Chapter 1 - Complex Number

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COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Standard form
• Operations
• The Cartesian Plane
• Modulus and Arguments
nhaa/imk/sem120162017/eqt101/rk12/32
Classification of Numbers
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Classification of Numbers
Introduction
Why do we need to study complex numbers, C ?
• Many applications especially in engineering:
Electrical engineering, Quantum Mechanics and so on.
• Allow us to solve any polynomial equation, such as:

x2  9  0
x2  x 1  0
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Introduction
In real life, problems usually involve Real Numbers(R).
R : 1,2,0,3,  , e...
Imaginary number: i  1  i 2  1
If we combined Real number and imaginary number:

z  2  3i A number that
cannot be solved.
Introduction
• To solve algebraic equations that don’t have the real solutions
x2  9  0
Real solution
x  3
x2  9  0
No real solution
x   9
• Since, the imaginary number is i   1, then x  3i
**note that i is equivalent to j in the reference book.
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Introduction
Simplifying a complex number:
Since we know that i  1  i 2  1.
To simplify a higher order of imaginary number:
i 3  i 2 .i   1i  i
 
i 4  i 2   1  1
2 2
 i  .i   1 .i  i
2 2 2
i5

Introduction
Try to simplify the following expression:
Solution
  3
i 7  i 2 .i 2i 99  2(i 2 ) 49 (i )
  1 .i  2(1)i
3
 i  2i
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Introduction
Definition 1.1
If z is a complex number, then the standard equation of
Complex numbers denoted by:
z  a  bi, or z  a, b
where a, b  R
a – Real part of z (Re z)
b – Imaginary part of z (Im z)
i  1
Introduction
Example:
Express in the standard form, z:
a) z  1   25
b) z  4   16
Answer:
a) z  1 5i
b) z  4  4i
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Introduction
Definition 1.2
2 complex numbers, z1 and z2 are said to be equal if and only if
they have the same real and imaginary parts:
z1  z2
a  bi  c  di
If and only if a = c and b = d
Introduction
Example :
Find x and y if z1 = z2:
a) z1  2  3 yi and z 2  4 x  9i
b) z1  x  5i and z 2  10  2 yi
Answer:
1
a) x  , y  3
2
5
b) x  10, y  
2
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Operations of Complex Numbers
Definition 1.3
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di, then:
i) z1  z2  (a  c)  (b  d )i
ii ) z1  z2  (a  c)  (b  d )i
iii ) z1 z2  (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i
Example
Given z1  5  3i and z2  2  4i, find:
a) z1  z 2
b) z1  z 2
c) z1 z 2
Answer:
a) 3  i
b) 7  7i
c) 2  26i
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Definition 1.4
The conjugate of z = a + bi can be defined as:
z  a  bi  a  bi
• the conjugate of a complex number changes the sign of the
imaginary part only!!!
• obtained geometrically by reflecting point z on the real axis
Im(z)
3 z(2,3)
Re(z)
2
-3 z2,3
Example :
Find the conjugate of:
a) z  1 i
b) z  2  3i
c) z  16 Answer:
d) z  8i a) z 1  i
b) z  2  3i
c) z  16
d) z  8i
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The Properties of Conjugate Complex Numbers
1 1
i) z  z v)  
z z
ii ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 
n
vi ) z n  z ; n  0
zz
iii ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 vii )  Re( z )
2
zz
iv ) z1. z 2  z1.z 2 viii )  Im( z )
2i

Definition 1.5
(Division of Complex Numbers)
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di then:
z1 a  bi

z 2 c  di
Multiply with
a  bi c  di the conjugate
  of
c  di c  di denominator
(ac  bd )  bc  ad i

c2  d 2
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Example:
Simplify and write in standard form, z:
3i
a)
2i
2  i3 Answer:
b) 12 a) 1  i
i  5i 7
2 1 i
c)  b)
7 9
 i
1  2i 1  i 26 26
c) 2 9
 i
5 5
The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/ Argand

Diagram
The complex number z = a + bi is plotted as a point with
coordinates z(a,b).
Im(z)
Re (z) x – axis
Im (z) y – axis
b z(a,b)
Re(z)
O(0,0) a
ARGAND DIAGRAM
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Diagram
Definition 1.6
(Modulus of Complex Numbers)
The modulus of z is defined by
r  z  a 2 b 2
Im(z)
*Distance from the origin to
z(a,b). z(a,b)
b
r

