L19 & 20 - Adc - Dac PDF

ADC / DAC
ECET 209 – Lecture 19

Introduction to Microcontrollers
Overview
• Introduce Analog and Digital Converters
ECET 209 Purdue University 2

Digital vs. Analog
• Digital is represented by two values

– A logic 1 or a logic 0
• Analog values are continuous

– Can take any value in a given range
– Exact value is significant

Digital vs. Analog
• Most values are analog in nature

– Temperature
– Speed
– Position
– Sound
– Etc
• Digital systems are used to process

information

Digital vs. Analog
• Digital systems are used to process info
– Somehow need to convert an analog value into

a digital value
– Perform digital operations on the data
– Somehow need to convert the digital results

back into an analog quantity
Digital vs. Analog
• Digital systems are used to process info

• A couple Major Examples
– CD’s
– MP3’s
– DVD’s

Digital vs. Analog
micro
ADC DAC

ADC & DAC
• ADC – Analog to Digital Converter

• DAC – Digital to Analog Converter
• ADC and DAC operations are required at

the input and output from a digital
processing system that deals with analog
quantities.

Analog/Digital Characteristics
• Performance Criteria
– Resolution
– Sampling Rate
– Speed
– Linearity

• Resolution
– Smallest change in voltage represented by digital code
• Sampling Rate
– Number of times per second a conversion occurs
• Speed
– Determined by the time required to perform conversion
• Linearity
– Accuracy in the conversion throughout the range
• Resolution
– Smallest change in voltage represented by digital code

• Sampling Rate
– Number of times per second a conversion occurs
n?

1 second
• Speed
– Determined by the time required to perform a conversion
• Conversion Time – time required to complete the measurement
• Access Time – time from start until the result is on the output
• Settling Time – time for the analog to settle after a digital change

• Linearity
– Accuracy in the conversion through the range

• Linearity
– Accuracy in the conversion through the range

Analog/Digital Devices
• There are numerous ADC’s and DAC’s
– Characteristics will determine which one to use
• Costs
• Resolution
• Speed
• Accuracy (Linearity)
• Interface ( serial interface or parallel )
• etc
– Application determines which one to pick

Analog to Digital Converter
• Resolution is a function of the maximum

voltage and the number of data bits in the
result

• Resolution of the ADC is:
resolution = Vin_max / 2^n – 1
• Example ( Vin_max = 10 Volts with 8 bits)

resolution = 10 / 255 = 0.03921 => or
approximately 40mV per bit when using 8-bits
of accuracy
8-bits vs. 10-bits
• A system with 10-bits of data vs. a system

with only 8-bits of data is 4 times more
resolution.
• Remember, 2^power
• In this case, the power is 2 and therefore the

difference is a factor of 4.
micro
ADC
Single wire
Analog input

Single bit to start
a conversion
micro
ADC

Single bit that signals when
valid data is available
micro
ADC

Timing Diagram for ADC
Convert
Data Ready
Data Bus Valid Data Valid Data

micro
ADC
10-Bits of
ECET 209 digital data
Purdue University 24
micro
ADC

micro
ADC
Vin / resolution = digital output

What if, we only

wanted 8-Bits of micro
digital data ?
ADC

micro
ADC
Use only upper 8-Bits of digital data

Reading the ADC
Only using the
upper 8-Bits *Assuming
ADC is
micro connected to
PORTA
ADC
analog = PINA;

Reading the ADC
Using all 10-Bits
*Assuming
upper 8-bits
micro of the ADC
is connected
ADC to PORTA &
the lower 2-
Bits are
connected to
PORTB bits
analog must 0&1
be an int
analog = PINA;
analog = (analog << 2) | (PINB & 0x03);
Digital to Analog Converter
micro
DAC

micro
DAC
8-Bits of Digital
Data => Entire
Port
micro
DAC
Single wire with

an analog voltage

micro
DAC
Digital value x resolution = Analog Out

Analog and Digital Converter
Input and Output Requirements
12-Bits for the ADC
& 8-Bits for the DAC
=> 20 total Bits
micro
ADC DAC
2 1/2 PORTS
ECET 209 Purdue University of total I/O
35
Serial Analog to Digital Converter
micro
ADC
Open for ???

Serial Digital to Analog Converter
micro
DAC
Open for ???

