesthe aniets
coll r of and Twenty 20 Integrated Planning Kinniya
to mal
ectecoll the wn s is
slaug Divisional Secretary, Urban Council, Predeshiya Sabah,
ect hterh Kinniya
d in pro are min
an ors ble ke imal
ouses
app ms are
pt
ropr cau place
in
iate sed d in
clo
way by the
se
con outsk
d
tam irts
sp
ina of
ac
tion the
es
town

14
Appendix C

Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob.4 Prob. Prob. Prob. Sum

1 2 3 5 6 7
Prob.
1
Prob.
2
Prob.
3
Prob.
4
Prob.
5
Prob.
6
Prob.
7
Sum

Prioritization; Correlation Matrix.

Fig 03
GTZ PIT Program
North Eastern Provincial Council.

15
 Appendix D

Issue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 13 Su
2 m
1. Poor accessibility 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
0
2. High incidence of 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 50
diseases 5 0 5
3. Inadequate sanitary 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 50
facilities (incl. 5 0 0
slaughter slabs
and disposal pits)
4. Low access to 0 1 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 35
potable water 5
5. Scarcity of fuel wood 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 10
and inaccessibility
of alternative
energy
6. Poor quality of 0 1 5 5 5 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 40
education 0 0
7. Abuse of children’s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rights
8. High and increasing 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 5 0 0 0 0 25
number of orphans 0
9. Low household 5 1 1 1 10 1 5 5 5 0 0 5 80
income 5 0 0 0
10. Undeveloped tourist 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5
facilities
11. Inadequate sports 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 10
and recreation
facilities
12. Inadequate market 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 40
facilities (incl. 5 0 0
slaughter slabs
and disposal pits)
13. Inadequate and 15 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 60
insufficient 5 5
drainage system
and flood control
structures
Sum 2 9 5 4 1 5 4 1 4 2 0 2 5

16
 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 0 5
Fig 04,

Twenty 20 Integrated Planning Kinniya

Divisional Secretary, Urban Council, Predeshiya Sabah, Kinniya

17