Re(z)
O(0,0) a

Diagram
The Properties of Modulus
z1 z
i) z  z iv )  1 , z2  0
z2 z2
ii ) z z  z 2 v) z n  z
n
iii ) z1 z 2  z1 z 2 vi ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2
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Diagram
Definition 1.7
The argument of the complex number z = a + bi is defined as
b
  tan 1  ,    arg z     
a
arg(z) is not unique.
Therefore it can also be written as: 90
argz     2k ; k  0,1,2,... 2nd QUADRANT 1st QUADRANT
90     180 
  180    0    90
**note that k is the number of rotation
to complete a circle. 180     270  270     360 
  180      360  
3rd QUADRANT 4th QUADRANT


Diagram
Example:
Find the modulus and the argument of z:
a) z  2  2i
b) z  3  i
c) z  i Answer:
a) r  2 2 ,   45
d) z  5  2i
b) r  10 ,   198.43
e) z6
c) r  1,   270
d) r  29 ,   338.2
e) r  6,   0
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COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Polar form
• Exponential Form
• De Moivre’s Theorem
The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Im(z)
Based on Figure 1:
(a,b) Applying the Pythagorean
trigonometric identity,
a  r cos
r b (1)
b  r sin 
Therefore,

b
Re(z)
  tan 1  
a
a
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The standard form of complex numbers is given by:
z  a  bi(2)
Definition:
Then the polar form is defined by:
z  r cos  i sin  , zr, 

Example:
Represent the following complex numbers in polar form:
a) z  3  4i
b) z  2 i
c) z  5i
Answer :
a) z  5cos126.87  i sin 126.87
b) z  3cos35.26  i sin 35.26
c) z  5cos90  i sin 90
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Example:
Express the following in the standard form complex numbers:
a) z  2cos 210  i sin 210

b) z  2 2 cos 60  i sin 60
c) z  3cos 225  i sin 225
Answer :
a) z   3  i

b) z  2 1  3i 
c) z  
3
1  i 
2

Theorem 1:
If z1 and z2 are complex numbers in polar form where,
zn  rn cos n  i sin  n 
Then,
a) z1z2  r1r2 cos1  2   i sin 1  2 
 cos1   2   i sin 1   2 

z1 r1
b)
z 2 r2
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Example:
z1
Find the satandard form of complex number of z1 z2 and
z2
, if:
a) z1  4cos75  i sin 75, z2  5cos100   i sin100 
b) z1  3 cos120   i sin 120 , z2  6 cos90  i sin 90
Answer:
a) z1 z2  19.924  1.7431i, b) z1 z2  
3
2

3 i , 
z1
z2
 0.725  0.3381i z1

z2 2 2
1

1  3i 
The Exponential Form of Complex

Numbers
Euler’s formula state that for any real number  ,
ei  cos  i sin 
Where e is the exponential function, i is the imaginary unit,
sine and cosines are trigonometric function and arg (z) =  is
in radians.
Definition:
The exponential form of a complex numbers can be defined as:
z  rei
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Numbers
Example:
Represent the following complex numbers in exponential form:
a) z  3  2i
b) z  4  2i
c) z i
Answer :
a) z  13e 0.1872i
b) z  3 2e1.8918i

i
c) z  e 2

Numbers
Example:
Express the following in the standard form complex numbers:
3
i
a) z  3e 2
5
i
b) z  7e 6
Answer :
a) z   3i
b) z 
7
2

 3 i 
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Numbers
Theorem 2:
If z1 and z2 are complex numbers in exponential form where,
zn  rn ein
Then,
i    z1 r1 i 1  2 
a) z1z2  r1r2e 1 2 b)  e
z 2 r2

Numbers
Example:
Find z1 z2 and z1 , if: (write answer in the standard form)
z2
1 3
i i
a) z1  5e 4 , z2  2 3e 4
2
i
i
b) z1  2e , z2  6e 3
Answer:
a) z1 z2  2 15 , b) z1 z2  6  3 2i,
z1
z2

1 5
2 3
i
z1
z2

1
6

1  3i 
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De Moivre’s Theorem
Example:
a) Let z  2cos 45  i sin 45. Find z 5 .
b) Use De Moivre’s theorem to find:

(i) 
4  2i  3
(ii)  1  3i 6
Answer :
a) z  16 2 1  i 
b) (i) z  40.0013  65.0497i
(ii) z  352  936i
COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Finding roots
• Expansions for cosn and sinn in terms
of Cosines and Sines of multiple n
• Loci in the Complex Numbers
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De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

