Part 1

Singapore Certified Energy Manager Programme (SCEM)
Part 1.1:
Welcome & course overview
!  Who you are:
student introductions
!  Who we are:
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency presenters & contributors
Building Sector /Industry Sector !  Why we’re here
!  Course overview & schedule
A 3-day course developed and taught by
Green Building Education
SCEM Programme was developed by the
Energy Sustainability Unit of !  Logistics
National University of Singapore (NUS)
under the sponsorship of the
Economic Development Board’s
22 March 2010 Rev 1 Locally-based Enterprise Advancement
Program (LEAP);
It fully meets the requirements of the
US Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)
for its CEM© certification.
1 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 2

Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Part 1.1: Welcome & overview Part 1.1: Welcome & overview
!  Director, Green Technologies
FZCOA, with more than 30 years
Mario experience in sustainable HVAC
design, construction, operation
Huston Eubank !  Founding Secretary and
Executive Director, World Green Seneviratne and maintenance
RA, LEED AP
Building Council FIMechE, PE, LEED AP (BD+C) !  Has delivered 3 iconic LEED green
Project manager, Contributor, reviewer, &
!  Principal with the Green buildings in the Middle East and
primary author, & co-presenter Asia
Development Services team at
co-presenter Rocky Mountain Institute 1999–
!  Award for Outstanding
2005 Contribution to Energy
!  Director of Building Futures Conservation in Sri Lanka (1985)
Services for USGBC founder !  USGBC LEED Faculty Member; Co-
David Gottfried Chair, 2002 & 2003 USGBC
!  “EarthSmart Ambassador” at International Conference &
Portland General Electric (PGE) Exhibition
!  Senior project architect at !  Fellow, UK Institute of Mechanical
Gensler Engineers,
!  Fulbright Senior Specialist 2004 !  Board Secretary World GBC;
Founder & Past Board Secretary
Emirates GBC
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 3 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 4
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Who are you? Who are we?
!  Please briefly introduce yourself !  Presenters

(~15 seconds!) !  Contributors &
reviewers
!  Founder and Principal, Second Amory

Chris Lotspeich
Hill Group consultancy
Lovins
!  2002–2003 Batten Fellow at the
MBA, MES
Darden business school at the
Primary
Primary author University of Virginia contributor
!  RMI: Cofounder, Chairman and
!  1994–2001 Executive Assistant Chief Scientist, Rocky Mountain
to Amory Lovins; Senior Institute (www.rmi.org)
Associate in corporate
consulting, RMI !  Physicist (reformed), educated at
Harvard, Oxford don at 21, 11
!  Led or worked on 25+ energy & honorary Doctorates
water efficiency projects in
!  E SOURCE: Cofounder, Principal
industry & on a Navy warship, Technical Advisor
and on 4 LEED buildings
!  Time magazine (2009): One of the
!  2 master's degrees from Yale: world’s 100 most influential people
MBA from the School of
Management, and MES from !  Foreign Policy journal (2009): One
of the top 100 global thinkers
the School of Forestry and
Environmental Studies !  Wall Street Journal: One of the 28
people most likely to change the
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 7 course of world business in the 8
Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
1990s
Chris Halpin !  President and founder,

Celtic Energy, Inc.
PE, CEP, LEED AP
(www.celticenergy.com)
Contributor, reviewer, &
co-presenter !  Expertise in energy saving
performance contracting,
sustainable design, LEED
certification and strategic
energy master planning
!  Association of Energy
Engineers’ Certified Energy
Rocky Mountain Institute! Procurement professional
1739 Snowmass Creek Road!
Snowmass, Colorado 81654-9199, USA! !  As an outsourced Global
Energy Manager for NCR
phone 970.927.3807!
Corporation, he has saved
FAX 970.927.4510! them over $2 million globally
http://www.rmi.org!
outreach@rmi.org!
John Rosenblum !  Independent consultant,

specializing in profitably resolving
Ronald L. (Ron) !  Founder and President, PhD industrial and municipal
wastewater problems.
Supersymmetry USA, Inc, a Contributor and reviewer
Perkins sustainable mechanical !  His projects have reduced
design-consulting firm wastewater volumes and loads by
Contributor and reviewer 30-90%, with 0.5-2.0 year
!  Former facilities & energy paybacks.
manager for Texas
!  Former partner in Provimetrics, an
Instruments and Compaq engineering consultancy that
Computer Corporation “mines” industrial control data to
identify cost-effective energy
!  He contributed to four LEED improvements
platinum, two LEED Gold and
one LEED silver projects over !  Senior Environmental Engineer at
National Semiconductor,
the last 6 years, including The responsible for waste treatment
Aldo Leopold Legacy Center, and environmental compliance of
America’s first carbon neutral metal-finishing and
building semiconductor-fabrication
operations
!  BSc & MSc from the Technion in
Israel, PhD from Stanford University
!  Technical Energy Director, Asia
Energy Services, Trane
Lee Eng Lock Singapore
Peter Rumsey !  Founder, Owner and Managing
Principal of Rumsey Engineers Primary contributor, !  1994 Association of Energy
PE, CEM, FASHRAE Engineers USA Energy Project
(www.rumseyengineers.com) co-author, &
Contributor and reviewer presenter of the year for the Western
!  The first U.S. firm to be awarded Digital factory in Kuala Lumpur,
six LEED Platinum ratings for its benchmarked as world’s most
projects efficient disk drive factory
!  Senior Fellow of the Rocky !  1985 HVAC system for AT&T
Mountain Institute Consumer Products Pte Ltd in
!  2005 AIA Allied Professions Kampong Ubi holds world
Honor Award record for combined air and
water side performance at >
!  2002 Energy Engineer of the 0.70 kW/ton
Year Award from the Bay Area
chapter of the Association of !  Pioneered use of high
Energy Engineers accuracy online real-time M&V
at state of the art efficiencies
!  Member of ASHRAE Clean with guaranteed performance
Rooms Committee (TC9.11) for the life of the plant
Why are we here?

