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Walhalla memorial
Coordinates: 49°01′53.35″N 12°13′26.72″E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Walhalla temple)

The Walhalla is a hall of fame that honors laudable and distinguished

people, famous personalities in German history – politicians, sovereigns,
scientists and artists of the German tongue".[1] The hall is housed in a
neo-classical building above the Danube River, east of Regensburg, in
Bavaria, Germany.

The Walhalla is named for Valhalla of Norse mythology. It was

conceived in 1807 by Crown Prince Ludwig, who built it upon ascending
the throne of Bavaria as King Ludwig I. Construction took place
between 1830 and 1842, under the supervision of architect Leo von
Klenze. Walhalla, seen from the Danube

The memorial displays some 65 plaques and 130 busts of persons,

covering 2,000 years of history – the earliest person honored is Arminius,
victor at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9 AD).

Contents
1 History
2 List of persons Exterior view from northwest
2.1 Commemorative plaques
2.2 Busts
2.2.1 Original busts (before 1847)
2.2.2 Later additions (after 1847)
3 See also
4 Literature
5 References
6 External links

History
By 1806, Napoleon's First French Empire had annexed German lands along the Rhine River and the North Sea,
and Central German states formed the Confederation of the Rhine, which sided with Napoleon. Francis II, Holy
Roman Emperor, then formally dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and instead styled himself
Emperor of Austria. The War of the Fourth Coalition pitted German forces on both sides against each other, and
Napoleon again prevailed.

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In 1807, 20-year-old Crown Prince Ludwig of the Kingdom of Bavaria, newly elevated by Napoleon, had the idea
of reminding all Germans of their common heritage — of the great figures and events in ethnic German history. He
commissioned several sculptors to create busts of famous individuals of his choice. Johann Gottfried Schadow's
bust of Nicolaus Copernicus was among the first to be completed, in 1807. Further suggestions for individuals to be
honored were solicited in 1808 from Swiss historian Johannes von Müller.

The building is noted to have cost £666,666 to construct according to 'Pictorial Travels Continentally Described'
(circa 1892).

By the time of Crown Prince Ludwig's coronation as King Ludwig I of

Bavaria in 1825, 60 busts had been completed. In 1826 he
commissioned the construction of a memorial above the Danube River,
near Regensburg, modeled after the Parthenon in Athens. The southern
pediment frieze features the 1815 creation of the German Confederation;
the northern — scenes from the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest of 9
AD.[2]

At Walhalla's inauguration on October 18, 1842, there were 96 busts,

plus 64 plaques for persons or events of which no portrait was available
on which to model a sculpture. As being "of the German tongue" was the
main selection criterion for the original 160 persons representing the
1,800 years of German history, the King included persons from, or who
had been active in, modern-day Sweden, Austria, Czech Republic,
Poland, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland and
the Baltic States. Walhalla colonnade

Whereas the Valhalla of Norse mythology was home to those gloriously

slain in battle, Ludwig intended his Walhalla not only for warriors but also
for scientists, writers, and clerics, and specifically included both men and
women. Decades before the foundation of the German Empire in 1871,
"German" was understood as "Germanic". Included were Gothic,
Langobardic, Anglo-Saxon, Austrian, Dutch and Swiss German figures,
as well as persons who had gained fame mainly in other countries or for
non-German governments.

As successor to the King, the government of Bavaria decides on Walhalla main hall
additions. Proposals may be made by anyone, but only persons who
have been dead at least 20 years are eligible (this had been doubled in 1912). Only 31 busts have been added
since its opening, on an irregular basis, for a total of 191, twelve of them female.

In Munich, an additional Hall of Fame for Bavarians was established in 1853 — the Ruhmeshalle München. Nine
of the Bavarian enshrinees have since become Walhalla enshrinees. Thus, their busts in Ruhmeshalle, which were
destroyed in 1944 during World War II, have not been recreated. Instead, a plaque with their names tells of their
transfer to Walhalla. Additionally, King Ludwig I, who commissioned the Befreiungshalle and other monuments, is
enshrined both at Walhalla and the Ruhmeshalle.

List of persons

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Commemorative plaques

Plaques were made for persons (or acts) of which no portraits or

descriptions were available to model sculptures after. The timeline spans
from Arminius a.k.a. Hermann der Cherusker (born 17 BC) to
watchmaker Peter Henlein, who died in 1542. In 2003 a plaque was
added to commemorate well-known and unknown German Resistance
fighters against Nazi Germany.

