(1)Env. Bio-Sci., 2018: Vol.

32 (1): 1-8
J. ISSN 0973-6913 (Print), ISSN 0976-3384 (On Line)

STUDY OF EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT

Deepti Tomar
Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Zoology, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M. P.)

Received: 09-05-2018 Accepted: 02-06-2018

Epilachna varivestis (Mexican bean beetle) is a serious, injurious, destructive, major, notorious, agricultural pest of beans. The
ability of MBB populations to migrate from surrounding areas combined with the inability of insecticides to completely suppress
MBB adult populations, dictates the use of a pesticide with a high initial efficacy and long-residual effect to maintain populations
below the economic threshold (1-1.5 larvae per plant) throughout the season. The increasing resistance developed by the MBB
from repeated and prolonged exposure to certain chemicals has made it even more difficult for organic producers to suppress
populations. In the present investigation the experimental findings proved the efficacy of Cassia fistula leaf, flower essential oils
and Lantana camara leaf, flower and fruit essential oils in controlling the insect population, while control groups showed the high
viability rate in 1st-4th instar larval and adult stages of Epilachna varivestis. In the present investigation toxicity levels of essential
oil is as follows: Lantana camara fruit > Lantana camara leaf > Cassia fistula leaf > Lantana camara flower > Cassia fistula flower.
Key words: Epilachna varivestis, Life cycle, Essential oil.

Epilachna varivestis (Mexican bean beetle) is a serious,
injurious, destructive, major, notorious, agricultural pest of
beans and has a wide host range. The MBB is an oligophagous
insect that feeds on a range of legumes (Barrigossi et al.
2001).The MBB insect in both larval and adult stages feed
upon the leaves and defoliate plants. Pods and stems are
often attacked after foliage is destroyed. When abundant, larvae
and adults will also feed on blossoms, stems and pods but
the greatest amount of injury is done to the leaves.
Larvae cause more damage than the adult beetles. The
shredded plants may die before any crop is matured. Plant
growth is delayed and stunted. There is a yield loss of greater
than 50 %. Badly hit plants produce poorly because so many
leaves are consumed, pods can also be seriously damaged.
In severe attacks, production of pods may be reduced and
completely defoliated plants may be killed.
During years of high infestation, total defoliation of these plants
is common. They damage up to 80 % of plants. 30 % to 75 %
leaves were severely damaged by the grubs and adults.
Defoliation reaches 30 percent when plant is prior to full bloom,
15 % when full bloom until mid pod-fill and 25 % after full pod-
fill. These remaining tissues die in about 2 days and turn brown,
often giving the entire field a "burnt" cast.
The ability of MBB populations to migrate from surrounding
areas combined with the inability of insecticides to completely
suppress MBB adult populations, dictates the use of a pesticide
with a high initial efficacy and long-residual effect to maintain
populations below the economic threshold (1-1.5 larvae per
NAAS Rating (2017)-4.43
plant) throughout the season. The increasing resistance
developed by the MBB from repeated and prolonged exposure
to certain chemicals has made it even more difficult for organic
producers to suppress populations (Dobrin and Hammond,
1983).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Larvae and adults of both the sexes of Epilachna varivestis
were procured locally from the fields of soybean and reared on
normal laboratory conditions. The known aged egg, larvae and
adults were procured by mating the adult insect pests randomly.
MBB Culture and colony: Attack of MBB larvae (grubs) and
adults were observed on soybean. Newly laid egg masses of
same were collected from field. They were brought to laboratory
and incubated in plastic containers. For aeration, mouth of
plastic containers was closed with muslin cloth. Different egg
masses were kept in different containers. Grubs hatched from
them were also reared in separate container and they were
fed on fresh leaves of soybean.
Feeding was done daily for once at morning (10-11 am).
Cleaning i.e. removal of non-consumed leaves, excavate of
grubs was done during the time of feeding. Tender leaves were
provided to early instars and semi mature leaves were provided
to late instars. These grubs were allowed for pupation and
adult (beetle) formation. MBB were reared from egg to adulthood
on soybean, under conditions of 15 hr light - 9 hr dark, 40 %
relative humidity and 250 C. All experiments were performed at
the same above mentioned conditions in growth chambers.
 TOMAR (2)