Dedication: to Vlatko Zagar
!  To talk about common sense, and issues that
actually exist.
!  The authors would like to dedicate our work to the !  We are not trying to teach "how to think"; rather, we
memory of our friend and colleague Vlatko Zagar who hope that together we can discover how to ask
passed away quite recently better, more intelligent questions, and move
!  Originally from Croatia, Zagar lived in Singapore and ourselves and our colleagues to take actions to
worked for STMicorelectronics for many years where he improve the way things work.
was a pioneering champion of energy efficiency !  The principles we will examine are the trim tabs
!  Vlatko worked closely with Lee, Lovins, Lotspeich, needed to turn the ship around—not the rudder or
Perkins and Rumsey on ST projects the big props. We consider them similar to the
principles of Aikido.
!  After retirement he continued to collaborate with Lee
!  We highly encourage free and open discussion of
!  “This one’s for you, Vlatko!” the ideas presented during this course.
Morning Afternoon Morning Afternoon
20 21
Morning Afternoon
Logistics
!  Cellphones off; no texting

!  Very fast pace—“like drinking through a firehose”
!  Respect the pace, but let’s take time for questions
!  Seminar style: if you don’t buy something we’re saying,
let’s all discuss it. Share your experiences.
!  GBE is creating a website where you can access:
•  All of the slides
•  Bibliography
•  References and articles

Compiled list of URLs on the slides (1 of 5)

Course structure NOTE that Wikipedia is an excellent source of information
on a wide variety of the points discussed in the course!
!  Some students of this course have said, “The outline !  Rocky Mountain Institute: www.rmi.org
says only the first day is about Natural Capitalism and !  Esource Technology Atlas:
Integrative Design. Why so little?” http://www.esource.com/public/products/
!  The entire course is about these subjects. Day one prosp_atlas.asp?highlight=technology%2Catlas
gives the basic principles, and days two and three !  Celtic Energy, Inc. www.celticenergy.com
illustrate them by showing how they can be applied to
energy- and water-using systems !  Rumsey Engineers: www.rumesyengineers.com
!  Questions that we are submitting to the examining !  DOE ROI contest:
board focus on Parts 1 through 4, and on the summary http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/energy-
of each section and subsection in Part 5 (Goals and efficiency-part-2-the-limitless-resource/
Strategies slides) !  EcoFootprint: NEP Global Footprint Network:
http://www.footprintnetwork.org
!  The Natural Step: www.naturalstep.org
Compiled list of URLs on the slides (2 of 5) Compiled list of URLs on the slides (3 of 5)
!  Natural Capitalism: www.natcap.org (NOTE: The entire !  International Performance Measurement and
book is available at this URL) Verification Protocol (IPMVP) General Information
!  Global cost curve for the marginal cost of CO2 Page: www.impvp.org/info/info.html
abatement: www.vattenfall.com/climate !  Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process,
!  The Biomimicry Institute: www.biomimicryinstitute.org Canadian/Stantec manual
and www.AskNature.org http://www.metrovancouver.org/BUILDSMART/DESIGN/
Pages/Integrateddesignprocess.aspx
!  Gunter Pauli and ZERI: www.zeri.org
!  Managing the Cost of Green Buildings (Report):
!  The Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?
Principle: DocumentID=5049
http://www.gdrc.org/u-gov/precaution-3.html
!  Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Technical Review Vol.
!  Chemicals of concern / Specification Section 01350: 45 No. 2 (Jun. 2008):
http://www.chps.net/dev/Drupal/node/31 https://www.mhi.co.jp/en/technology/review/
!  McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC): indexe-45-2.html
www.mbdc.com !  Lighting Controls Association:
http://www.aboutlightingcontrols.org
Compiled list of URLs on the slides (4 of 5) Compiled list of URLs on the slides (5 of 5)
!  Ocean Thermal Systems: “The Mad Genius from the !  Microturbines:
Bottom of the Sea,” by Carl Hoffman, Wired Magazine, www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/equipment/
June 2005, microturbines/microturbines.html
http://wired.com/wired/archive/13.06/craven.html
!  Ansari X prize: www.xprize.org/
!  Under Floor Air Distribution (UFAD):
!  United World College of SE Asia, East Campus –
http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/
Tampines: www.uwcsea.edu.sg/tampines
techoverview.htm
!  AHRI 550/590-Performance Rating of Water Chilling
Packages:
http://www.ahrinet.org/Content/
FindaStandard_218.aspx?Listing_PK=184
!  Landfill gas to energy: www.epa.gov/landfill/
!  Biomass fired CHP: www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass
!  Fuel Cells: www1.eere.energy.gov/
hydrogenandfuelcells/tech_validation/
Part 1.1: Welcome & overview
Disclaimer and Copyright

The slides for this course were created for
educational purposes. We have made every effort to
give recognition to all sources, however, not all of the
sources are known. We thank all those known and
unknown sources who have contributed to the
creation of this course.
New material created for the course, and the
selection and assembly of existing material into these
educational slides, is
© 2010 by Green Building Education
These slides may not be reused without specific Questions
permission from the authors in writing.
Please respect this copyright.
We will enforce it vigorously.
30
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 31
Part 1.2: Mindset
Part 1.2:
Introduction &
mindset
Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset
origami solution geographer’s solution

Why not just one line? Is there more than one way to do it with one line?
mechanical engineer’s solution statistician’s solution

How many ways can you think of to do it with one line? If you stab it enough times, eventually you will get all the dots with one stab.
wide line solution

You didn’t say it had to be a thin line! It’s all in your mind(set)
!  Integrative design is a new mindset
!  This is about more than just saving energy
!  Rethink and unlearn standard practice
!  Every design is unique to place and purpose
!  There are useful tools but no magic bullet
!  There is no single software program to bring it
all together, apart from the minds of the
design team, working collaboratively
!  Once you get it, you can never go back!
Think Different
Or, you can’t get out of

the box with the same The world we have created is a product of our thinking;
kind of thinking that got it cannot be changed without changing our thinking.
you into the box. Albert Einstein
Case: Think Different! Case: Think Different!

“Return-on-Investment” contest (1 of 7) “Return-on-Investment” contest (2 of 7)
!  In 1981, when fuel prices were near an all-time high (for !  However, the following year, 32 projects averaged
the time), Dow Chemical’s 2,400-worker Louisiana 340% ROI ($7.5 million annually)
division started prospecting for overlooked savings !  Even as fuel prices declined in the mid-1980s, the
!  Engineer Ken Nelson set up a shop-floor-level contest savings kept growing — by 1988, productivity gains
for energy-saving proposals, which had to provide at exceeded the energy and environmental gains
least a 50 percent annual return on investment (ROI) !  The average return to the 1989 contest was the highest
!  The first year’s 27 projects averaged 173% ROI ($1.7 M ever, an astounding 470% — 64 projects costing $7.5
annually) million saved the company $37 million annually
!  Many in Dow felt that there couldn’t be others with !  Payback had dropped to 11 weeks
such high returns. Even Nelson was startled, and !  Anyone would predict that after 10 years, and nearly
supposed this bounty must be a fluke
700 projects, even 2,000 employees would have been
tapped out of ideas
Source: Natural Capitalism, pg 245 Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Source: Natural Capitalism, pg 245 Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education

!  Yet the contests in 1991, 1992, & 1993 each had >120 Here’s the shocking part:
winners with an average 300% ROI. Total savings in !  Far from instantly spreading throughout the chemical
those three years exceed $75 million a year
industry, Nelson’s techniques have hardly even spread
!  Twelve years and almost 900 implemented projects through the company, Dow
later the workers had averaged 204% ROI !  Worse, when Nelson retired in 1993, reorganization
!  By 1993, the whole suite of projects taken together was wiped out his coordinating committee; any continuing
paying Dow’s shareholders $110 million every year efforts can no longer be tracked
!  The returns and savings were both getting larger In
later years because the engineers were learning faster
than they were exhausting the cheapest opportunities
Source: http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/
energy-efficiency-part-2-the-limitless-resource/
Source: Natural Capitalism, pg 245 Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education