We know that argument of z is not unique, then we can also
defined
argz     2k , k  0,1,2,...
Using the fact above and DMT, we can find the roots of a complex
1
number, z .n

Theorem 4
If z n  r cos  i sin   then, the n root of z is:
(θ in degrees)

1
  360k   360k 
z  r  cos
n
 i sin 
 n n 
OR
(θ in radians)

1
  2k   2k 
z  r n  cos  i sin 
 n n 
Where k = 0,1,2,..n-1
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Example
Find all complex cube roots of z  1
Solution:
We are looking for complex numbers z with the property z 3  1
With n  3, k  0,1,2 r  1,   0
1
 0  2k   0  2k 
z  13  13 cos
1
  i sin  
  3   3 

k=0:
z  13  cos0  i sin 0  1
1
k=1:
 2   2 
z  13  cos
1 1 3
  i sin    i
 3   3  2 2
k=2:  4   4 
z  13  cos
1 1 3
  i sin    i
 3   3  2 2
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Sketch on the complex plane:

y
 1 3
 , 
 2 2 
 
nth roots of unity:
x Roots lie on the
0 1 circle with radius 1
 1 3
  , 
 2 2 
 

Example:
Solve z 4  1  i  0 and show the roots on the Argand diagram.
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Solution:
z 4  1  i, n  4, k  0,1,2,3 r  2 ,  135
Therefore,
 2  cos 135 4360k   i sin  135 4360k 

1
z 4
    
k=0:
 2  cos33.75  i sin33.75  0.9067  i0.6059
1
z1  4

k=1:
 2  cos123.75 i sin 123.75  0.6059  0.9067i
1
z2  4
k=2:
 2  cos213.75 i sin 213.75  0.9067  0.6059i
1
z3  4
k=3:
 2  cos303.75 i sin 303.75  0.6059  0.9067i
1
z4  4
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Sketch on complex plane:
 0.6059, 0.9067 
0.9067, 0.6059 
x
0
 0.9067,  0.6059 
0.6059,  0.9067 
Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Theorem 5:
If z  cos  i sin  , then:
1
a) zn   2 cos n
zn
1
b) z n  n  2i sin n
z
Theorem 6: (Binomial Theorem)

If n  N, then:
a  bn  a n  n C1a n1b  n C2 a n2b 2  ...  n Cr a nr b r  ...  n Cnb n
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Example
Expand using binomial theorem, then write in standard form of
complex number:
a) 2  3i 3
b) cos  i sin  4
Answer:
a)  46  9i
b)cos4   6 cos2  sin 2   sin 4    i4 cos3  sin   4 cos sin 3  

Example
State cos5  in terms of cosines.
Solution:
By applying Theorem 5 and Binomial Theorem
5
 1
 z    2 cos  1
5
Theorem 5
 z
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Solution:
By applying Theorem 5 and Binomial Theorem
5
 1
 z    2 cos  1
5
Theorem 5
 z

Expand LHS using Binomial Theorem:
5 1 2
 1 4 1  3 1 
 z    z  C1 z    C2 z  
5 5 5
 z z z
3 4 5
1 1 1
 C3 z    5 C4 z1    5 C5  
5 2
z z z

1 1 1
 z 5  5 z 3  10 z  10  5 3  5
z z z
 1  1  1
  z 5  5   5 z 3  3   10 z  
 z   z   z
 2 cos5  52 cos3   102 cos 
 2 cos5  10 cos3  20 cos  2
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Expand RHS:
2 cos 5  32 cos5  3
Equate (2) and (3):
32 cos5   2 cos 5  10 cos3  20 cos

1 5 5
cos5   cos 5  cos3  cos
16 16 8

Example:
By using De Moivre’s theorem and Binomial theorem, prove
that:
sin 3  3 cos2  sin   sin 3 
cos 3  cos3   3 cos sin 2 
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Solution:
By applying DMT:
cos  i sin  3  cos3  i sin 3 1
Expand LHS using Binomial theorem and let a  cos , b  sin  :
cos  i sin  3  a  bi3
 cos3   3 cos sin 2  
 i 3 cos2  sin   sin 3    2