1. Alaric I – king of the Visigoths

2. Albertus Magnus – philosopher and theologian
3. Alboin – king of the Lombards
4. Alfred the Great – King of Wessex
5. Alcuin – Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and
educational affairs
6. Arnulf of Carinthia – Holy Roman Emperor
7. Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria – Arnulf the Bad, confiscated church
property for defense
8. Athaulf – king of the Visigoths
9. Bede – monk and scholar
10. Bernward of Hildesheim – Bishop of Hildesheim
11. Saint Boniface – Patron saint of Germany
12. Adrian von Bubenberg – Swiss knight and general Statue of King Ludwig I (no. 63,
13. Clovis I – King of the Franks 1890), builder of the hall
14. Julius Civilis (* 25), leader of Germanic rebellion against Rome in
69
15. Egbert of Wessex (770-839), considered the first de facto King of
England, grandfather of Alfred the Great
16. Eginhard – historian
17. Elisabeth of Hungary – Saint and Hungarian princess
18. Emmeram of Regensburg – Saint
19. Engelbert II of Berg – Saint
20. Friediger
21. Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg) Duke of Austria and King of
Fritigern, Leader of the Visigoths
the Romans
(second plaque from the top left)
22. Geiseric – King of the Vandals and Alans
23. Gerhard von Rile – architect of the Cologne Cathedral
24. Peter Henlein – inventor of the watch
25. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
26. Hengest – king
27. Heribert of Cologne – Archbishop of Cologne and Chancellor of Emperor Otto III
28. Ermanaric – King of the Ostrogoths
29. Hermann der Cherusker – victor in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest
30. Hermann von Salza – fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
31. Hildegard von Bingen a German magistra[1], monastic leader, mystic, author, and composer of music.
32. Horsa – fifth century warrior, brother of Hengest
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33. Hrosvit – a twelfth century canoness, Latin language poet, and pioneer dramatist of Gandersheim Abbey,
Lower Saxony
34. Charles Martel – the Hammer, defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours
35. Charlemagne – founder of the Holy Roman Empire
36. Lambrecht von Aschaffenburg
37. Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
38. Marbod – king of the Marcomanni
39. Mechtilde – Saint
40. The writer of the Nibelungenlied
41. Odoacer – chieftain of the Germanic, deposed the last Western Roman Emperor
42. Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
43. Otto of Bamberg – canonized medieval German bishop who as papal legate converted much of Pomerania
to Christianity.
44. Otto of Freising – Bishop of Freising
45. Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
46. Pippin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace
47. Pippin the Younger, Mayor of the Palace
48. Rabanus Maurus, Benedictine monk, archbishop of Mainz
49. The three of the Rütli-Schwur (Swiss confederation)
50. Theudelinde
51. Theodoric I – King of the Visigoths
52. Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and of the Visigoths
53. Arnold zum Turm
54. Totila, king of the Ostrogoths
55. Ulfilas, Gothic bishop, missionary, and translator.
56. Veleda, prophetess of the Bructeri during the Batavian rebellion
57. Walther von der Vogelweide, celebrated poet of Middle High
German lyric
58. Bruno von Warendorp – mayor of Lübeck
59. Paul Warnefried – Paul the Deacon
60. Meister Wilhelm von Köln
61. Saint Willibrord, Northumbrian missionary, known as the Apostle
to the Frisians
62. Arnold von Winkelried, hero of the Swiss
63. Widukind – duke of Saxony and antagonist of Charlemagne during
the Saxon Wars
Oath on the Rütli
64. Wolfram von Eschenbach, a German knight, Minnesinger and epic
poet
65. Widerstand – German Resistance fighters against Nazi Germany. Added in 2003

Busts

The original busts are arranged in rows by date of death, beginning with Henry the Fowler (born 876 CE) and
ending with Goethe (died 1832).