!  Dow’s loss was, however, the Department of Energy’s !  The first two rounds of the contest identified and
gain funded 18 projects that cost $4.6 million, returned $10
!  DOE hired Ken Nelson to train staff around the country million in annual savings, and also avoided more than
100 tons of low-level radioactive pollution and other
on Dow’s program, and launched their own “Return-
kinds of waste
On-Investment” contest
!  One special project costing $4.2 million returned a
!  As at Dow, many in the DOE were skeptical that such
one-time savings of 37.6 million, a stunning 1,300% ROI
opportunities existed
!  Through 2007, 260 projects costing $20 million are
returning annual savings of ~$90 million a year
Source: http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/ Source: http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/

energy-efficiency-part-2-the-limitless-resource/ energy-efficiency-part-2-the-limitless-resource/
Case: Think Different! The value of an

“Return-on-Investment” contest (7 of 7) engineering education
!  If better engineering education improved
Conclusions
the efficiency of building services by only
!  If an organization as big and bureaucratic as the US 20-50%, just the avoided utility investment,
Department of Energy can do this, any company can present valued over the career of a single
mechanical engineer, would amount to
!  The lesson is that whenever we decide to get really
some $6-15 million per brain
serious about high energy prices and global warming,
we can achieve energy savings beyond what even the !  The benefit of the better engineering
biggest technology optimists believe... education is on the order of 1 million x
!  … possibly even beyond our wildest expectations! bigger than its cost
!  Perhaps the most important point here is that these

solutions came from all 2,000 workers in the plant! Not
just from a few hired experts.
Source: http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/
energy-efficiency-part-2-the-limitless-resource/
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Source: Factor Four (1997) Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Part 1.2: Mindset 3/25/10 Part 1.2: Mindset
Invention is “a sudden cessation of stupidity”
“Education is not the filling of a pail, “Not so much having a

but the lighting of a torch.” new idea, as just
stopping having an old
William Butler Yeats idea”
Edwin Land
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme 52 Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Slide from Chris Halpin Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Whether you think you can . . .

Or whether you think you can’t . . .
You are exactly right.
Henry Ford
Questions
Part 1.3: Environmental challenges
Part 1.3: Environmental challenges A systems challenge

!  Economic systems are a
subset of ecosystems
!  Daily activity degrades the
!  Business as usual is not sustainable biosphere
!  Unintended consequences of daily !  Human influence is planetary
economic activity threaten life on Earth
as we know it—every natural system is in in scope and geologic in
decline scale
!  Energy issues are at the nexus of this !  Technology creates both
challenge, causing climate change problems and solutions
!  We have the answers to these problems
!  This is largely a design problem
!  Engineers have huge leverage
Photo courtesy of Martin Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Wittfooth
Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges
However, the
map is not the
The world according to economics
territory
!  Limitless growth within a bounded system! !  Planet Earth is a
bounded system
!  Infinite substitutability of resources
!  Resources are finite
!  Markets efficiently allocate resources and current
!  Free markets have perfect information extraction rates are
unsustainable
!  Rational actors make optimized decisions
!  Markets do not
function perfectly
!  Markets are not
equitable
!  People don’t know
everything
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 58 !  To err is human Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 59
Photosynthesis
The only (significant) external input to our planetary

system is energy from the sunSingapore CertifiedIntegrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
60 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
61
The web of life

Homo Economicus
Homo Bariatricus
Correlations:
Land-use change, fossil fuel use, higher
atmospheric CO2 levels, & temperature change
Paul and Anne Ehrlich’s

equation for environmental impact
I=PxAxT
I = environmental impact, P = population,
A = affluence, T = technology
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Slide courtesy of Mario Seneviratne Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Bleached corals on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef
Photo courtesy of Australian Institute Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
of Marine Science/Duke University
Meta-trends:
Nature
A global
bounces
perspective
back…
slowly Consumption
of life supporting
resources rising
Quantity and health

of life supporting
resources declining
Buildings are the

single most important contributor
Robert Crumb’s Brief History of America
to the greenhouse gas emissions that
cause climate change.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change
Robert Crumb’s What’s Next?: The ecotopian solution

Worst case scenario: ecological disaster
The fun future: techno-fix The Blade-Runner future:

most realistic?
Whatever befalls the earth

befalls the sons and daughters of the earth.
We did not weave the web of life
We are merely a strand in it.
Whatever we do to the web,
we do to ourselves…
Chief Seattle (1788-1866)
Questions
Part 1.3: Environmental
Assemblychallenges
of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Part 1.4: The green transition

•  Everybody’s going green! But where is that?
•  Sustainability
•  Solar income, natural capital
•  Green business
A Green Tsunami
Part 1.4: The green transition Part 1.4: The green transition
Go green! But where is that? What is “sustainability”?

!  Industrial society creates
environmental challenges to !  “Meeting the needs of the present without
its existence through everyday compromising the ability of future generations to
economic activity meet their own needs.” - Bruntland Commission
!  These are unintended !  "Sustainable development is a process that enables
consequences of business as all people to realize their potential and improve
usual their quality of life in ways which protect and
enhance the Earth's life support systems." - Sara
!  Green = more Parkin, Forum for the Future (UK)
environmentally-friendly
!  Many generally similar definitions
!  Sustainability is a / the goal
!  Lack of precision allows room for innovation
!  Triple bottom line of business:
Environment, Economics & !  Can we create an industrial, technological society
Society that provides a good quality of life for all humanity
in harmony with a healthy biosphere into the
indefinite future?
The future is up for grabs,

lying in our own hands.
We don’t need new
“Each day more
technologies to solve our solar energy falls to the
problems…we “just” need
the political will to apply earth than the total amount of
solutions already available.
energy the planet’s 6.6 billion
Jared Diamond, Collapse people would consume
in 25 years”
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 97 National Renewable

Integrative Part 1.4:for
Design Energy
TheEnergy Laboratory
greenEfficiency
transition 98
Solar income, natural capital Solar income, natural capital (cont’d)

!  The sun provides light & heat = income !  Earth’s biogeochemical processes turn biomass into
!  Powers biosphere & climate fossil fuels over millennia (ancient sunlight = legacy
capital)
!  Biosphere’s life support systems = natural capital
!  In only 200 yrs of industrialization we have used at
!  Photosynthesis > biomass > fuel least 50% of our 4.5 billion year fossil fuel legacy!
•  stored contemporary sunlight !  We liquidate natural & fossil capital and call it
!  Biofuels, life support = interest income from income
natural capital !  This is obviously not sustainable indefinitely!
!  Wind, solar, tide power = interest income from !  We need to live on current interest income from sun
solar capital
Crisis = Danger + Opportunity

