Created by

Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si

darma_erick77@yahoo.com
Surviving in Thin Air

• The air at the height of the world’s highest

peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
– Even expert mountain climbers do not always
survive the journey
– Thin air can weaken
muscles, damage
the digestive system,
cloud the mind, and
sometimes fill the
lungs with blood

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings
 O2

Lung CO2

1 Breathing

Circulatory
system

2 Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system

Mitochondria

3 Servicing of O2
cells within
the body CO2
tissues
Capillary

Cell

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings
 • Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly
over the Himalayas
– Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the
atmosphere
– Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
– They have a large
number of capillaries
to deliver this oxygen-
rich blood to tissues
and muscles

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings
Siklus Krebs

Berlangsung di matriks
mitokondria
Sistem Pernapasan Manusia

Alat respirasi

• Hidung
• Laring
• Trakea
• Bronkus
• Paru-paru
• Smoking causes lung cancer and
contributes to heart disease
• Smoking also causes emphysema
– Cigarette smoke
makes alveoli
brittle, causing
them to rupture
– This reduces the
lungs’ capacity
for gas exchange
Glotis dan epiglotis pada alat
respirasi manusia.
 KLIK

Bagian paru-paru manusia.

Mekanisme Pernapasan

Mekanisme pernapasan dada. Mekanisme pernapasan perut.

Bisa klik-bisa tidak klik

Volume dan Kapasitas Paru-paru

Volume paru-paru
• Volume tidal
• Volume cadangan inspirasi
• Volume cadangan ekspirasi
• Volume residu

Kapasitas paru-paru
• Kapasitas inspirasi
• Kapasitas residu fungsional
• Kapasitas vital
• Kapasitas paru-paru total
Frekuensi Pernapasan

Frekuensi pernapasan dipengaruhi oleh:

• Umur
• Jenis kelamin
• Suhu tubuh
• Posisi tubuh
Mekanisme Pertukaran
Oksigen dan Karbon
dioksida
Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan hemoglobin.
• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells
– It carries most of the oxygen in the blood

Heme Iron
group atom

O2 loaded O2
in lungs

O2 unloaded
in tissues O2

Polypeptide chain
Breathing is automatically controlled

• Breathing control centers are located in the

pons and medulla of the brain
– These automatic controls keep breathing in tune
with body needs

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings
• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood
rises, lowering the blood pH
– This triggers Brain

a cascade of Cerebrospinal fluid

BREATHING CONTROL
events CENTERS—stimulated by:

Pons

Medulla CO2 increase / pH decrease

in blood

Nerve signal
Nerve signals
indicating low
trigger
O2 level
contraction
of muscles

O2 sensor
in artery

Diaphragm
Rib muscles
 Pernafasan

• Aerob
• Anaerob
Kelainan dan Penyakit pada Sistem Pernapasan Manusia

• Faringitis
• Pneumonia
• Emfisema paru-paru
• Asma
• Dipteri
• Asfiksi
• TBC
• Hipoksia
• Asidosis
• Sianosis
Sistem Pernapasan Hewan

Sistem Pernapasan Porifera

Pada Porifera, oksigen masuk secara difusi melalui sel-sel permukaan

tubuhnya.
Sistem Pernapasan Coelenterata

Pada Coelenterata, oksigen masuk

secara difusi melalui sel-sel
permukaan tubuh dan melalui alat
bantu berupa sifonoglifa.
Earthworms

• Some animals use their entire skin as a gas-

exchange organ
– Example: earthworms
Cut

Cross section
of respiratory
surface (the
skin covering
the body)

CO2

O2
Capillaries
Sistem Pernapasan Serangga
– Tracheae in
insects
Pada serangga, pertukaran gas
dari jaringan dengan udara
dilakukan dengan menggunakan
sistem pembuluh trakea.

Body surface

Respiratory
surface
(tracheae)

Body cells
(no capillaries)

Sistem pembuluh trakea pada serangga.

 Air sacs

Tracheae

Opening
for air

Body
cell

Tracheole Air
sac

Trachea

Air Body wall

Sistem Pernapasan Ikan

Pada ikan, proses

respirasi dilakukan
dengan menggunakan
insang.

Struktur insang pada ikan dan aliran air yang masuk

ke insang.
• In most animals, specialized body parts
carry out gas exchange
– Gills in fish

Body surface

Respiratory
surface
(gill)

CO2 Capillaries

O2
22.4 Countercurrent flow in the gills enhances O2
transfer

• Blood flows through the lamellae in a direction

opposite to water flow
– This countercurrent Water flow
maintains a diffusion over
lamellae

gradient that
maximizes the
uptake of O2

Blood flow
through
lamellae

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings
Sistem Pernapasan Katak

Pada katak, proses

respirasi dilakukan dengan
menggunakan paru-paru.

Mekanisme respirasi katak.

Sistem Pernapasan Reptil

Pada reptil, proses respirasi

dilakukan dengan menggunakan
paru-paru.
Sistem Pernapasan Burung

Pada burung, proses respirasi

dilakukan dengan menggunakan
paru-paru.

Fase inspirasi dan ekspirasi pada

respirasi burung.