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Original busts (before 1847)

1. Amalie Elisabeth – Countess of Hesse-Kassel during the Thirty

Years' War
2. August II the Strong – Elector of Saxony and King of Poland
3. Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly – Russian Field Marshal from
Baltic German family of Scottish descent
4. Ludwig van Beethoven – German composer from the classical
period
5. Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar – general in the Thirty Years' War
6. Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher – Prussian Generalfeldmarschall Marble busts No. 6-14, Mozart in the
7. Herman Boerhaave – Dutch humanist and physician bottom center
8. Gottfried August Bürger – poet
9. Christoph, Duke of Württemberg – Duke of Württemberg
10. Johann von Dalberg – Bishop of Worms
11. Hans Karl von Diebitsch – Russian field marshal, born in Silesia
12. Albrecht Dürer – printmaker and painter
13. Anthony van Dyck – Flemish painter and etcher
14. Eberhard I. of Württemberg – Duke of Württemberg
15. Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn – Bishop of Würzburg
16. Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff – poet
17. Erasmus of Rotterdam – Dutch humanist
18. Ernst I – Duke of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg during the
Thirty Years' War
19. Jan van Eyck – Flemish painter
20. Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg – Prussian
Generalfeldmarschall
21. Frederick I, Elector Palatine – the Victorious, Elector of the
Palatinate
22. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Barbarossa Copernicus, by Schadow (1807, No.
52)
23. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor – Stupor mundi
24. Frederick II of Prussia – Frederick the Great
25. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg – the Great Elector
26. Georg von Frundsberg – Knight and leader of Landsknechts
27. Jakob Fugger – the Rich, merchant in Augsburg
28. Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon – Austrian field marshal from Livonia
29. Christoph Willibald Gluck – composer
30. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – poet and polymath
31. Johann Joseph von Görres – writer
32. Hugo Grotius – Dutch jurist
33. Otto von Guericke – German scientist and inventor
34. Johannes Gutenberg – inventor of movable type
35. Albrecht von Haller – Swiss anatomist and physiologist
36. Hans von Hallwyl – Swiss commander at the Battle of Morat
37. Georg Friedrich Händel – German baroque composer

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38. Joseph Haydn – Austrian composer from the classical period

39. Henry the Lion – Duke of Saxony and Bavaria
40. Henry the Fowler – Duke of Saxony and King of the Germans
41. Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse – German author
42. Berthold von Henneberg – Elector and Archbishop of Mainz
43. Johann Gottfried Herder – German poet, critic, and theologian
44. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel – German astronomer and composer
45. Hans Holbein the Younger – German painter
46. Ulrich von Hutten – German knight and Humanist
47. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn – German patriot and father of gymnastics
48. Immanuel Kant – German philosopher from the classical period
49. Archduke Charles of Austria – Austrian military commander
50. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
51. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
52. Charles X Gustav of Sweden – King of Sweden
53. Catherine II of Russia, Catherine the Great – Tsarina of Russia
54. Johannes Kepler – German mathematician and astronomer
55. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock – German poet
56. Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
57. Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish astronomer, the first to thoroughly
calculate a heliocentric model of the universe
58. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – German philosopher and
mathematician
59. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing – German poet from the age of
enlightenment
60. Justus von Liebig – German chemist
61. Paris Graf von Lodron – Archbishop of Salzburg
62. Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden – Türkenlouis, Imperial commander
63. Ludwig I – King of Bavaria
64. Maria Theresia – Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary
and Bohemia
65. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Ludwig van Beethoven (No. 65)
66. Maximilian I – Prince-elector of Bavaria
67. Hans Memling – Flemish painter
68. Raphael Mengs – Bohemian painter
69. Maurice of Orange – Dutch captain-general of the army of the
Dutch Republic
70. Maurice of Saxony – German commander and military strategist
71. Justus Möser – German historian
72. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Austrian composer from the
classical period
73. Johannes Müller (Regiomontanus) – German astronomer and
mathematician The fifth bust group (No. 90 to 110)
74. Johannes von Müller – Swiss historian
75. Burkhard Christoph Graf von Münnich – German field marshal in Russian service

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76. August Graf Neidhardt von Gneisenau – Prussian field marshal