Paul and Anne Ehrlich’s
equation for environmental impact
I=PxAxT
I = environmental impact, P = population,
A = affluence, T = technology
Part 1.4: The green transition Part 1.5: Higher order principles
William McDonough and

Ray Anderson’s principles
Bill McDonough and Ray Anderson’s
modification The characteristics of sustainable technology include:
!  renewable, as opposed to extractive and finite
I=PxA !  emulates nature: no waste

!  cyclical: cradle to cradle versus cradle to
grave
T" !  focused on resource productivity rather than
labor productivity
!  benign and even restorative in its effects on the
I = environmental impact, P = population, biosphere
A = affluence, T = sustainable technology
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Source: Ray Anderson’s book Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Mid-Course Correction
Technology and industry can help Technology and industry can help
build a sustainable society build a sustainable society (cont’d)
!  Sustainability doesn’t mean we have to go !  We need to use more smarts and less stuff
back to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and live and energy
in huts and caves
!  Resource efficiency delivers the same (or
!  We have the resources and the know-how better) desired goods and services with
to meet the needs of all humanity and smaller environmental “footprint” of negative
provide a good quality of life without impacts
systematically degrading the environment
!  The appropriate use of technology -- both
!  There are a lot of wasted resources, money “high” and “low” -- is vital to this quest
and talent to “mine” and redirect
!  Your training and efforts help make this
happen!
Green is profitable
Green is profitable
!  Correlation or causation?: Well-managed
!  Old myth: protecting the environment companies have better business and
is costly and bad for business environmental performance
•  Dow Jones Sustainability Index outperforms the
!  New reality: green business practices market
are profitable
•  USGBC member companies outperform their
!  Waste and pollution are unsellable industries
output, so why make them? !  Strategic drivers of environmental challenges
grow more important, inform public policy, shape
!  Cutting waste and cost adds directly existing markets and create new ones
to bottom line profits at low risk
!  Green jobs, clean tech & sustainability on
!  Green consumerism is on the rise everyone’s lips & top global agenda
Source: Price Waterhouse Coopers Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
SAM 2010 Sustainability Yearbook Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Business can lead the change

Jobs: United Kingdom example
towards a sustainable society
!  In the face of job losses throughout the finance
and property sectors… !  Business is uniquely capable: resources, skills,
!  …a U.K. recruitment firm reports a rise in jobs agility, organization, and motivation
related to climate change and corporate social !  “Polluter pays” principle - but innovators profit
responsibility.
!  Provide equal or better quality at less waste &
!  20% increase in green collar jobs from May 2007 cost
to May 2008.
!  Government should steer, not row - set sensible
!  Jobs related to energy reduction and emissions rules and incentives, get out of the way
management increased by 180%.
!  Early adopters deservedly gain market
dominance
Source: GreenBiz.com June 10. 2008 Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Higher principles can guide Green buildings are a

profitable business decisions good first step
!  There are many ways to make money !  We all pay overhead for buildings
!  Some are better for society and the !  Our current design-build-operate process is
environment wasteful
!  Improvements are well understood
!  Choose the best of all profitable options
!  Learning integrates functions & disciplines
!  Excellent and useful principles, guidelines
and programs exist to help: The Natural Step, !  Early wins free-up resources and build
Natural Capitalism, LEED, et al. acceptance
Part 1.5: Higher order principles
•  Historical legal approach

•  Principles, guides & definitions
•  The Natural Step
•  Natural Capitalism
•  Biomimicry
Questions •  Cradle to cradle design
•  Industrial ecology
•  Total Quality Management
•  Lean thinking
Part 1.5: Higher order principles Part 1.5: Higher order principles
Historical Response
to Environmental Problems:
many laws… Very effective at reducing

environmental impact...
•  Clean Air Act
•  Clean Water Act
…to a point
•  Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act
•  Endangered Species Act
•  Toxic Substances Control Act
Environmental Regulations Whole Systems Thinking

!  Compliance-focused
!  Not systemic or systematic
!  “A tin shack, not a cathedral”
!  How to get past “command and control” sustainability?
Aldo Leopold, The Land Ethic (1948)

Principles, guides, and definitions extends the idea of “community” to include nature
“Examine each question in terms of what is ethically
!  The Natural Step
and esthetically right, as well as what is
!  Natural Capitalism economically expedient.
!  Cradle-to-cradle design
A thing is right when it tends to preserve the
!  Eco-efficiency, resource productivity integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic
!  Total Quality Management, lean production community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise”. !
!  Industrial ecology, design for environment
!  Solve many problems simultaneously & profitably
!  Dematerialize, detoxify and de-energize our ecological footprint
!  Built environment: EnergyStar, LEED, Greenmark, …
What is the Natural Step?

"  Four easily understood principals that help align
business decisions with the laws of nature
"  Provides a simple, workable and rigorously obtained
definition of sustainability
"  Provides a practical set of design criteria used to direct
social, environmental and economic actions
"  Principles make sustainability very real and meaningful
"  Does not dictate specific solutions
Original logo of the Swedish organization The Natural Step
"  Every person can contribute to solutions, in whatever
area they work
The Four Systems conditions The Four System Conditions

In the sustainable society, nature is not subject to systematically In the sustainable society, nature is not subject to systematically increasing:
increasing:
1. concentrations of sub-
1 stances extracted from
1
1.  Concentrations of substances extracted from the Earth's crust, the Earth's crust,
2
2.  Concentrations of substances produced by society, 2
2. concentrations of sub-
stances produced by
society,
3
3. 
3 Degradation by physical means, 3.  degradation by physical
3 means, 2
and, in that society...
and, in that society...
4. People are not subject to conditions that systematically 4. people are not subject 4
4 undermine their capacity to meet their needs.
4 to conditions that
systematically 1
undermine their
capacity to meet their
needs.
Applying the System Conditions

"  Long term systematic process
"  Steps, not a Leap
"  Answers come from everyone
1
1. Does this action reduce our dependence
on mining and fossil fuels?
2 Does this action reduce our dependence
2.
on persistent, unnatural substances?
3 Does this action reduce our dependence
3.
on activities that consume or disrupt nature?
4 How can we do more with less?
4.
Amory Lovins
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
131 Rocky Mountain Institute 132
“Negawatts” & decentralized

4 Principles of Natural Capitalism
energy systems
!  Negawatt = a saved watt (avoided generation)
!  Saving fuel is cheaper than buying it (to finite extent) !  Resource efficiency: do more with less
!  The “soft path”: decentralized, smaller scale, mostly !  Biomimicry: close loops and eliminate waste
renewable power sources !  Consider leasing services, instead of selling
!  Book: Brittle Power argues that centralized energy products
systems are more vulnerable to large-scale disruption !  Invest in and restore natural capital
!  Decentralized, renewable, smaller scale systems are (including human capital)
more resilient, harder to disrupt or to interdict supply
!  Book: Small is Profitable analyzes financial & other
benefits of distributed energy resources
Results of 40 years of energy programs in California
Figure 4: What Energy Efficiency Can Really Do
14
Radically increase
12
Electricity Use per Capita

