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INTRODUCTION
The heat exchange process bet ween t he fluids that are at distinct
te mperatures with a separation of solid wall occurs in many engineering
applications. Heat exchanger is a device used to imple ment this exchange
process. A fe w applications may include space heati ng and air-
conditioning, waste heat recovery and che mical processing.
The heats were transferred bet ween t wo fluids via convention mode,
which refers to the hot fluid to the wall and also by conduction which
occur within the wall itself and back to the convection process fro m wall to
the cold fluid.
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AIMS / OBJECTIVES
THEORY
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where
The heat loss from the hot fluid flowing in the inner tube can be
deter mined from
(
qH = H Cp H (T H i n ± T H o u t ) ......... ........... ..........(4)
where
Si milarly, the heat gained by the cold fluid flowing in the space between
the inner and outer pipes can be calculated fro m
where
= q C ................... ...........(6)
qH
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The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as
The value of the actual heat transfer may be obtained f rom calculating
the energy lost by the hot f luid f rom equation (4) or the energy gained by the
cold f luid f rom equation (5). Since the energy gained by the cold f luid is lost
through the insulating material to the surrounding air, it is pref erable to
substitute the value of energy lost by the hot f luid as the actual heat transf er in
equation (7).
In order to determine the maximum possible heat transf er for the heat
exchanger, one of the f luids is logically required to undergo a temperature
change which represents the maximum temperature diff erence present in the
heat exchanger, which is the diff erence in the temperatures for the hot and cold
f luids entering the heat exchanger. Likewise, the f luid is the one having the
minimum value of Cp. Thus, the ma xi mu m possible heat transfer then can
be expressed as
The minimu m fluid may be either the hot or cold fluid, depending on the
mass flo w rates and specific heats, and so the efficiency , is
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APPARATUS
- W ater tank
- Thermo meters
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
4. The hot water flo w rate is set at 3000 cm 3 / min and the cold water flow
rate at 2000 cm 3 / min.
6. The syste m is let stable until T H i n is 40°C and the values of the
te mperature at T H o u t , T H m i d , T C m i d , T C i n , and T C ou t are taken.
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Part B: Constant te mperature, varies flow rates
3. The hot and cold water flow rates ar e set at 2000 cm 3 / min.
5. Step 3 and 4 are repeated by varying the hot water flo w rate to 3000
c m 3 / min and 4000 cm 3 / min.
RESULTS
40 39 38 29 30 31
Parallel 50 48 45 29 30 36 3000 2000
Flow 60 56 53 29 33 39
40 39 37 29 30 32
Counter 50 48 45 29 31 36 3000 2000
Flow 60 57 53 29 33 40
Part B: Constant te mperature, varies flow rates
( cm 3 /m i n) ( cm 3 /m i n)
Exchanger TH in TH mid TH out TC in TC mid TC out
54 51 27 31 36 2000
Parallel 60 56 52 27 32 38 3000 2000
Flow 57 54 27 33 39 4000
55 50 27 30 37 2000
Counter 60 56 52 27 31 38 3000 2000
Flow 58 54 27 32 39 4000
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Take that the density of saturated wat er, ȡ = 988 kg/ ù , the specific heat
capacity of hot and cold water as Cp H @ 6 0 ° C = 4.185 kJ/kg. K and Cp C @ 2 9 ° C
= 4.179 kJ/kg. K respectively and the heat transmission area, A = 0.067
ù .
H = H ȡ C = C ȡ
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= 0.1375 kJ/s.K
= 1.4472 W
Ma xi mu m heat transferred, q m a x =
(T H i n ± T C i n )
= 0.1375 kJ/s.K (333 ± 302) K
= 4.2625 W
Efficiency, = qH x 100 %
q max
= 1.4472 W x 100%
= 4.2625 W
= 33.95 %
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Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U = q
A x ¨T l m
= 1.4448 W
0.067 m 2 x 21.39 K
= 1.0098 W /m 2 K
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Part B: Constant te mperature, varies flow rates
H = H ȡ C = C ȡ
= 0.1375 kJ/s.K
q H = H Cp H (T H i n ± T H o u t )
= 1.6547 W
Ma xi mu m heat transferred, q m a x =
(T H i n ± T C i n )
= 0.1375 kJ/s. K (333 ± 300) K
= 4.5375 W
ch
Efficiency, = qH x 100 %
q max
= 1.6547 W x 100%
4.5375 W
= 36.47 %
= 1.6547 W
0.067 m 2 x 22.83 K
= 1.0818 W /m 2 K
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SAMPLE ERROR CALCULATIONS
Parallel flow :
100
= 100% ± 32.33 %
100 %
= 0.6767%
Counter Flow :
100
= 100% ± 34.42 %
100 %
= 0.6558%
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DISCUSSION
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heat transfer coefficients are 1.2144 W /m 2 K at 40°C, 1.0885 W /m 2 K a t
50°C and 1.0429 W /m 2 K at 60°C.
Notice that for both e xperi ments in part A and Part B, the counter
flow produce greater efficiency than parallel flow. This result follows the
theoretical conclusion where counter flow heat exchanger is more efficient
than parallel flow. Ho wever, there are a lot of errors and mistakes that
may have affected the results obtained. The very co mmon error occurs
during conducting the experiments are careless way of reading the
ther mo meters when taking the te mp eratures of fluids. The eye of an
observer must be parallel to the thermo meter meniscus to avoid parallax
error. Another mistake that may have been co mmitted is not pressing the
enter button after setting the tempe ratures. This has caused a minor
problem when the te mperature always manipulate even after setting it to
the desired temperature. Besides that, the flow rates always change
easily during the experi ments. Moreo ver, the reading of T H in fro m the
typical laboratory thermo meter is mere ly different from the reading on the
digital thermo meter.
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CONCLUSION
In part B, counter flow is also more efficient than parallel flow. For
parallel flow, the average efficiency is 33.41%, whereas the overall heat
transfer coefficient, U, is 0.8101 W /m 2 K at 2000 cm 3 / min, 1.1139 W /m 2 K
at 3000 cm 3 / min, and 1.0818 W /m 2 K at 4000 cm 3 / min. For counter flow,
the average efficiency is 34.42%, wher eas the overall heat transfer
coefficient, U, is 0.9572 W /m 2 K at 200 0 cm 3 / min, 1.1139 W /m 2 K at 3000
c m 3 / min, and 1.0818 W /m 2 K at 4000 cm 3 / min.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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First and foremost, the eye of an obser ver must be parallel to the
meniscus when reading the te mperatures. This is to assure that no
parallax error is commit ted.
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REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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