Plant material: Cassia fistula leaves, flowers and Lantana flower and fruit volatiles respectively. Among which Trans-  -
camara leaves, flowers and fruits were procured locally from caryophyllene (17.65%), Sabinene (9.11%),  -humulene
the corresponding plant. Cassia fistula belongs to Family - (7.14%) and Bicyclogermacrene (5.77%) were the main
Fabaceae /Caesalpiniaceae and Lantana camara belongs to
constituents identified in leaf essential oil. Trans-  -
Family - Verbenaceae.
caryophyllene (21.80%), Sabinene (14.18%),  -humulene
Plant parts were washed with running tap water and were stored (9.29%) and Bicyclogermacrene (8.49%) were the main
in the laboratory between 18 and 20o C in shade of the sunlight constituents identified in flower essential oil. Trans-  -
throughout the extraction period to avoid the loss of chemicals
caryophyllene (21.42%), Trans-nerolidol (18.85%),  -
due to direct exposure to sunlight. The shadow dried plant
humulene (9.97%) and Sabinene (5.13%) were the main
parts were crushed into uniform powder using pulveriser. The
constituents identified in fruit essential oil.
powdered samples were stored in closed container or air tight
polythene bags until use. Essential oils and components were kept under freezing until
used. Series of aqueous concentrations of each essential oil
Extraction and Isolation: The essential oils were extracted
were prepared with Triton X-100 as surfactant at a rate of 0.1
by hydro-distillation of the different plant parts for 3-5 hrs on
%. The stock solutions of different concentrations of essential
Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method used in
oils were used at room temperature for the experimentation.
British Pharmacopoeia, 1980. Colored oil with aromatic smell
The experiments were done in triplicate.
was obtained. The oil obtained was dried over anhydrous
Sodium sulphate and analyzed by GC/MS. The identification Experiments: For the bioassays, a 35 mm diameter disc of
has been carried out by GC/MS and KI while quantification soybean leaf was placed in plastic petri dishes containing
was done by FID. moistened cotton wool. Insects were divided into several groups.
Each group contains 10 male or female insect pests and was
The interpretation on mass spectrum GC-MS was predicted
transferred onto each leaf discs with a fine brush. Experiments
using the database of National Institute Standard and
were performed with different concentrations of essential oils
Technology (NIST) having more than 62,000 patterns. The
of Cassia fistula and Lantana camara and the values of LC100,
name, molecular weight and structure of the components of
LC50 (Probit analysis method adopted after Finney, 1971), LC0 
test materials were ascertained. The relative percentage
and sub lethal concentration were detected out for each group
amount of each component was calculated by comparing its
separately and data was summarized in Tables 1-5. Three
average peak area to the total areas. The spectrum of the
replicates of at least four concentrations causing 0-100 %
unknown compounds was compared with the spectrum of the
mortality after 24 hr was tested with each plant essential oil
component stored in the NIST library version (2014) and Adam's
concentration.
(2005) mass spectrum library.
Control groups of Epilachna varivestis were applied topically
Cassia fistula:Thirty compounds from leaf and twenty-six
with the same concentration of solvent as used in experimental
compounds from flower were identified representing 100 % of
groups. All the experimental and control groups were provided
the leaf and flower volatiles, respectively. The composition of
with sufficient food and water to avoid the stress of starvation
the leaf oil was characterized by the abundance of phytol
and dehydration respectively.
(16.1%) followed by tetradecane (10.5%), esters (10.0%) and
hexadecane (8.7%). The flower oil was dominated by the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
presence of the sesquiterpene (E)-nerolidol (23.8%), followed
Life cycle of Epilachna varivestis was studied on several
by 2-hexadecanone (17.0%) and heptacosane (12.8%).
important aspects as follows:
Lantana camara : Sixty-four constituents in leaf, fifty-four
Mating Period and Copulation: The male is smaller than
constituents in flower and fourty-four constituents in fruit
female of the same age. The mating was observed in 8-10
essential oil were identified representing 100 % of the leaf,
 (3) STUDY OF EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT
days old adults in different mating combinations in laboratory.
The duration of copulation usually varies from 4 to 6 days in
normal insects. Generally copulation occurs only once, but
in some cases, it starts again after oviposition. The copulation