10
resource productivity
(MWh/person)
8
Do 6
more 4
better 2
longer 0
with less
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
US Except California California
www.vattenfall.com/climate
Nature as mentor
Janine Benyus
Design is not the art of

compromise and
tradeoff.
NatureThat’s how
as Mentor:
not“No
to get what you
Compromise!”
Biomimicry: want.
•  Closed loops, no J. Baldwin: “Nature
waste, no toxicity doesn’t compromise;
•  Solar powered nature optimizes. A
pelican is not a
•  Waste = food compromise between
•  Nature as a model, a seagull and a
measure and mentor crow.” It is the best
possible pelican (so
far).
Nature as mentor
Nature as
mentor
"“These innovations are
part of a new design
thinking that emulates the
airy strength of
spiderwebs and feathers,
enclosing the most space
with the least structural
materials.”
Natural Capitalism
Spiders make silk, stronger than steel

and tougher than Kevlar, from digested How much does your
building weigh?
crickets and flies, at room temperature Buckminster Fuller
without boiling sulfuric acid and high-
pressure extruders. 141 Museum of Fruit, Yamanashi, Japan Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 142
Itsuko Hasegawa, Architect Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Nature as mentor
The abalone self-assembles an inner shell Nature as
twice as tough as ceramics - in water at
ambient temperatures, with zero waste. mentor
Trees turn sunlight and soil
into cellulose, a sugar
stiffer and stronger than
nylon but much less
dense.
Hardwood has a higher

bending strength and
stiffness than concrete or
steel.
Mounds are maintained within a +/- 2º

Nature as tolerance of 87ºF, by passive natural air-
mentor conditioning through passages in the walls.
Termite Mounds
Africa, Australia, and the Amazon
Mounds rise up to 30 feet.

Earth, wood bits & termite saliva
make walls as hard as concrete.
Passages in the walls supply air
conditioning (warm air rises &
escapes, cooler air flows down to
replace it).
Interior chambers for food (fungi)
cultivation.
Millions of blind termites,
coordinate cooperative
intelligence.
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 145 PartDesign

Integrative 1.5: Higher order Efficiency
for Energy principles 146
Eastgate
Harare, Zimbabwe
Biometric rotor
!  Pax Scientific, San Rafael, CA
!  Fibonacci spiral shape matches
the laminar vortex flow found in
nature, e.g. blood (96 miles of
blood vessels)
!  In fans, pumps, turbines, etc.,
can raise efficiency ~20–30
percentage points and cut
noise
Biomimicry Principles Three levels

of biomimicry
"  Does it run on sunlight?
Design: How does it work?
"  Does it use only the energy it •  Oilspill soakup in hair…like otter fur
needs? •  Lotusan®: self-cleaning paint like a
lotus petal
"  Does it fit form to function? •  Adhesives like barnacles or gecko
"  Does it recycle everything? feet
•  PAX Scientific pump/fan rotor like
"  Does it curb excess from a conical seashell’s spiral core
within?
Process: How is it made?
"  Does it reward cooperation?
•  Eggshell, abalone nacre (Sandia)
"  Does it tap the power of limits? •  Mineralization in bone, etc.
"  Is it beautiful? System: How does it fit?
•  Ecosystem structure and
succession
•  Designing for resilience
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 149 150
Janine Benyus, Biomimicry Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Janine Benyus, Biomimicry
Biomimicry Principles “Those who look for the

laws of nature as a support
for their new works
collaborate with the
creator.”
Antonio Gaudi
Does it tap
the power of
limits?
Gunter Pauli’s principles

Among the five Kingdoms of nature:
!  No Kingdom eats its own wastes
!  What is waste for one Kingdom is
food for another
!  What’s toxic or a virus for one
Kingdom is neutral or food for
another
!  Design accordingly…reap more
We cannot design our way value
out of the path of Nature. !  Engage all five Kingdoms
Gary Lawrence, Futurist, Arup
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Source: www.zeri.org Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
The web of life
Industrial Ecology: Kalundborg, Denmark

Sulfur
Kemira Acid Plant Statoil Refinery Scrubber Sludge Gyproc

Fresh Fuel
Water Gas
Cooling
Steam
Water
Waste heat
City of Kalundborg
Fresh Water
Asnaes Power Plant
Waste heat
Lake Tisso Steam
Fresh
Water Fly Ash Fish Farms
Sludge for Fertilizer Roads
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 157 Farms Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 158
Novo Nordisk Fish Waste
District heating, cooling, electricity

Shift to a
solutions economy
From product to service
What are customers

trying to solve?
“Less stuff… more service”
Services instead of products Edison sold light, not electricity!

!  Focusing on services the customer really
wants…
!  …aligns customer and provider interests
!  Provider has incentive to do more with less
!  Competition spurs continuous improvement
Change in business model from Change in business model from

purchase to service purchase to service
Case Study:
Curitiba, Brazil
Whole-city, applied integrative design
Reinvest
In natural and
human capital
Protect, enhance, restore,
and let nature renew

Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Source: Natural Capitalism, Chapter 14
Case:
Case: Curitiba, Brazil Curitiba, Brazil
Whole-city, applied integrative design
Intertwined parts of a single
integrated solution
!  not rich, but one of the world’s great cities—by design
!  undertook a whole-systems urban design as its Curitiba's planners approach
population quadrupled to 2.5 million problems as intertwined parts
of a single integrated design
!  treated social, economic, and ecological issues not as solution
competing priorities to be traded off, but as interlinked
design elements with synergies to be captured Examples include
!  transportation and land use
!  Curitiba’s visionary leaders strongly enlisted the private
sector — under simple, sensible rules that rewarded the !  hydrology and poverty
desired social objectives !  flows of nutrients and of
wastes
!  For example, the ten competing bus companies that
run perhaps the world’s best public transit system are !  health and education
rewarded not for passengers carried but for km of !  jobs and income
routes served !  culture and politics
Source: Natural Capitalism, Chapter 14 Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Source: Natural Capitalism, Chapter 14 Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
Case: Curitiba, Brazil Case: Curitiba, Brazil

“Design with nature” flood-control
Rapid transit bus system
Transportation is not only

a way to move people
Seasonally floodable parks but also a way to guide
land-use and control
growth patterns
!  In designing for flood-control, Curitiba’s planners switched from
fighting flooding to exploiting the water as a gift of habitat
!  This "design with nature" strategy stopped the flooding, and
cost far less than traditional flood-control methods
Case: Curitiba, Brazil

Rapid transit bus system Build-it-yourself program
!  Since many peasants arrive

with building skills, the city
created a build-it-yourself
program
Case: Curitiba, Brazil !  Each family is given a plot of

land, a title deed, building
Rapid transit bus system
materials, two trees —one
fruit, one ornamental —and
!  Curitiba is widely believed to have the finest bus system, if not an hour's consultation with
the finest public transportation system, in the world an architect
!  The system achieves three times the average passengers-per- !  Among the district's first
hour, and three times the average speed, of a traditional bus building projects is the bus/
!  It is entirely self-financing from fares tube station linking it into the
rest of the city