Internal Analog to Digital
Converter
ATmega16 microcontroller
ADC

Digital-to-Analog &
Analog-to-Digital Part 2
ECET 209 – Lecture 20

Introduction to Microcontrollers
How Does a DAC Work?
2R
2R
MSB 23 -
+
VOUT
Digital Circuitry
R
2R
22
R
2R
21
R
2R
LSB 20
2R

DAC Equivalent Circuit
V3 2R
MSB 23
Digital Circuitry
2R
V2 4R
22
-
8R +
VOUT
V1
21
V0 16R
LSB 2 0
⎛ V3 V V V ⎞ V V V
−V = 2R ⎜ + 2 + 1 + 0 ⎟ =V + 2 + 1+ 0
OUT ⎜ 2R 4R 8R 16R ⎟ 3 2 4 8
⎝ ⎠

How Does an ADC Work?
Vin +
AREF 10-Bit DAC
ADC Clock
Signal
ADC Conversion Logic

ATmega16 Internal ADC
ADC0
ADC1
Channel Selection
ADC2
Multiplexer
ADC3
ADC4
ADC5
ADC6
ADC7
MUX0
+
MUX1
MUX2
-
ADLAR
REFS0
REFS1
AVCC
Internal 2.56V
Reference
AREF 10-Bit DAC
System Clock / 2
7-Bit ADC Prescaler
System Clock / 4
System Clock / 8 ADC Clock
System Clock System Clock / 16 Signal
System Clock / 32 ADC Conversion Logic

System Clock / 64
System Clock / 128
ADPS0 ADIF
ADPS1
ADPS2 ADCH/ADCL
ADEN
ADSC

Analog Input
ADC0
ADC1
Channel Selection
ADC2
Multiplexer
ADC3
To ADC Input
ADC4
ADC5
ADC6
ADC7
MUX0
MUX1
MUX2

Analog Reference Voltage

ADC Clock Selection
System Clock / 2
7-Bit ADC System Clock / 4
Prescaler System Clock / 8
System Clock System Clock / 16 ADC Clock Signal
System Clock / 32
System Clock / 64
System Clock / 128
ADPS0
ADPS1
ADPS2

ADC Conversion Result
10-Bit DAC

Conversion Logic

Solution Steps

Lab Next Week

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ADC / DAC

ECET 209 – Lecture 19

• Introduce Analog and Digital Converters

ECET 209 Purdue University 2

• Digital is represented by two values

• Analog values are continuous

ECET 209 Purdue University 3

• Most values are analog in nature

• Digital systems are used to process

ECET 209 Purdue University 4

• Digital systems are used to process info

– Somehow need to convert an analog value into

– Perform digital operations on the data

– Somehow need to convert the digital results

• Digital systems are used to process info

ECET 209 Purdue University 6

ECET 209 Purdue University 7

• ADC – Analog to Digital Converter

• ADC and DAC operations are required at

ECET 209 Purdue University 8

ECET 209 Purdue University 9

ECET 209 Purdue University 11

ECET 209 Purdue University 12

ECET 209 Purdue University 13

ECET 209 Purdue University 14

ECET 209 Purdue University 15

– Application determines which one to pick

• Resolution is a function of the maximum

ECET 209 Purdue University 17

• Resolution of the ADC is:

resolution = Vin_max / 2^n – 1

• Example ( Vin_max = 10 Volts with 8 bits)

• A system with 10-bits of data vs. a system

• In this case, the power is 2 and therefore the

ECET 209 Purdue University 20

ECET 209 Purdue University 21

ECET 209 Purdue University 22

Data Bus Valid Data Valid Data

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Vin / resolution = digital output

What if, we only

ECET 209 Purdue University 27

Use only upper 8-Bits of digital data

ECET 209 Purdue University 29

ECET 209 Purdue University 31

Single wire with

ECET 209 Purdue University 33

Digital value x resolution = Analog Out

ECET 209 Purdue University 34

Open for ???

ECET 209 Purdue University 36

Open for ???

ECET 209 Purdue University 37

ECET 209 Purdue University 38

ECET 209 – Lecture 20

ECET 209 Purdue University 40

ECET 209 Purdue University 41

AREF 10-Bit DAC

ECET 209 Purdue University 42

AREF 10-Bit DAC

System Clock / 32 ADC Conversion Logic

ECET 209 Purdue University 43