period and number of eggs laid were variable in different insects
treated with different essential oils.
In the present investigation mating period was of 4-6 days in
control E. varivestis whereas in treated groups the mating
period was of 5 days in C. fistula leaf essential oil; 6 days in
C. fistula flower essential oil; 4 days in L. camara leaf
essential oil; the mating period was of 6 days in L. camara
flower essential oil and 4 days in L. camara fruit essential oil.
About 4 days of mating period was observed in Bagrada
cruciferarum by Rai (2005), about 5-8 days in D. similis by
Agarwal (2006), about 60-100 hrs in O. brevis and 80-120 hrs
in Spodoptera exigua by Tomar (2010).
Towards the end of June, Mexican bean beetle females started
oviposition simultaneously. The process of oviposition
generally takes place about 6 days. Female produces at
least three egg clutches and there were constant intervals of
8-9 days between productions of egg clutches per female.
Egg Laying : MBB feeds on the tender young plants for one
to two weeks and copulate. After copulation female start laying
eggs throughout spring and summer in the month of March-
 June and from August-September. Female lady beetles may
lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs in batches of 40 to 75 on
the underside of the foliage over a one to three month period,
commencing in spring or early summer. The choice of insect
females as to where to lay their eggs, strongly affects progeny
survival and thus fitness. The fate of the phytophagous offspring
of insects is correlated strongly with oviposition on a suitable
host plant because larvae usually are limited in mobility
(Rausher, 1979).
In the present investigation oviposition period in control
E. varivestis was of 6 days whereas in treated groups the
oviposition period was of 4 days in C. fistula leaf essential oil;
6 days in C. fistula flower essential oil; 4 days in Lantana
camara leaf essential oil; the oviposition period was of 5 days
in L. camara flower essential oil and no oviposition was
observed in L. camara fruit essential oil treated insects while
the pre-oviposition period was about 12-18 hrs, 2nd oviposition
period was about 24 hrs and 3rd oviposition period was about
18 hrs after cerberin treatment on Bagrada cruciferarum as
observed by Rai (2005), the duration of oviposition varies from
60-100 hrs in D. similis but second oviposition was not seen
with D. alba seed extract treatment while the oviposition was
totally arrested in Delonix regia treated D. similis as observed
by Agarwal (2006), Tomar (2010) observed that duration of
oviposition usually varies from 2-3 hrs in Oberea brevis. First
oviposition of 1/2 -1 hr was observed while second oviposition
was not observed with Quercitrin glycoside. No oviposition was
observed with Flavonol glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-
trimethoxy,flavone-3-O-  -D-galactopyranosyl (1  4)-O-  -L-
xylopyranoside treatment in O. brevis. The duration of
oviposition usually varies from 2-3 days in Spodoptera exigua.
Oviposition was observed with Quercitrin glycoside and is of
24-50 hrs while no oviposition was observed with Flavonol
glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy, flavone-3-O-  -D-
galactopyranosyl (1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside treatment in
S. exigua.
In the present investigation control female of E. varivestis
laid 3 clutch of 40-75 eggs per clutch whereas treated female
laid 2 clutch of 40-50 eggs per clutch in C. fistula leaf essential
oil, 3 clutch of 40-70 eggs per clutch in C. fistula flower essential
oil, 2 clutch of 30-40 eggs per clutch in L. camara leaf essential
oil, 3 clutch of 40-60 eggs per clutch in L. camara flower
essential oil and 1 clutch of 20-25 eggs per clutch in L. camara
fruit essential oil. Rai (2005) reported B. cruciferarum laid about
60 eggs per female and average weight of single egg was about
0.49 mg, Agarwal (2006) reported D. similis laid various number
of eggs between 100-130 and average weight of single egg
was about 0.85 mg while about 75 eggs were laid by D. alba
seed extract treated female and average weight of single egg
was about 0.70 mg and no egg was laid by D. regia treated
female insect indicated its antiovipositional activity, Tomar (2010)
reported that O. brevis female laid about 80 eggs with Quercitrin
glycoside while no eggs were laid by female with Flavonol
Glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy,flavone-3-O-  -D-
galactopyranosyl(1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside treatment and
S. exigua female laid about 90-110 eggs with Quercitrin
glycoside and egg laying was not noticed with Flavonol
Glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy,flavone-3-O-  -D-