Garbage exchange: “Garbage that is not Garbage!” Turning problems into solutions
When gangs initially tore

up flower beds at the new
Botanical Garden, the
City hired them as
assistant gardeners,
interpreting their
vandalism not as a
venting of hostility but as
a cry for help
Botanical Garden

Turning problems into solutions Turning problems into solutions
The city's municipal The process by which

departments are led by Curitiba seeks to overcome
professional problem- challenges through
solvers persistent application of
The interdisciplinary whole-system thinking, is far
more important than
charrette is Curitiba's
particular successes
primary problem-solving
mechanism Curitiba is a city short on
Failures are frequent, hard cynics and long on citizens
lessons constant, struggles Citizens reciprocate the
to improve unrelenting city's palpable respect
Bill McDonough and Ray Anderson’s

modification Precautionary Principle
I=PxA “Where an activity raises threats of harm to

the environment or human health,
precautionary measures should be taken
T" even if some cause and effect relationships
are not fully established scientifically"
The Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle,

I = environmental impact, P = population, convened by the Science and Environmental Health Network (1988)
A = affluence, T = sustainable technology
Source: Ray Anderson’s book Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Mid-Course Correction
Chemicals of concern
Precautionary Designing toxins out of our products:
principle at work? The California EPA publishes a list of 79 known
“chemicals of concern”, including toxic air
Would we be better off contaminants, carcinogens, teratogens,
today had the reproductive toxins, and chemicals with
established Chronic Reference Exposure
precautionary Levels (REL)
principle been applied
before we started Section 01350 describes IAQ testing protocols
that are more health protective than current
doing this to ourselves? industry guidelines such as the Carpet and
Rug Institute's Green Label.
This is not an isolated
example. Many complying materials have little or no
increase in cost and benefits include reduced
Do what is right—not health risks, increased performance, and
what everyone else is reduced liability
doing

Source: http://www.chps.net/ Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
dev/Drupal/node/31 " Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
DesignTex™ DesignTex™
Problem: Toxic waste Problem: Toxic waste
Upholstery
edge trimmings
were
toxic waste
Of 8,000 cloth treatment chemicals

Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
182 tested, only 38 were non-toxic Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
183
DesignTex™ DesignTex™
Solution: Natural fibres Solution: Natural fibres
Swiss environmental
inspectors found the
factory’s effluent water
cleaner than the
Swiss drinking water
going in.
Natural cloth treated with the safe chemicals

looked and felt better, lasted longer, and
Integrative cost
Design for less
Energy Efficiency 184 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 185
DesignTex™
Solution: DesignTex™ McDonough principles
! Waste equals food

! Use current solar income
“Take the filters out of the
pipes and put them ! Respect and preserve the
where they belong — in diversity of nature
the designers’ heads.”
— William McDonough
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 186 Source: McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 187
DesignTex™ Industrial ecology

McDonough principles
•  Synthesis of disciplines
•  Life cycle analysis
•  Design for environment
•  Close resource loops, link material flows
Biological Technological
Nutrients nutrients
Source: McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 188 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 189
Total quality management & Total quality management & lean

lean production production (cont’d)
!  Pioneer William Edwards Deming
!  Low-/no inventory production flow
!  Ignored at first in USA, embraced in Japan
!  Kanban = just-in-time delivery
!  Informed Toyota Production System
!  Kaizen = continuous improvement
process improvements
!  Operations research tools for process !  Mindset reduced inefficiency and
waste
improvement
!  Expanded by some to TQEM including
!  Statistical analysis to reduce production
defects Environmental management
!  Six sigma quality
Kaizen
No muda
No muda
Ohno-sensei (1912–90) classified many kinds…
!  Making defective or unwanted product
!  Muda = waste, •  Making things customers haven’t requested
purposeless, futility and bought
!  Absorbing resources !  Unnecessary input or process step
but creating no •  Including inspection to ensure quality that
should be built in
customer value
•  Repeatedly heating and cooling something to
no purpose
!  Waiting for something to happen
•  Nobody should act until the downstream client
asks for it
•  5/6 of time in custom homebuilding is waiting &
rectification
!  Moving people or goods without purpose
Lean Thinking
Muda metrics !  Five elements are essential:
•  Value specification
•  Value stream identification
!  What is “nega” muda
worth? •  Flow
•  Pull
!  Don’t benchmark: the
right muda is zero •  Search for perfection
!  “The continuous flow of value, as defined by the
customer, at the pull of the customer, in search of
perfection (no muda)”
!  Lean production to make unwanted goods flow
even faster only creates muda
!  Specialized, large-scale, high-speed, highly efficient
production departments and equipment cause
uncompetitiveness
!  Maximizing capacity utilization is usually a mistake
194
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Source: Natural Capitalism Ch 7, Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Womack & Jones
Pratt & Whitney jet-engine

turbine-blade grinders “Approximately 50 [diverse worldwide
manufacturing] companies that have tried this
!  “Monument”: twelve 8-axis, 2.000-parameter, approach have typically found that, using the
automated German grinding machines ($80M) cut same workers and the same capital…
grinding time from 75 to 3 minutes/blade
…over a period of 5–10 years, production
!  Replaced by eight WWII-style 3-axis grinders increases by two- to four-fold, while inventories,
•  Cost 3/4 less, needed no more total people delays, defects, errors, accidents, scrap, and
•  Cut total process time from 10 days to 75 minutes by other unwanted outcomes fall by about four- to
eliminating 9,95 days of difficult and nasty ten-fold.
supporting processes; also enormously more flexible
•  Big machines had been so fast that they slowed Much of the improvement is immediate and
down the process too much; so automated that dramatic: ‘If you can’t quickly take throughput
they required too many workers (support times down by half in product development, 75
technicians)
percent in order processing, and 90 percent in
!  With high-wage workers, 1/2 total cost, 1/3 tooling physical production, you are doing something
cost, 1% production time (8 hours !100 seconds), 1-y wrong.’”
payback
— Womack & Jones, Lean Thinking
!  Next: cast blade blanks to near-net-shape…less
grinding
Source: Natural Capitalism Ch 7, Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Womack & Jones
Benchmark against perfection

“…we now feel that benchmarking is a waste of time for
managers that understand lean thinking… They tend to get
distracted by easy-to-measure or impossible-to-emulate
differences… when the really important differences lie in the
harder-to-see ways value-creating activities are organised.”
Our earnest advice to lean firms today is simple:
To hell with your competitors; compete against perfection by
identifying all activities that are muda and eliminating them.
This is an absolute rather than a relative standard which can
provide the essential North Star for any organisation.”
Lean Thinking, Womack, J.P., Jones, D.T. London: Simon and Shuster, (2003) pp California Academy of Sciences
94-95 San Francisco, CA
Renzo Piano Building Workshop / Gordon H. Chong & Partners / Arup / THinc
Benchmark against perfection

