ABSTRACT

This report was written not only from the activities I undertook during industrial training
but also from the various literature, from the advise from Eng. Dumba, that I read as I
endeavored to understand the principles of design and drafting of buildings and the
overall procedure.
It includes the drafting program, AUTOCAD 2006 and also the designing programs
which are used in the drafting; that is, SAP2000 and AVWIN98.
There also snap shots taken from these programs.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Eng. Nathan Dumba for his time ad allowing me to
training with him and also the help I got from him
I also thank my dad for the financial support.
AUTOCAD FINALISING THE DRAFTING
Putting the plans in the plot areas:
After completing the drawing in the model tab, and then click on the layout tab, this is at
the foot of the page; this can be changed name to label it a name of the structure to be
put/drawn there.

On the page of the layout there is an outline of a dotted line showing the area which will
be printed. Then at the foot of the layout, at the name of the layout page. We right click
then at the menu which displayed click the page is set up manager here the page below is
displayed;

At the page, the layout clicked was displayed and highlighted as shown above and then
MODIFY was clicked and this shows the page where the page to be printed is edited
from
At the printer plotter, the type of printer was chosen .i.e. DWF6ePlot.DC3 and then the
PAGE SIZE was also chosen as ISO expand A1 (841.00X594.00mm)
In the PLOT AREA –layout was chosen.
PLOT SCALE 1:1 was picked and then the OK option clicked at the bottom of that page
Then clicked close on the page that showed next after the one for modifying closed.
This was done on the page shown below.

Now the layout is set and ready for items to be placed in it from the model page.

Note
That there is a dashed line at the edge showing the printable area of the page
In this page viewports are put and the single viewport was used.
The single viewport clicked then moved the mouse or cursor into the white printable page
clicked anywhere, and then moved it to give the viewport size.
Single viewport was clicked to show it was selected and then at the color of the page
menu viewport color was chosen.
In the view port created, drawings in the model page can be seen and are CAN be
ZOOMED BUT NOTE EDITED. The single box in the tab show below which appears at
the bottom, of the AutoCAD layout is picked or selected.

Having made the page or the outline of the view port we move the cursor into the
viewport then using the pan we move and select get the item we need in the viewport so
that all its sides are seen.
The viewport was selected then in the viewport-options tab, there is a scale box where the
scale of 1:75 was written and the viewport box got scaled to that value. Note: some parts
of the drawing disappeared all could note be seen so using the blue selection points on the
box it was stretched till all the parts could be seen.
Great care was taken not to use the ZOOM COMMAND while moving the drawing in
the viewport because then it would alter the scaling of the items in the viewport therefore
they may not be well view when printed.

ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE

Structures like houses bridges and other structures used by people hold them up and use
them daily for safety. Whether in use or unused structures are always under load .
There are two main kinds of loading;
• Live loads include people moving in and out, wind loads or traffic, animals.
• Dead loads include structure’s self weight and the stationary material in it.

These loadings impact on the building and thus cause several effects and defects in the
material used for construction. For safety and avoiding failure structures are designed
There are three main forces in a structure, :
• Axial
• shear
• bending moments
when not designed for lead to structure’s failure.

Thus knowledge of the magnitude of these forces in a structure is of prime importance to

make it safe for usage

Questions which to be answered.

How do we get these forces?

Having got the force, how then do you design the column or beams in the structure?
What size should beam or column be?

How many and what size of reinforcement are we to use?

The stirrups, where do they go and how needed are they determined?
USING SOFTWARE ANALYSIS TO GET THE AXIAL FORCES AND BENDING
MONENTS NEEDED TO DESIGN

AVWIN 98
This is structural engineering software and is easy to upload below is its interface

This is the interface with user.

How to start a new structure :
• Entering coordinate of nodes
The structure under analysis is put into a 3d coordinating system picking only the
midpoints of its elements this is as illustrated below;
The blue points are joints while the yellow lines show how the structure joins up. The
nodes made then are joined up so that the structure appears as shown below. Elements in
it are labeled

The structure seen above is then given supports as shown below then given sections and
material while using commands in the program.
 Picture shows the
two storeys of the structure and highlighted are the columns and beams this is a side
view

Figure above shows the plan view of the beams and columns as seen in the program
AVwin 98. For the residential first floor first floor and ring beams are shown
Figure shows the 3-D view of the first floor for which structural design must be made.