galactopyranosyl (1  4)-O-  L-xylopyranoside treatment.
 TOMAR
Mexican bean beetle females kept laying eggs after 27 days
but these eggs were often deformed and were not positioned
in distinct clutches. Egg clutch sizes, i.e. the number of eggs
per clutch, significantly depended on generation and clutch
number. Females after treatment with essential oils produced
smaller second clutches. Sometimes females rarely produced
a third egg clutch. The size of the first clutches, in contrast,
was affected. The insects treated with different essential oils
showed high variability in number of eggs and clutches.
Egg : The eggs are small, barrel-shaped, oblong, elliptical,
oval in shape and bright yellow, orange-yellow or yellow in color,
about the size of a grain of rice. They are approximately 0.6
mm (1/24 inch) in diameter or width and about four times as
long (1.3 mm). Eggs hatch in one week during warm weather
to three weeks (5 to 14 days) under cooler conditions depending
on temperature.
Larva : Larvae are fat, soft bodied, pale yellow to orange in
color, oval-bodied and pill shaped. The body tapers posterior,
has an anal segment having a sucker-like apparatus for
attachment to feeding surfaces (leaf). They are slow moving
and have three pairs of legs that are not strongly developed.
They possess or covered with six dorsal rows of dark-tipped
branched (forked) longitudinal spines giving them a fuzzy
appearance, that are predominant larval feature. Larvae when
first emerged grow from less than 1/25 - 3/8 inch (1-1.5 mm) in
length. Full grown or mature larvae are approximately ¼ inch
(8.5 mm) in length. The larval period lasts for 9-18 days during
which it passes through four different instars. The larva hatches
in 3-4 days in summer months and 4-9 days in winter. However,
it has been reported that larval period may prolong up to 15-32
days when grows on certain plants. Life of larvae is from June
to September. Large larvae may travel about 40 inch (12 m) in
search of prey. It grows up to one centimeter long before
pupation.
When first hatched, they all feed together. If the leaf is somewhat
dry, the first hatched may devour the remaining un-hatched
eggs. As they grow older, they still retain their gregarious habits
but tend to split up into small, scattered groups. The larvae
are voracious feeders or leaf eating machines, continue to feed
for two to four weeks and can inflict heavy damage on a field of
bean plants during an infestation. They use their chewing
mouthb parts to rasp away leaf tissue between veins, so that
(4)
heavily damaged leaves look skeletonized. In the worst
uncontrolled cases, Mexican bean beetles can completely
strip foliage of all plants.
In normal conditions E. varivestis mean duration of larval stage
lasts 9-18 days and is of 4-6, 8-10, 12-14, 15-18 days while
this period was variable in treated insects. In the present
investigation the larval period in treated groups were 5.0, 9.0,
13.0, 16.0 days in C. fistula leaf essential oil; 6.0, 10.0, 14.0,
18.0 days in C. fistula flower essential oil; only I-III instar larval
period of 4.0, 9.0, 12.0 days was seen in L. camara leaf
essential oil; 5.0, 10.0, 13.0, 17.0 days in L. camara flower
essential oil; and only I-II instar larval period of 3.0, 6.0 days
was seen in L. camara fruit essential oil whereas the larval
period was species specific and variable in different insects
as observed by Tomar (2010) that the fourth moult of O. brevis
and fifth moult of S. exigua took some twenty days and three
days respectively in normal groups while this period was
variable in treated insects. More mortality was observed in
larval instars development of O. brevis and S. exigua after
Quercitrin glycoside and no oviposition was observed with in
Flavonol glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy,flavone-3-
O-  -D-galactopyranosyl (1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside
treated O. brevis and S. exigua, Ahmed et al. (2010) studied
the effect of plant extracts in suppression of insects pests of
sunflower, Mukta et al. (2011) observed insecticidal activity of
neem oil on Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.), Rumape et
al. (2013) observed antifeedant activity of Riccinus communis
on E. varivestis.
Pupa : The pupa, like the egg, is a vulnerable stage in the life
cycle of an insect. Pupae are an oval, orange-yellow to copper
color. It is similar to larvae but lighter in color and therefore
highly conspicuous and yet manages to thrive. Pupae are
approximately 6 mm (¼ inch) in length. It moves very little,
has fewer spines than the larva. When pupating, the larva
fastens by means of sticky secretion, the tip of the abdomen
(last abdominal segment) to a part of the host plant. The pupal