Benchmark against
perfection!
Perfection is like infinity. Trying to envision it—and get there—is

actually impossible, but the effort to do so provides inspiration
and direction essential to making progress along the path.
The greatest difference between those organizations that have
done a lot and those that have accomplished little or nothing is
that the high achievers set specific timetables to accomplish
seemingly impossible tasks and then routinely met or exceeded
them.
The low achievers, by contrast, asked what could be
reasonable for their current organization and disconnected
value streams to accomplish, and generally defeated
themselves before they ever set out.
Energy Storm Water Heat Island Lean Thinking, Womack, J.P., Jones, D.T. London: Simon and Shuster, (2003) pp
Water Use
Efficiency Runoff Effect 94-95
Value of Information
What is Scores are tallied for

different aspects of
the LEED efficiency and design EU Directive
System? in appropriate on the
Energy Performance
categories.
of Buildings
LEADERSHIP in
ENERGY and For instance, LEED
ENVIRONMENTAL assesses in detail:
DESIGN
1. Site Planning
2. Water
A leading-edge
Management
system for 3. Energy
certifying Management
DESIGN, 4. Material Use
CONSTRUCTION, 5. Indoor
& OPERATIONS Environmental
of the greenest Quality
buildings in the 6. Innovation &
world Design Process © Europrosper team 2003-04
Singapore Certified Energy Manager
DRAFT (SCEM) Programme
SUGGESTIONS ONLY
Cautionary tale
Things are not always as they seem
Greening buildings are
a good first step !  In the mid 1990s, three buildings in one of Singapore’s
research parks were joined together to be served by
!  We all pay overhead for buildings one high efficiency chiller plant, instead of three little
plants – one for each building
!  Wasteful design-build-operate process
!  This was a good energy efficiency project with a good
!  Improvements are well understood payback
!  Early wins free resources, build buy-in
Cautionary tale Cautionary tale

Things are not always as they seem Things are not always as they seem
(con’t) (con’t)
!  In 2008, more than a decade later, a large !  The new data center has received a LEED Gold rating.
international bank rented one of the buildings to use !  The obvious question is, if tenant improvements cause
for a data center.
the energy efficiency of a space to decrease
!  The new tenant cut off the chilled water supply and substantially from existing performance, how can it
installed several air-cooled condensers to serve their possibly receive a LEED gold rating?
new data center. They even requested that the main !  Anyone who increases GHG emissions substantially
piping, which cut across the property from another
without a convincing story ought to be penalized, not
building, be removed.
rewarded with LEED Gold!
!  After the change, the power supply to their building
jumped to 16 MVA, compared to 11MVA for another
data center with a larger floor area owned by the
same landlord.
9. Numbers (subsidies, taxes, standards)

Cautionary tale 8. Material stocks and flows, esp. long-
Things are not always as they seem term/slow-moving
7. Regulating negative feedback loops
(con’t) (including markets)
!  Meanwhile—and ironically—in a classic case of one
hand not knowing what the other hand was doing, at
Dana 6. Driving positive feedback loops
(population, capital growth)
the same time another phase of the research park Meadows’s 5. Information flows (accuracy, noise,
was converting air-cooled chillers to water-cooled and lags, transparency, accountability)
also applying for carbon credits. 9 ways to 4. The rules of the system (incentives,
change a constraints)
3. The power of self-organization
complex 2. The goals of the system—who has
system power over the rules
1. Changing the mindset of the people
who make the rules
0. The power to transcend paradigms
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Source: Dana Meadows Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Part 1.6: Green Building Part 1.5: Higher order principles

Part 1.6: Green building
Case study:
Empire
State
Building
Questions
Part 1.6: Green building Part 1.6: Green building
The Black Sun
!  What makes a building green?

!  Costs and benefits
!  LEED and other rating systems
!  This is redefining “business as usual”, not a “Our culture designs the same building for Reykjavik and Rangoon;
passing fad we heat
“Our one
culture and cool
designs the building
the same other; why do we do
for Reykjavik andit Rangoon;
that way?
we heat
I call thisone
theand coolSun.”
Black the other; why do we do it that way?
I call this the Black Sun.”
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency Part 1.6: Green Building - William
Integrative McDonough
Design for Energy Efficiency 215
Aesthetics of Survival If we can begin to shift the way we

conceive the purpose of human
Every thing around us is nature. All artifacts and the process of
of these things we create are designing them to one that focuses
natural. The question is whether on healing and supporting human
they are well adapted.
and natural communities… then
Janine Benyus, biologist and author we will have truly begun to create
an aesthetic that supports human
survival.
Architecture can be more socially dangerous than
other disciplines: once it's built, it exists and imposes
itself through its physical nature.
If you have made a mistake, the architecture you
built will still exist.
Renzo Piano
Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 216 Part 1.6: Green Building
Greening buildings: a good first step Perception

!  We all pay overhead for buildings
!  Wasteful design-build-operate process
!  Improvements are well understood
!  Early wins free resources, build buy-in
Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 218 Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 219
What makes a building green?

!  Better quality, more efficient
!  More efficient use of resources of all types

•  Energy, water, land, and materials
!  Improved indoor environment
•  more healthy
•  more comfortable
•  better adapted to human needs
!  Reduced infrastructure requirements
•  Roads, parking, energy, water, sewer
Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 220 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 221
Green versus Sustainable

What makes a building green?
!  Green = better performance than typical practice
!  Green !“Sustainable”!
!  Reduced impacts to
water, soil and
biodiversity Green:
!  Enhanced improved
performance Sustainable:
marketability, asset Typical
restores the
value, & occupant practice:
complies w/ environment
satisfaction
Performance
building codes
!  Green = better Net-Zero Energy
performance than
typical practice
!  Green !“Sustainable”!
Impact Impact
Unsustainable: harms the environment Sustainable: restores the environment
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 222 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 224 Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 225
Source: Bill Reed, Integrative Design Collaborative (IDC), Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
http://integrativedesign.net/home Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education
A world where buildings
consume zero net energy
“The path to abundance is built on nothing”
World Business Council for WGBC Congress and

Sustainable Development Mexico GBC
October, 2006
227
Energy Efficiency in Buildings Project 226 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Part 1.6: Green Building

Pearl River Tower
Guanzhou, China
2030 0Challenge
New Buildings - 50%
2010 – 60%
2015 – 70%
2020 – 80%
2025 – 90%
2030 - Carbon Neutral
(no fossil fuel energy to operate)
228 Part 1.6: Green Building 229 229