77. Nicholas of Flue – Swiss hermit, ascetic and mystic
78. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
79. Theophrast von Hohenheim Paracelsus – 17th century Swiss
physician and alchemist
80. Jean Paul – German humorist
81. Max von Pettenkofer – German chemist and hygienist
82. Wolter von Plettenberg – German Master of the Livonian Brothers
of the Sword
83. Johannes von Reuchlin – German philosopher and humanist
84. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – German physicist
85. Peter Paul Rubens – Flemish painter
86. Rudolf I of Habsburg – German king
87. Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter – Dutch admiral
88. Gerhard von Scharnhorst – Prussian general
89. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling – German philosopher
90. Friedrich von Schiller - German poet and exponent of Sturm und
Drang
91. Johann Philipp von Schönborn – Archbishop and Prince-elector of
Mainz
92. Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg – Austrian field marshal
93. Franz von Sickingen – leader of the knighthood in Rhineland and
Swabia Wilhelm Graf zu Schaumburg-Lippe
94. Frans Snyders – Flemish painter (No. 124)
95. Karl vom und zum Stein – Prussian politician
96. Erwin von Steinbach – German architect of the Straßburger
Münster
97. Adalbert Stifter – Austrian author
98. Johannes Aventinus (Johann Georg Turmair) – Bavarian scholar
and historian
99. Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff – Austrian diplomat that
negotiated the Peace of Westphalia
100. Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp – Dutch admiral
101. Aegidius Tschudi – Swiss composer
102. Peter Vischer the elder – German Sculptor Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock
103. Albrecht von Wallenstein – Bohemian general in the Thirty Years'
War
104. Christoph Martin Wieland – German Poet
105. Wilhelm Graf zu Schaumburg-Lippe – Commander of his army in the Seven Years' War and for Portugal
106. William I of Orange – Dutch leader of the Eighty Years' War for the Dutch independence from Spain
107. William III of Orange – Dutch Stadtholder and king of England, Scotland, and Ireland
108. Johann Joachim Winckelmann – German archeologist and art writer
109. Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf – German religious and social reformer, bishop of the Moravian Church

Later additions (after 1847)

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sorted chronologically by year of addition

1. Martin Luther (1848) – Leader of the Protestant Reformation,

translator of the Bible into German; Heinrich Heine had remarked
upon this omission.
2. Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz – Bohemian military
leader
3. Gregor Joh. Mendel – Silesian Augustinian monk and naturalist[3]
4. Wilhelm I (1898) – German Emperor
5. Otto von Bismarck (1908) – Chancellor of North German
Confederation and then of the German Empire
6. Helmuth Graf von Moltke (1910) – German Generalfeldmarschall
7. Richard Wagner (1913) – German composer of operas
8. Johann Sebastian Bach (1916) – composer
9. Franz Peter Schubert (1928) – Austrian Romantic composer
Marble busts No. 125-128, Sophie
10. Anton Bruckner (1937) – Austrian composer
Scholl in the bottom center
11. Max Reger (1948) – German composer and organist of the late
romantic period
12. Richard Strauss (1973) – German composer
13. Carl Maria von Weber (1978) – German composer
14. Albert Einstein (1990) – physicist
15. Karolina Gerhardinger (1998) – founder of the School Sisters of Notre Dame
16. Konrad Adenauer (1999) – first Chancellor of West Germany
17. Johannes Brahms (2000) – Composer
18. Sophie Scholl (2003) – German passive resistance activist against the Nazi regime.[4]
19. Carl Friedrich Gauss (2007) – mathematician, astronomer, and physicist[5]
20. Edith Stein (2008) – philosopher and saint
21. Heinrich Heine (2009) – German Romantic poet

See also
Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelheim, Germany)
Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)
Hermannsdenkmal (Hermann monument, Teutoburg Forest, Germany)
Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)

Literature
Walhalla, official guide booklet, translated by Helen Stellner and David Hiley, Bernhard Bosse Verlag
Regensburg, 2002
Adalbert Müller: Donaustauf and Walhalla (1846) at archive.org
(http://www.archive.org/details/donaustaufandwa00mlgoog)

References
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1. ^ Official Guide booklet, 2002, p. 3

2. ^ Official Guide booklet, 2002, p. 6
3. ^ Hynčice lie in Silesia.
4. ^ The bust of Sophie Scholl was inaugurated on February 22, 2003, the 60th anniversary of her execution. It is
also intended as a representative of all the members of the Widerstand (the German Resistance against Nazi
Germany), who have been honored with an additional plaque.
5. ^ http://www.stmwfk.bayern.de/downloads/aviso/2004_1_aviso_48-49.pdf

External links
Walhalla (http://www.walhalla-regensburg.de/english/index.shtml) official website
New York Times: Two Temples To the Greats Of Germany
(http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/19/travel/two-temples-to-the-greats-of-germany.html), 1988

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Categories: Halls of fame Landmarks in Germany Monuments and memorials in Germany
Buildings and structures in Bavaria Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
Leo von Klenze buildings

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