stage may last from 3 to 12 days but may drag out much
longer in the cool weather of autumn, depending on the
temperature. Life of pupae is from July to October. The pupa is
about the size and shape of the adult. Pupa emerges as an
adult, they winter as adults and often travel long distances to
find new fields.
(5) STUDY OF EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT
Adult : Adults emerged after 6-11 days from pupae. The newly
emerged adult is of a straw or cream-yellow color. Shortly
after emergence, eight black spots of variable size appear.
The adults darken with age until they become an orange-brown
with a bronze tinge, at which time the black spots are less
conspicuous. Its overall color is quite variable having 16 black
spots (8 on each wing cover) oriented in three rows of 6-6-4
diagonal to their wing cover when the wings are at rest (on
each elytron or on abdomen or on the back) when viewed from
above. Overwintering beetles are lighter in color.
Adults are generally shaped like common lady bird beetles
though slightly larger. Adult beetles are about 1/3 to ¼ inch (5-
6 mm) in breath. They are about 5/16 inch (8.5 mm) long.
Body is hemispherical, smooth, very convex, dome and oval
shaped. They have one pair of antennae. Mouthparts are of
chewing type. They do not have legs; instead there are long
branching spines in 6 rows jutting or extending out of their
segments. The males are slightly smaller than the females.
Males can be distinguished from females by having a small
notch on the ventral side of the last abdominal segment.
Adults feed, mate and lay eggs over a period of 2 weeks.
Adults are voracious eaters and live from 4 to 6 weeks or live
for a few months to over a year. Life of adults is from July to
October. They search for prey or prepare for hibernation,
depending on the availability of prey and time of year. Adult
beetles overwinter from April to June, generally are not active
until early spring and may attack plants soon after seedlings
emerge in spring. In mid-May adults tend to search out snap
and lima beans but by late-June they begin ovipositing in
soybeans.
The period from egg to adult is about 30-70 days, depending
on temperature. There are several generations each growing
season per year. There may be up to one to three generations
each year. During some years there may be a partial fourth
generation.
The experimental groups showed the decline in viability
percentage and the experiments suggested that 1st-4th instar
larval stage and adults were more susceptible to the test
solution. Early instars larva showed decolouration, reduction
in head capsule and body size was noticed. Late instars larva
showed less development in comparison to normal and also
showed high percentage of mortality at the time of moulting.
The 1st-4th instar larval stage never undergo next stages and
pupae never hatched into healthy adults. The pupae developed
into small sized, morphologically malformed weakened adults
with less developed gonads and the oocytes never attain such
maturity which is required for oviposition.
In the present investigation the experimental findings proved
the efficacy of C. fistula leaf, flower essential oils and L.
camara leaf, flower and fruit essential oils while control groups
showed the high viability rate in 1st-4th instar larval and adult
stages of E. varivestis. In the present investigation toxicity
levels of essential oil is as follows: Lantana camara fruit > L.
camara leaf > C. fistula leaf > L. camara flower > C. fistula
flower.
Looking at the cost of chemical insecticides the use
of natural plant products would be more profitable if should be
used in integrated pest management (IPM). The results
exhibited that this is of great economic importance from the
agronomic point of view in order to manage pests more
effectively. Natural product support both crop production and
the environment by being effective in pest control, less toxic
to non-target organisms and biodegradable at the same time.
They can be touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic
chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals
reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human
health.
The findings of the present investigations indicate that botanical
derivatives might be useful as insect control agents for
commercial use. They are an inexpensive and effective
technique and its easy adaptability will give additional
advantages leading to acceptances of this technology by
farmers. A study to improve the effectiveness of botanical
derivatives as insecticides will benefit agricultural sectors of
developing countries, as these substance are not only of low
cost, but also have less environmental impact in term of
insecticidal hazard.
 TOMAR (6)