Structure having
sections
Above is the structure having supports at the nodes to the columns
Note:
This structure was for a two storeyed residential housing unit and thus in the structural
sense mainly the ring beam and first floor slab beams and the columns in the structure
need to be analyzed.

Getting the loads

Having entered the above features of the structure, dead loads and live loads are entered
into the program giving each beam a force if it has one depending on the layout of the
max spans in the maxspan layout on the first floor slab shown below. The maxspan are
responsible for the distribution of the loading on the slab and decide which way the loads
will be transferred
 Figure:
shows the arrangement of maxspan notice that according to their alignment, beam 2gets
no loading from z but beam 1 gets some loading still because of the maxspan alignment.

Loadings considered under the Dead loading;

Self weight:
1. weight of the slab and beams around the first floor slab
• Weight of maxspan per unit area (maxspans were taken to be 300mm X300 mm
and having depth of 150mm) and Weight of the ribs (spacing between maxspan
lines was taken as 130mm) through which reinforcement with concrete run and
rise to same height as the maxspans. Usually combined to make a 3.6KN/m2
force
• The weight of the plain concrete poured on top maxspans of thickness 50mm
• The weight of the beams themselves which at 24KN/m3 since it is also made of
reinforced concrete.
2. The weight of the ring beam this is just the weight of the beams that’s their volume X
the density weight of reinforced concrete. (230X350mm)

That is all to the dead load on the beams and slabs. Next are:

Live loads:
Note that there are given guide loads for designing in BS6399 which is used in Uganda
and this stipulates that for residential areas it should be 2.1KN/m3 of the floors like the
one on the first floor.
Other loads are the loads on the ring beam due to the roof loading which is always under
the live wind load its guide is of 0.5KN/m2 taken to be acting on the surface areas of the
beams.
 INSTALLING SAP2000

SAP2000 is a structural engineering analysis program; it is used for analysis of structural

designs.
Disk with the program was inserted into the CD room or plugged into the pots as shown
below.
Fig. taken with camera;

The program folder were its located was then opened as shown below
The following page is then displayed

This page shows two files CAXA and SAP2000.

 As seen from the figure, the highlighted sap2000 is clicked then another page shown
below opened showing sap0 and sap1.
Sap1 was clicked

When clicked the page below opened and then the red orange icon with a blue spot was
the one clicked to start the installation of the program.

NOTE;
Location of the file for sap must be note and keep in mind because it is to be used in
the subsequent stages /stages so that the program can run tasks it’s assigned to run.

Going back to the page shown below, then there is a READMEFIRST.TXT, which is
highlighted was opened.
 On opening it gave the steps to be followed to complete the full installation of the
program

NOTE:
This page gives 5 steps to be followed so that the installed program can perform its tasks.
Steps 4 and 5 are the ones missed while installing and so when go back to the folder of
sap.

Open the folder update712.zip shown below

This was opened and the pages below are displayed

All these were selected copied and then pasted to the folder of sap of the memory of the
computer where it has been installed.
Step 4 of the readme is shown below

The two file shown below open and they are then copied both although the figure below
shows step 5 where that program as directed from the readme is open or run.
This is now the new sap page

SAP program is then ready to carry out tasks.

13th July 2010, read and was taught calculation of T-beams which are in flanged beams,
learnt how to design for the reinforcement in such beams since they constitute the slab
deign beams when maxspans have been used as shown in the site picture below.

The beams calculations help find the reinforcement in combination with the sap2000
program.
I also learnt more about sap2000:
• Learnt how to enter in the loads
• Choosing the templates for the design and editing it to fit the exact dimensions of
the project under design.

PROBLEMS IN DRAFT DRAWINGS;

Software
Most of the software on market is not original and therefore Uganda or local engineers
cannot afford the original software which is so expensive.

Risking
Most people want to be done for the drafts without paying for them and don not consider
it part of the work .

Bill of Quantities
Clients request for bill of quantities and do not consider it part of the job

Lack of proper agreements

Some clients give away approved drafts when they haven’t even paid the draftsmen