228
Part 1.6: Green Building Part 1.6: Green Building
Masdar “…leveraging the fullest use of innovation in energy-

efficiency, sustainable practices, resource recycling,
“The Source”, Abu Dhabi
Masdar biodiversity, transportation and green building standards.
“The Source”, Abu Dhabi Every building in the development will be designed and
constructed to provide a model for sustainable living and
working.”
“Change the way

the world
understands energy
and create a historic
global shift to new
energy sources and
sustainable resource
utilization.”
Part 1.6: Green Building Part 1.6: Green Building
How
Green buildings’ superior
performance
!  Same or better services (light, comfort)
much
•  Use less energy and water, save 20%–50%+
•  healthier indoor & outdoor environments
!  Cost reductions
does it
•  Capital costs can be same or lower, average
~5% premium
•  Operating cost reductions, save 8%–50%+
cost?
•  Operating cost = ~85% of total lifetime cost of a
building
!  Labor productivity increases

•  Average 5% increase, range 5%–15%+
•  Labor costs 100X energy per SF; 1% productivity
rise = energy bill
Additional cost to build green:

Evidence from 139 green buildings in study data set
2007 opinion survey by World Business Council for Sustainable Development
It doesn’t Median in the data set:

<2% added cost
CEO
Public misperception:
17% added cost*
cost – it
50
45
# of buildings in data set

40
PAYS!
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0-1% 1-2% 2-3% 3-4% 4-5% 5-6% 6-7% 7-8% 8-9% 9-10% 10-11%11-12% 12- 13- 14-15%15-16%16-17%17-18% 18- 19-
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 235 Part 1.6: Green Building 13% 14%
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 236
19% 20%
Assembly of material into this course © 2010 Green Building Education range of reported premiums
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Costing Green: A Comprehensive Cost

Database and Budgeting Methodology
Davis Langdon: July 2004, revisited and re-verified July 2007
Costing Green: A Comprehensive Cost Database and

Compared 138 projects in three building types:
http://www.davislangdon.com/USA/Research
!  93 non-LEED
!  45 LEED seeking
!  Classrooms, Labs, and Libraries
All costs normalized for time and location
Blue non-LEED
Budgeting Methodology
Green LEED Certified
Silver LEED Silver
Davis Langdon: July 2004

Gold LEED Gold
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 239 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Source: http://www.davislangdon.com/USA/Research Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme
Costing Green: A Comprehensive Cost Database and

BUILDING PERFORMANCE:
Budgeting Methodology Relative costs of life cycle elements
Davis Langdon: July 2004, revisited and re-verified July 2007
Productivity gains of only 3.7% can pay for all facility
costs over a 30 year period.
CONCLUSION $/work space after 30 years
First cost
There is no significant difference in average costs for $2.9 million
green buildings as compared to non-green buildings 3.7% = $107.3K Operating cost
(energy, tax, cleaning)
Maintenance &
NOTE: on an “apples-to-apples” basis; additional Repair
quality and additional capabilities do cost more.
Payroll Cost
$49K + $9.8K + $48.5K = $107.3K
Source: U.S. Secretary of Defense

Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Source: http://www.davislangdon.com/USA/Research Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Programme ATHENA
Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) ! Institute
Programme
SCHOOLS HOSPITALS
A $4 investment 20% 2 ! DAY

Increased BETTER TEST EARLIER
Productivity. PERFORMANCE DISCHARGE
RETAIL FACTORIES OFFICES
INCREASE 2-16%
INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
IN SALES PER
PRODUCTION INCREASE
SQUARE FOOT
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency Test Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency
Low risk, high return investment
Measures that increase productivity Productivity Is Worth 100X More Than Energy
!  Quality lighting, including high levels of daylighting
!  A distant view, preferably to nature
!  Increased individual control of workplace including
lighting, heating, cooling
!  Improved acoustics
!  Improved indoor air quality
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 248 Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 249
LEED rating system

!  Voluntary standard of US Green Building Council
•  Industry-wide stakeholder association
•  Power to transform the market
!  Defines “green” based on accepted best practices
!  Flexible menu of opportunities
•  Earn points towards towards certification levels
•  Promotes innovation, economy
!  Credible third-party certification
The world is
changing

It’s no longer –
“Should you build green?”
It’s
“Why wouldn’t you build green?”
Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 254

Disclaimer and Copyright

The slides for this course were created for
educational purposes. We have made every effort to
give recognition to all sources, however, not all of the
sources are known. We thank all those known and
unknown sources who have contributed to the
creation of this course.
New material created for the course, and the
selection and assembly of existing material into these
educational slides, is
Questions © 2010 by Green Building Education

These slides may not be reused without specific
permission from the authors in writing.
Please respect this copyright.
We will enforce it vigorously.
Part 1.6: Green Building Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 256 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency

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Singapore Certified Energy Manager Programme (SCEM)

1 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 2

Who are you? Who are we?

! Please briefly introduce yourself ! Presenters

! Founder and Principal, Second Amory

Chris Halpin ! President and founder,

John Rosenblum ! Independent consultant,

Why are we here?

Morning Afternoon Morning Afternoon

! Cellphones off; no texting

22 Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 23

Compiled list of URLs on the slides (1 of 5)

Part 1.1: Welcome & overview

Disclaimer and Copyright

Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset

origami solution geographer’s solution

Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset

mechanical engineer’s solution statistician’s solution

wide line solution

! Once you get it, you can never go back!

Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset

Or, you can’t get out of

Case: Think Different! Case: Think Different!

Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset

Case: Think Different! Case: Think Different!

Case: Think Different! Case: Think Different!

Source: http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/ Source: http://climateprogress.org/2008/07/25/

Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset

Case: Think Different! The value of an

! Perhaps the most important point here is that these

Invention is “a sudden cessation of stupidity”

“Education is not the filling of a pail, “Not so much having a

Part 1.2: Mindset Part 1.2: Mindset

Whether you think you can . . .

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges A systems challenge

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

The only (significant) external input to our planetary

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

The web of life

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

Paul and Anne Ehrlich’s

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

Bleached corals on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef

Quantity and health

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

Buildings are the

Pew Center on Global Climate Change

Robert Crumb’s What’s Next?: The ecotopian solution

Part 1.3: Environmental challenges Part 1.3: Environmental challenges

The fun future: techno-fix The Blade-Runner future:

Whatever befalls the earth

Chief Seattle (1788-1866)

Part 1.4: The green transition

Part 1.4: The green transition

Go green! But where is that? What is “sustainability”?

The future is up for grabs,

Integrative Design for Energy Efficiency 97 National Renewable

Solar income, natural capital Solar income, natural capital (cont’d)

Crisis = Danger + Opportunity

William McDonough and

I=PxA ! emulates nature: no waste

!  Please briefly introduce yourself !  Presenters

!  Founder and Principal, Second Amory

Chris Halpin !  President and founder,

John Rosenblum !  Independent consultant,

!  Cellphones off; no texting

!  Once you get it, you can never go back!

!  Perhaps the most important point here is that these

I=PxA !  emulates nature: no waste

•  Historical legal approach

!  How to get past “command and control” sustainability?

!  Since many peasants arrive

Case: Curitiba, Brazil !  Each family is given a plot of

! Waste equals food

!  Six sigma quality

!  What makes a building green?