Table 1: Toxicity of C. fistula leaf essential oil on E. varivestis.

I Instar II Instar III Instar IV Instar Adult Adult
LC
Name Duration Larva Larva Larva Larva Male Female Mortality
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxi city
Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
0.7 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 100% LC100
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 50% LC50
24 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 Nil LC0
0.05 0.07 0.09 0.1 0.3 0.5 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 100% LC100
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 50% LC50
48 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 Nil LC0
Essential 0.07 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 Nil Sublethal
oil Conc.
of 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 100% LC100
Cassia 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.5 50% LC50
fistula 72 0.09 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 Nil LC0
leaf 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.1 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.25 100% LC100
0.09 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 50% LC50
96 0.07 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 Nil LC0
0.05 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.9 Nil Sublethal
Conc.

Table 2: Toxicity of C. fistula flower essential oil on E. varivestis.

I Instar II Instar III Instar IV Instar Adult Adult
LC
Name Duration Larva Larva Larva Larva Male Female Mortality
Toxicity
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%)
Plant Values
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.25 100% LC 1 00
0.7 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 50% LC 50
24 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 Nil LC0
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.6 0.7 0.9 1.25 1.5 2.0 100% LC 1 00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.5 50% LC 50
48 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
Essential 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 Nil Sublethal
oil Conc.
of 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.75 100% LC 1 00
Cassia 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 50% LC 50
fistula 72 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 Nil LC0
flower 0 .1 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 100% LC 1 00
0.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 50% LC 50
96 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.9 Nil LC0
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
(7) STUDY OF EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT

Table 3: Toxicity of L. camara leaf essential oil on E. varivestis

I Instar II Instar III Instar IV Instar Adult Adult

Name Duration Larva Larva Larva Larva Male Female Mortality LC
of (hrs.) (%) Toxicity
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration
Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.25 3.0 100% LC100
0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.25 50% LC50
24 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 Nil LC0
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 100% LC100
0.7 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 50% LC50
48 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 Nil LC0
Essential 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 Nil Sublethal
oil Conc.
of 0.7 0.9 1.25 1.75 2.0 2.25 100% LC100
Lantana 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 50% LC50
camara 72 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 Nil LC0
leaf 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 100% LC100
0.2 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 50% LC50
96 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 Nil LC0
0.09 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 Nil Sublethal
Conc.

Table 4: Toxicity of L. camara flower essential oil on E. varivestis.