Equate (1) and (2), then compare:

cos 3  i sin 3  cos3   3 cos sin 2  

 i 3 cos2  sin   sin 3   2
Real part: cos3  cos3   3 cos sin 2 
Imaginary part: sin 3  3 cos2  sin   sin 3 
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EXERCISE: Finding roots
1
a) Given z  1  2i. If n = 4, find z . 4
b) Let z  2i, w  3  4.i If p = z-w, find the roots for p . 3
EXERCISE: Expansion of Sin and Cosine
Example
Using appropriate theorems, state the following in terms of sine
and cosine of multiple angles :
a  cos 4
b  sin 3 
Answer:
a) cos 4  cos   6 cos  sin   sin 4 
4 2 2
1 3
b) sin 3    sin 3  sin 
4 4
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Loci in the Complex Numbers

Since any complex number, z = x+iy correspond to point (x,y) in
complex plane, there are many kinds of regions and geometric
figures in this plane can be represented by complex equations or
inequations.
Definition 1.9
A locus in a complex plane is the set of points that have
specified property.
A locus in a complex plane could be a straight line, circle, ellipse
and etc.

(i) Standard form of circle equation
Equation of circle with center at the origin, z0 , O(0,0) and
z=x+iy, P(x,y) and radius, r
z  z0  r
x
x2  y2  r 2
P on circumference:
Px, y  z  z0  r
r
P outside circle:
y z  z0  r
O0,0
P inside circle:
z  z0  r
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(i) Standard form of circle equation
Equation of circle with center, z1= x1+ iy1, A(x1, y1) and z=x+iy,
P(x,y) and radius, r
z  z1  r
Im
Px, y 
x  x1    y  y1 
2 2
r 2
z r  z  z1
Ax1 , y1 
z1
O Re

Example:
What is the equation of circle in complex plane with radius 2
and center at 1+i
Solution: z  1  i   2
Im
 x 12   y 12  4
Distance from
center to any z1 1,1
point P must be
r
the same Re
Px, y 
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Example
Find the equation of locus if:
z i  z 2

Solution: x  yi   i  x  yi   2
x  i  y  1   x  2   iy
x 2   y  1  x  22  y 2
2
x 2   y  1   x  2   y 2
2 2
x2  y2  2 y 1  x2  y2  4x  4
3
y  2 x 
2
* Locus equation : A straight line equation with m = -2
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(ii) Argument: arg z  z1   
The locus of z represented by a half line from the fixed point
z1 =x1+iy1 , making an angle,  with a line from the fixed point
z1 which is parallel to x-axis
Im
Px, y 

z1
Re
O

Example
If z  x  iy , determine the equation of loci and describe the
locus of z

argz  1  2i  
4
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Solution:

arg x  iy  1  2i  
4 Im
 y  2  
tan 1   Px, y 
y  x 1
 x 1  4

y2 
1 4
x 1 z1 1,2
y  x 1 O
Re
 A half line of y  x  1 starting at z1  1  2i,


making an angle   with the real axis.
4

Example
Find the equation of locus if:
a) z  2i  1
z 1
b) z  3  2i  5
c) arg z  2   
2
3 Answer:
1 3
a) y  x 
2 4
b) x  3  x  2  25
2 2
c) half line of y  3x  2
34

Chapter 1 - Complex Number

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Chapter 1 - Complex Number

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• Allow us to solve any polynomial equation, such as:

If we combined Real number and imaginary number:

• Since, the imaginary number is i   1, then x  3i

**note that i is equivalent to j in the reference book.

To simplify a higher order of imaginary number:

If and only if a = c and b = d

Operations of Complex Numbers

Operations of Complex Numbers

Operations of Complex Numbers

Operations of Complex Numbers

The Properties of Conjugate Complex Numbers

Operations of Complex Numbers

Operations of Complex Numbers

The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/ Argand

The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/ Argand

The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/ Argand

The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/ Argand

3rd QUADRANT 4th QUADRANT

The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/ Argand

The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

a) z  2cos 210  i sin 210

The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

 cos1   2   i sin 1   2 

The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

a) z1  4cos75  i sin 75, z2  5cos100   i sin100 

b) z1  3 cos120   i sin 120 , z2  6 cos90  i sin 90

The Exponential Form of Complex

The Exponential Form of Complex

The Exponential Form of Complex

The Exponential Form of Complex

The Exponential Form of Complex

b) Use De Moivre’s theorem to find:

• Loci in the Complex Numbers

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

Sketch on the complex plane:

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

 2  cos 135 4360k   i sin  135 4360k 

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Theorem 6: (Binomial Theorem)

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

z z z

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

32 cos5   2 cos 5  10 cos3  20 cos

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Expansion of Sin and Cosine

Real part: cos3  cos3   3 cos sin 2 

Imaginary part: sin 3  3 cos2  sin   sin 3 

EXERCISE: Finding roots