I Instar II Instar III Instar IV Instar Adult Adult

Name Duration Larva Larva Larva Larva Male Female Mortality LC
Toxicity
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%)
Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 100% LC100
0.09 1.0 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 50% LC50
24 0.07 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.25 2.0 Nil LC0
0.05 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 100% LC100
0.7 0.9 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 50% LC50
48 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 Nil LC0
Essential 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 Nil Sublethal
oil Conc.
of 0.09 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 100% LC100
Lantana 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 50% LC50
camara 72 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.0 Nil LC0
flower 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 100% LC100
0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.25 50% LC50
96 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Nil LC0
0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.3 0.5 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
 TOMAR (8)

Table 5: Toxicity of L. camara fruit essential oil on E. varivestis

I Instar II Instar III Instar IV Instar Adult Adult LC

Name Duration Larva Larva Larva Larva Male Female Mortality Toxicity
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%)
Plant Values
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.5 2.0 2.5 3 4.0 4.5 100% LC100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.25 2.5 3.0 50% LC50
24 0.09 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.25 2.5 Nil LC0
0.05 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 Nil Sublethal
Conc.
1.5 1.75 2.25 2.5 3.5 4.0 100% LC100
1.0 1.25 1.5 2.25 2.25 3.0 50% LC50
48 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 Nil LC0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.5 Nil Sublethal
Essential Conc.
oil 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.25 2.25 2.5 100% LC100
of 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.25 50% LC50
Lantana 72 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.25 Nil LC0
camara 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Nil Sublethal
fruit Conc.
1.0 1.25 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.25 100% LC100
0.7 0.9 1.25 1.5 1.5 2.0 50% LC50
96 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 Nil LC0
0.2 0.3 03 0.5 0.7 0.9 Nil Sublethal
Conc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 6. Dobrin, G. C. and Hammond, R. B. (1983). Residual effect of selected

Author is thankful to HOD, Department of Zoology, Dr. H. S.
Gour Central University, Sagar (M. P.) for providing the
laboratory facilities during the tenure of this research
investigation.
REFERENCES
1. Adams, R. P. (2005). Identification of essential oils by Gas
Chromatography Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Pub. Corp.
Carol Stream, IL. USA.
2. Agarwal, S. (2006). Biochemic al profile in the gonads and
haemolymph of Dysdercus similis induced by some natural plant
products. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.),
India.
3. Ahmed, K. N., Pramanik, S. H. A., Khatun, M., Nargis, A. and Hasan,
M. R. (2010). Efficacy of plant extracts in the suppression of insect
pests and their effect on the yield of sunflower crop under different
climatic conditions. The Jour. Plant Prot. Sci., 2(1), 53-58.
4. Barrigossi, J. A. F., Hein, G. L. and Higley, L. G. (2001). Life tables
and larval dispersal of Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera :
Coccinellidae) on dry bean in the high plains. Environ. Entomol., 30,
235-243.
5. British Pharmacopoeia, 11. P. A. HMSO: London (1980).
insecticides against the adult Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera :
Coccinellidae) on soybeans. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 76, 1456-1459.
7. Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis, 3rd edition Cambridge University
Press, London.
8. Mukta, M., Islam, Md. M. U., Islam, K. S. and Rahman, Md. H. (2011).
Comparative efficacy of neem oil and two insecticides against
Epilachna beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab). Bangaldesh
Jour. Zool., 39(1), 121-127.
9. NIST Standard Reference Data. (2014). Available online: http://
webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/name-ser.html.
10. Rai, R. (2005). Control of fertility in Bagrada cruciferarum (Kirk) by
some plant products. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. H. S. Gour Univ., Sagar
(M.P.), India.
11. Rausher, M. D. (1979). Larval habitat suitability and oviposition
preference in three related butterflies. Ecology, 60, 503-511.
12. Rumape, O., Warouw, J., Mandey, L. C. and Tulung, M. (2013).
Isolating antifidan compounds of kepyar castor seeds (Ricinus
communis L) to the beetle Epilachna v ariv estis Mulsant,
(Coleoptera : Coccinelidae). Internat. Jour. Sci. Engin. Investig.,
2(13), 19-23.
13. Tomar, D. (2010). Control of fertility of soybean insect pests by
some plant glycosides as an insecticidal agent. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. H.
S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M. P.), India.